Summary about Disease
Bipolar I disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. It is characterized by manic episodes that last at least 7 days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, separate episodes of depression occur as well.
Symptoms
Symptoms include periods of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood (mania), and often periods of major depression.
Manic Episode Symptoms:
Abnormally upbeat, jumpy or wired
Increased activity, energy or agitation
Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria)
Decreased need for sleep
Unusual talkativeness
Racing thoughts
Distractibility
Poor decision-making — for example, engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions or foolish business investments
Major Depressive Episode Symptoms:
Feeling sad, empty or hopeless
Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all activities
Significant weight loss when not dieting, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite
Insomnia or sleeping too much
Fatigue or loss of energy
Restlessness or slowed behavior
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions
Thoughts of death or suicide
Causes
The exact cause of bipolar I disorder is not fully understood, but it likely results from a combination of factors:
Genetics: Bipolar disorder tends to run in families.
Brain Structure and Function: Differences in brain structure and function.
Neurotransmitters: Imbalances in brain chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Environment: Stressful life events may trigger episodes.
Medicine Used
Medications are a cornerstone of treatment for bipolar I disorder. Common categories include:
Mood Stabilizers: Lithium, valproic acid (Depakote), lamotrigine (Lamictal), carbamazepine (Tegretol).
Antipsychotics: Atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), olanzapine (Zyprexa), aripiprazole (Abilify), lurasidone (Latuda).
Antidepressants: Used with caution and often in combination with a mood stabilizer to avoid triggering mania.
Anti-anxiety Medications: Benzodiazepines may be used for short-term relief of anxiety or insomnia.
Is Communicable
No, bipolar I disorder is not communicable. It is not an infectious disease and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
While bipolar disorder isn't directly preventable, steps can be taken to manage the condition and reduce the risk of severe episodes:
Stick to your treatment plan: Take medications as prescribed and attend therapy sessions.
Monitor your mood: Keep a mood journal to track changes in your mood, energy levels, and sleep patterns.
Identify triggers: Recognize and avoid situations or stressors that can trigger manic or depressive episodes.
Maintain a regular sleep schedule: Consistent sleep patterns are important for mood regulation.
Eat a healthy diet: A balanced diet can support overall well-being.
Exercise regularly: Physical activity can help improve mood and reduce stress.
Avoid alcohol and drugs: Substance use can worsen bipolar symptoms and interfere with treatment.
Stress management: Practice relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises.
Support network: Stay connected with friends, family, or support groups.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of manic and depressive episodes can vary. A manic episode must last at least one week or be severe enough to require hospitalization. Depressive episodes generally last at least two weeks. Some individuals experience mixed episodes where symptoms of both mania and depression are present simultaneously. Without treatment, episodes can last for weeks, months, or even years.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
Physical Exam: A doctor may perform a physical exam to rule out other medical conditions.
Psychiatric Assessment: A psychiatrist or psychologist will conduct a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, including a discussion of symptoms, personal and family history, and a mental status exam.
Mood Charting: Keeping a detailed record of mood changes, sleep patterns, and other relevant information can help in the diagnostic process.
DSM-5 Criteria: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides specific criteria for diagnosing bipolar I disorder. To meet the criteria, an individual must have experienced at least one manic episode, which may or may not be followed by a hypomanic or major depressive episode.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms varies greatly from person to person. Some individuals may experience rapid cycling, with frequent shifts between mania and depression. Others may have long periods of stability between episodes. The onset of bipolar disorder typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, but it can also develop in childhood or later in life. The course of the illness is chronic and requires ongoing management.
Important Considerations
Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Early intervention is crucial to improve long-term outcomes.
Treatment Adherence: Sticking to the prescribed medication regimen and therapy schedule is essential for managing the illness.
Co-occurring Conditions: Bipolar disorder often co-occurs with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and ADHD. These conditions should be addressed as part of the overall treatment plan.
Suicide Risk: Individuals with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of suicide. It's important to be aware of warning signs and seek help immediately if suicidal thoughts occur.
Stigma: Stigma surrounding mental illness can prevent individuals from seeking help. Education and awareness efforts are needed to reduce stigma and promote understanding.
Family Involvement: Family support and education can play a vital role in helping individuals manage bipolar disorder.
Individualized Treatment: Treatment plans should be tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual.
Long-Term Management: Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management. Regular follow-up appointments with a mental health professional are important.