Summary about Disease
Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder, most often caused by a bacterial infection. It's a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women. Cystitis can cause pain and discomfort, and if left untreated, can lead to more serious kidney infections.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
A strong, persistent urge to urinate
A burning sensation when urinating
Frequent, small amounts of urine
Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
Pelvic discomfort
A feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Low-grade fever
Causes
Bacterial Infection: Usually E. coli* from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Bacteria enter the urethra and travel to the bladder.
Sexual Activity: Can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.
Catheters: Long-term use of catheters can increase the risk of bacterial infection.
Poor Hygiene: Improper wiping after bowel movements.
Other Medical Conditions: Diabetes, kidney stones, or an enlarged prostate (in men) can increase risk.
Certain Irritants: Spermicides, douches, and certain soaps can irritate the bladder.
Medicine Used
Antibiotics: The primary treatment for bacterial cystitis. Common antibiotics include:
Nitrofurantoin
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
Fosfomycin
Cephalexin
Ciprofloxacin or Levofloxacin (used less commonly due to resistance concerns)
Pain Relief:
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) can help relieve pain and burning during urination but only treats the symptoms, not the infection.
Is Communicable
Cystitis itself is generally not communicable in the sense that it can be spread from person to person like a cold or flu. However, the bacteria causing the infection can sometimes be spread through sexual contact.
Precautions
Drink Plenty of Water: This helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract.
Urinate Frequently: Don't hold urine for long periods.
Wipe Front to Back: After bowel movements to prevent bacteria from entering the urethra.
Avoid Irritating Products: Such as perfumed soaps, douches, and spermicides.
Empty Bladder After Intercourse: To flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra.
Take Showers Instead of Baths: to minimize bacterial exposure.
Wear Cotton Underwear: Avoid tight-fitting synthetic underwear to promote airflow.
Cranberry Products: Some studies suggest cranberry products may help prevent UTIs, but evidence is mixed.
How long does an outbreak last?
With antibiotic treatment, symptoms typically improve within 1-3 days. It's important to complete the entire course of antibiotics, even if you feel better, to ensure the infection is completely eradicated. Untreated cystitis can last longer and potentially lead to more serious complications.
How is it diagnosed?
Medical History and Physical Exam: A doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history.
Urinalysis: A urine sample is tested to look for bacteria, blood, and white blood cells.
Urine Culture: A urine sample is sent to a lab to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine which antibiotics will be most effective.
Cystoscopy: In rare cases, a doctor may use a cystoscope (a thin tube with a camera) to examine the inside of the bladder.
Imaging: In cases of recurrent infections or suspected abnormalities, imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan may be ordered.
Timeline of Symptoms
Initial Onset: Sudden onset of urinary urgency and frequency.
Within Hours: Burning sensation during urination develops and intensifies.
Next 1-3 Days (without treatment): Symptoms worsen, including increased pain, cloudy urine, and potentially blood in the urine. Low-grade fever may develop.
With Treatment: Symptoms typically begin to improve within 1-3 days of starting antibiotics.
Important Considerations
Recurrent UTIs: Women who experience frequent UTIs may need to take preventive measures, such as low-dose antibiotics or post-coital antibiotics.
Complicated UTIs: UTIs in men, pregnant women, or individuals with underlying medical conditions are considered complicated and may require more aggressive treatment.
Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome): This is a chronic condition that causes bladder pain and urinary symptoms similar to cystitis, but without a bacterial infection. Treatment is different and focuses on symptom management.
Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. It is important to take antibiotics only when necessary and to complete the entire course as prescribed. Always consult with a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.