Summary about Disease
Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria. It is a chronic disease affecting individuals of all ages and is considered one of the most common health problems worldwide. If left untreated, dental caries can lead to pain, infection, difficulty eating, and reduced quality of life.
Symptoms
Toothache, spontaneous pain, or pain that occurs without any apparent cause
Tooth sensitivity
Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot, or cold
Visible holes or pits in the teeth
Brown, black, or white staining on any surface of a tooth
Pain when you bite down
Causes
Dental caries are caused by a combination of factors, including:
Bacteria: Certain bacteria in the mouth, such as Streptococcus mutans, produce acids that erode tooth enamel.
Sugary and Starchy Foods: Frequent consumption of sugary and starchy foods and drinks provides fuel for bacteria to produce acids.
Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque (a sticky film containing bacteria) to accumulate on teeth.
Reduced Saliva Flow: Saliva helps neutralize acids and remineralize tooth enamel. Reduced saliva flow (due to medications, medical conditions, or dehydration) increases the risk of caries.
Genetics: Some people may be genetically predisposed to developing dental caries.
Medicine Used
Fluoride Toothpaste and Mouthwash: Fluoride helps strengthen tooth enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks.
Fluoride Varnish: A concentrated fluoride treatment applied by a dentist to help prevent or slow down the progression of caries.
Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF): A liquid applied to cavities to stop their progression. It stains the decayed area black.
Dental Fillings: Used to restore teeth that have been damaged by caries. Common filling materials include amalgam, composite resin, glass ionomer, and gold.
Root Canal Treatment: Required for severely decayed teeth where the pulp (nerve and blood vessels) is infected.
Antibiotics: Prescribed in rare cases if the infection has spread beyond the tooth.
Is Communicable
Dental caries itself is not directly communicable in the traditional sense like a cold or flu. However, the bacteria that contribute to caries, particularly *Streptococcus mutans*, can be transmitted through saliva. This can occur through sharing utensils, cups, or kissing. Early childhood is a particularly vulnerable period for bacterial transmission from caregivers to children.
Precautions
Brush your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth.
Limit sugary and starchy foods and drinks, especially between meals.
Visit your dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings.
Consider fluoride treatments if you are at high risk of developing caries.
Chew sugar-free gum after meals to stimulate saliva flow.
Avoid sharing utensils and drinks with others.
Ensure adequate fluoride intake, through fluoridated water or supplements if necessary (especially for children).
How long does an outbreak last?
Dental caries is a chronic, progressive disease rather than an "outbreak" with a defined start and end. Once a cavity begins to form, it will continue to worsen over time if left untreated. The rate of progression varies depending on factors such as diet, oral hygiene, and saliva flow. Untreated cavities can lead to more severe problems.
How is it diagnosed?
Visual Examination: A dentist can visually inspect the teeth for signs of decay, such as holes, pits, or discoloration.
Dental X-rays: X-rays can reveal cavities that are not visible during a visual examination, particularly those between teeth or under existing fillings.
Dental Probes: A dentist may use a sharp instrument called a probe to feel for soft spots or defects in the enamel.
Laser Fluorescence Detection: Devices such as DIAGNOdent use laser fluorescence to detect early signs of decay that may not be visible to the naked eye.
Timeline of Symptoms
Early Stages:
White spots on the enamel (demineralization). These spots are often reversible with fluoride treatment.
No pain or sensitivity.
Intermediate Stages:
Small cavities may form.
Sensitivity to sweet, hot, or cold foods and drinks may develop.
Advanced Stages:
Larger cavities are present.
Toothache, especially when eating or drinking.
Pain when biting down.
Possible infection and abscess formation.
Important Considerations
Early Detection is Key: Detecting and treating dental caries in its early stages can prevent more extensive damage and costly treatments.
Individualized Approach: The best approach to preventing and treating dental caries is tailored to the individual's risk factors and needs.
Prevention is Paramount: Good oral hygiene habits, a healthy diet, and regular dental visits are essential for preventing dental caries.
Dental Caries in Children: Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease. Early dental visits and fluoride treatments are crucial for children's oral health.
Impact on Overall Health: Poor oral health, including untreated dental caries, has been linked to other health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.