Symptoms
Intense fear of abandonment, even going to extremes to avoid real or imagined separation or rejection
A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
Distorted and unstable self-image or sense of self
Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating)
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats or self-mutilating behavior
Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days)
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights)
Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Causes
The causes of BPD are not fully understood, but it's believed to be a combination of:
Genetics: You may be more likely to develop BPD if a close family member has the disorder or a similar one.
Brain Abnormalities: Research shows changes in certain areas of the brain involved in emotion regulation, impulsivity, and aggression.
Environmental Factors: A history of abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual), neglect, or early separation from a parent or caregiver can increase the risk.
Medicine Used
Medication can help manage some symptoms of BPD, such as depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. Commonly prescribed medications include:
Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may help with depression and anxiety.
Mood Stabilizers: Can help level out mood swings and reduce impulsivity.
Antipsychotics: In low doses, these may help with symptoms like psychosis or severe mood swings.
Anti-anxiety: Prescribed on a case-by-case basis.
Is Communicable
No, Borderline Personality Disorder is not communicable. It is not an infectious disease and cannot be spread from person to person through contact.
Precautions
There are no precautions to prevent contracting BPD as it is not an infectious disease. If you are concerned about developing BPD due to family history or environmental factors, focusing on building healthy coping mechanisms, seeking early intervention for mental health concerns, and creating a stable and supportive environment can be helpful. For individuals diagnosed with BPD, precautions center around managing symptoms and preventing crises. This includes:
Adhering to treatment plans (therapy and medication).
Developing coping skills for emotional regulation.
Identifying and managing triggers.
Having a safety plan in place for suicidal thoughts or self-harm urges.
Building a strong support network.
How long does an outbreak last?
BPD is a chronic condition, not an outbreak. Symptoms can fluctuate in intensity over time. There may be periods of relative stability and periods where symptoms are more severe, often triggered by stressful events or relationship difficulties. Without treatment, the pattern can persist for many years. With effective treatment, people with BPD can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and overall functioning.
How is it diagnosed?
BPD is diagnosed by a mental health professional (psychiatrist or psychologist) through a comprehensive clinical evaluation. This typically involves:
Clinical Interview: The clinician will ask detailed questions about your symptoms, history, relationships, and overall functioning.
Review of Symptoms: The clinician will assess whether you meet the diagnostic criteria for BPD as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Psychological Testing: Sometimes, standardized questionnaires or psychological tests may be used to gather additional information about your personality traits and emotional functioning.
Medical History: The clinician may inquire about your medical history to rule out any underlying medical conditions that could be contributing to your symptoms.
Timeline of Symptoms
The onset of BPD symptoms typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood. There is no single "timeline" as symptom presentation and severity can vary greatly from person to person. However, a general progression may include:
Early Adolescence: Initial signs may include difficulties with self-identity, unstable relationships, and mood swings.
Late Adolescence/Early Adulthood: Symptoms may become more pronounced and consistent, leading to increased impulsivity, self-harm behaviors, and relationship problems.
Adulthood: Without treatment, the pattern of unstable relationships, emotional dysregulation, and impulsivity can continue, impacting various aspects of life, including work, relationships, and overall well-being.
Later Adulthood: While BPD is considered a chronic condition, some individuals may experience a decrease in symptom severity as they get older, particularly if they have received effective treatment.
Important Considerations
Stigma: BPD is often misunderstood and stigmatized. It's important to remember that it is a treatable mental health condition.
Co-occurring Conditions: BPD frequently occurs with other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders. Addressing these co-occurring conditions is crucial for effective treatment.
Treatment is Essential: While challenging, BPD is treatable. Psychotherapy, particularly Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), is considered the gold standard treatment. Medication can also be helpful in managing specific symptoms.
Suicide Risk: Individuals with BPD have a higher risk of suicidal behavior. It's crucial to seek help immediately if you are experiencing suicidal thoughts or urges.
Long-Term Commitment: Treatment for BPD typically requires a long-term commitment. It's important to be patient and persistent with the treatment process.