Summary about Disease
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. Diphtheria is characterized by a thick, gray or white membrane that forms in the throat, making it difficult to breathe and swallow. It can also damage the heart, kidneys, and nerves. While once a common childhood disease, diphtheria is now rare in countries with widespread vaccination programs.
Symptoms
Thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
Sore throat and hoarseness
Swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Nasal discharge
Fever
Chills
General feeling of discomfort or illness (malaise)
Causes
Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The bacteria spread through:
Respiratory droplets, like those produced by coughing or sneezing
Close physical contact with an infected person
Contact with contaminated objects (rare)
Medicine Used
Diphtheria Antitoxin: This is the primary treatment and works by neutralizing the toxin produced by the bacteria. It is most effective when administered early in the course of the illness.
Antibiotics: Antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, are used to kill the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and prevent spread.
Is Communicable
Yes, diphtheria is highly communicable. It spreads easily through respiratory droplets and close contact with an infected person.
Precautions
Vaccination: The DTaP vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Booster shots are needed throughout life.
Hygiene: Practice good hygiene, including frequent handwashing, covering coughs and sneezes, and avoiding sharing personal items.
Isolation: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent the spread of the disease.
Prophylactic Antibiotics: Close contacts of infected individuals may receive antibiotics to prevent infection.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a diphtheria outbreak depends on several factors, including the effectiveness of public health interventions, vaccination coverage, and prompt treatment of cases. Without control measures, an outbreak can last for several months or even years. With vaccination and prompt treatment, outbreaks can be controlled relatively quickly.
How is it diagnosed?
Physical Exam: A doctor will examine the throat for the characteristic membrane.
Throat Culture: A sample is taken from the throat and tested for the presence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Toxin Testing: Tests can be performed to determine if the bacteria are producing the diphtheria toxin.
PCR Testing: Polymerase chain reaction tests can detect the presence of the diphtheria bacteria's genetic material in samples.
Timeline of Symptoms
Incubation Period: 2-5 days (time between exposure and symptom onset)
Initial Symptoms: Sore throat, mild fever, malaise (first 1-2 days)
Membrane Formation: Thick, gray membrane develops in the throat (2-3 days after initial symptoms)
Progression: Swollen lymph nodes, difficulty breathing (days 3-7)
Complications: Heart, nerve, and kidney damage can occur in severe cases (days 7-14 or later)
Important Considerations
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and death.
Diphtheria antitoxin must be administered as soon as possible. Delaying treatment can significantly reduce its effectiveness.
Vaccination is the best way to protect against diphtheria.
Report suspected cases of diphtheria to public health authorities.
Even with treatment, some patients may experience long-term complications.