Symptoms
Food allergy symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include:
Hives
Itching or eczema
Swelling of the lips, face, tongue, and throat
Wheezing, nasal congestion, or trouble breathing
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting In severe cases, anaphylaxis can occur, causing:
Constriction of airways
Swelling of the throat, making it difficult to breathe
A severe drop in blood pressure (shock)
Rapid pulse
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness
Causes
Food allergies occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a food or a substance in food as harmful. The immune system then creates an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) to fight the food "invader." The next time you eat even a tiny amount of that food, IgE antibodies trigger the release of chemicals that cause allergy symptoms. Common food allergens include:
Milk
Eggs
Peanuts
Tree nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts, pecans)
Fish
Shellfish (e.g., shrimp, crab, lobster)
Wheat
Soy
Sesame
Medicine Used
Antihistamines: Can help relieve mild symptoms like itching, hives, and runny nose.
Epinephrine (EpiPen): The primary treatment for anaphylaxis. It's an injectable medication that can reverse the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction. People at risk of anaphylaxis should carry an EpiPen and know how to use it.
Corticosteroids: In some cases, a doctor may prescribe corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation associated with allergic reactions.
Is Communicable
Food allergies are not communicable. They are not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Strict Avoidance: The most important precaution is to completely avoid the food(s) that cause the allergy.
Read Labels Carefully: Always check food labels for ingredients, including "may contain" statements.
Inform Others: Let restaurants, schools, and other caregivers know about the food allergy.
Carry Emergency Medication: If at risk of anaphylaxis, carry an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) and know how to use it.
Wear a Medical Alert Bracelet: This can alert others to your allergy in case of an emergency.
Be Aware of Cross-Contamination: Be cautious of cross-contamination in food preparation, both at home and in restaurants.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of symptoms varies:
Mild reactions: Symptoms may resolve within a few hours with or without antihistamines.
Severe reactions (anaphylaxis): Require immediate medical attention, and the effects can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Even after epinephrine is administered, observation in a medical setting is crucial.
Ongoing exposure: If exposure to the allergen continues, symptoms will persist.
How is it diagnosed?
Medical History: Doctor will ask about symptoms, family history of allergies, and food intake.
Skin Prick Test: A small amount of the suspected allergen is placed on the skin, and the skin is pricked. A raised, itchy bump indicates a possible allergy.
Blood Test (IgE Test): Measures the amount of IgE antibodies specific to certain foods in the blood.
Oral Food Challenge: Under strict medical supervision, the patient eats small amounts of the suspected allergen to see if a reaction occurs. This is the gold standard for diagnosing food allergies.
Elimination Diet: The suspected food is removed from the diet, and then reintroduced to see if symptoms return.
Timeline of Symptoms
Symptoms typically appear within minutes to up to two hours after eating the allergenic food. Anaphylaxis, the most severe reaction, usually occurs rapidly, often within minutes. Mild symptoms may have a slightly delayed onset.
Important Considerations
Children and Food Allergies: Food allergies are more common in children than adults. Some children may outgrow certain food allergies, such as milk or egg allergies.
Adult-Onset Food Allergies: Food allergies can also develop in adulthood.
Hidden Allergens: Be aware of hidden allergens in processed foods, sauces, and restaurant meals.
Oral Allergy Syndrome (Pollen-Food Syndrome): Some people with pollen allergies may experience itching or swelling in the mouth after eating certain raw fruits or vegetables.
Seek Expert Advice: Consult an allergist for accurate diagnosis, management, and emergency treatment plans.