Summary about Disease
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It's a common condition that often starts in childhood but can affect people of all ages. Eczema is not contagious.
Symptoms
Dry, itchy skin
Red or brownish-gray patches
Small, raised bumps that may leak fluid and crust over when scratched
Thickened, cracked, scaly skin
Raw, sensitive, swollen skin from scratching
Intense itching, especially at night
Causes
The exact cause of eczema is unknown, but it's thought to be a combination of:
Genetics: A family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever increases the risk.
Immune system dysfunction: An overactive immune system can trigger inflammation in the skin.
Environmental factors: Irritants like soaps, detergents, fabrics, and allergens can trigger flare-ups.
Skin barrier defects: People with eczema often have a weakened skin barrier, which allows moisture to escape and irritants to enter.
Medicine Used
Topical corticosteroids: Creams and ointments that reduce inflammation and itching.
Topical calcineurin inhibitors: Non-steroidal creams and ointments that also reduce inflammation.
Emollients (moisturizers): Creams, lotions, and ointments that hydrate and protect the skin.
Antihistamines: Can help relieve itching, especially at night.
Systemic corticosteroids: Oral or injected steroids for severe flare-ups (used with caution due to side effects).
Biologics: Injectable medications that target specific parts of the immune system (for severe eczema).
Phototherapy: Exposure to ultraviolet light to reduce inflammation.
Is Communicable
No, eczema is not contagious. You cannot catch it from someone else.
Precautions
Moisturize regularly: Apply a thick moisturizer several times a day, especially after bathing.
Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid irritants and allergens that worsen your eczema.
Bathe or shower in lukewarm water: Avoid hot water, which can dry out the skin.
Use mild, fragrance-free soaps and detergents: Harsh products can irritate the skin.
Pat skin dry: Avoid rubbing the skin with a towel.
Wear soft, breathable clothing: Avoid wool and synthetic fabrics that can irritate the skin.
Keep fingernails short: To minimize skin damage from scratching.
Manage stress: Stress can trigger eczema flare-ups.
Use a humidifier: To keep the air moist, especially in the winter.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of an eczema outbreak varies depending on the individual and the severity of the condition. Outbreaks can last from a few days to several weeks. With proper treatment and avoidance of triggers, outbreaks can often be managed and shortened. Chronic eczema may involve recurring outbreaks over many years.
How is it diagnosed?
Eczema is typically diagnosed based on:
Physical examination: A doctor will examine the skin and ask about symptoms.
Medical history: The doctor will ask about personal and family history of eczema, allergies, and asthma.
Allergy testing: May be performed to identify potential triggers (e.g., skin prick tests or blood tests).
Skin biopsy: Rarely needed, but may be performed to rule out other skin conditions.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of eczema symptoms can vary, but a general progression might look like this:
Early stages: Dry, itchy skin may appear.
Flare-up: Redness, inflammation, and small bumps may develop. Intense itching is common.
Scratching: Scratching can lead to open sores, crusting, and thickening of the skin.
Chronic stage: Skin may become thickened, leathery, and discolored.
Resolution: With treatment and avoidance of triggers, the inflammation and itching subside, and the skin begins to heal.
Important Considerations
Eczema can significantly impact quality of life due to itching, discomfort, and sleep disturbances.
Treatment should be individualized based on the severity of the condition and individual triggers.
Long-term management often involves a combination of medication, skincare, and lifestyle changes.
It's important to work with a dermatologist or other healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan.
Eczema can sometimes be associated with other conditions, such as asthma and allergies.
There is no cure for eczema, but it can be effectively managed with proper care.