Summary about Disease
Canker sores (aphthous ulcers) are small, shallow lesions that develop in the soft tissues of the mouth or at the base of the gums. Unlike cold sores, canker sores don't occur on the surface of the lips and they aren't contagious. They can be painful, making eating and talking difficult.
Symptoms
Small, round or oval ulcers inside the mouth.
A red border around the ulcer.
A white or yellow center.
Pain, often disproportionate to the size of the sore.
Tingling or burning sensation before the sore appears.
In severe outbreaks, possible fever, sluggishness, or swollen lymph nodes.
Causes
The exact cause of canker sores is unknown, but several factors can contribute to outbreaks:
Minor mouth injury (e.g., dental work, hard brushing, sports injury).
Food sensitivities (e.g., chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, spicy or acidic foods).
Stress.
Hormonal changes.
Vitamin deficiencies (e.g., B12, folate, iron, zinc).
Certain medical conditions (e.g., celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet's disease).
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
Medicine Used
Topical corticosteroids: (e.g., triamcinolone acetonide) to reduce inflammation and pain.
Antimicrobial mouthwashes: (e.g., chlorhexidine) to prevent secondary infection.
Topical anesthetics: (e.g., benzocaine) to numb the area and provide temporary pain relief.
Oral medications: In severe cases, a doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids or other medications.
Nutritional Supplements: If deficiencies are present, supplements may be recommended.
Carafate: A medicine used to treat ulcers, and can be used to treat canker sores.
Is Communicable
No, canker sores are not contagious. They cannot be spread through kissing, sharing utensils, or any other form of contact.
Precautions
Avoid foods that seem to trigger outbreaks.
Maintain good oral hygiene (gentle brushing, flossing).
Use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
Reduce stress.
Consider switching to SLS-free toothpaste.
Protect your mouth from minor injuries (e.g., using a mouthguard during sports).
Ensure adequate intake of vitamins and minerals.
How long does an outbreak last?
Most canker sores heal on their own within one to two weeks. Severe outbreaks or complex canker sores may take longer to heal (up to six weeks).
How is it diagnosed?
Canker sores are usually diagnosed based on a visual examination of the mouth. No specific tests are typically required. However, if the sores are severe, recurrent, or accompanied by other symptoms, a doctor may order blood tests to rule out underlying medical conditions.
Timeline of Symptoms
Prodromal Phase: 1-2 days before the sore appears - tingling, burning, or itching sensation at the site.
Ulcer Formation: 1-2 days - a small, red spot develops into a visible ulcer with a white or yellow center and a red border.
Pain Phase: Several days - the ulcer is most painful during this time, especially when eating or talking.
Healing Phase: 1-2 weeks - the pain gradually subsides, and the ulcer begins to heal.
Important Considerations
Recurrent canker sores may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further investigation.
If the sores are extremely large, persistent, or accompanied by high fever or difficulty swallowing, seek medical attention.
Do not self-treat with medications without consulting a healthcare professional.
Maintaining a food diary may help identify triggers.