Summary about Disease
Blastocystosis is an intestinal infection caused by the microscopic parasite Blastocystis hominis. While *Blastocystis* is commonly found in human stool samples, whether it's a true pathogen causing disease or a harmless commensal is still debated. Many people carrying *Blastocystis* have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they are usually gastrointestinal.
Symptoms
Symptoms of blastocystosis can include:
Diarrhea (sometimes watery)
Abdominal pain
Bloating
Excess gas (flatulence)
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Weight loss
Anal itching
Causes
Blastocystosis is believed to be transmitted via the fecal-oral route. This means the parasite is spread through:
Contaminated food or water
Poor hygiene practices (e.g., not washing hands properly after using the toilet or before preparing food)
Close contact with infected individuals
Medicine Used
Treatment is not always necessary, especially if symptoms are mild or absent. When treatment is warranted, some medications that may be prescribed include:
Metronidazole
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
Nitazoxanide
Paromomycin
Iodoquinol
Secnidazole The choice of medication depends on the severity of symptoms, patient factors, and the healthcare provider's judgment.
Is Communicable
Yes, blastocystosis is considered communicable. It can be spread from person to person through the fecal-oral route, typically via contaminated food, water, or surfaces.
Precautions
Preventative measures include:
Thoroughly washing hands with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before preparing food.
Drinking safe, treated water (e.g., bottled, boiled, or filtered).
Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
Avoiding swallowing water while swimming in pools, lakes, or rivers.
Practicing good hygiene when traveling to areas with poor sanitation.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of blastocystosis varies. Some people experience symptoms for only a few days, while others may have symptoms that last for weeks or even months if left untreated. With appropriate treatment, symptoms typically resolve within a few days to a week.
How is it diagnosed?
Blastocystosis is typically diagnosed by:
Stool Sample Examination: A laboratory examines stool samples for the presence of Blastocystis cysts or trophozoites. Multiple stool samples may be required, as the parasite isn't always shed consistently.
Molecular Testing (PCR): More sensitive PCR tests can detect Blastocystis DNA in stool samples.
Timeline of Symptoms
The incubation period (time between infection and symptom onset) for blastocystosis is not precisely defined, but it is generally believed to be a few days to a week. Symptoms can then persist for days, weeks, or even months if untreated. The specific timeline varies from person to person.
Important Considerations
Blastocystis* is a common organism, and its presence in stool does not automatically mean it is causing symptoms.
Some individuals may be asymptomatic carriers.
The role of Blastocystis in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other chronic gastrointestinal conditions is a subject of ongoing research.
Not everyone with Blastocystis requires treatment. Treatment is usually reserved for individuals with persistent and bothersome symptoms.
Consult with a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment options. Self-treating is not recommended.