Summary about Disease
Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They appear as soft, flesh-colored bumps or growths on the genitals, in the groin area, or around the anus. While they are not life-threatening, they can be uncomfortable, cause psychological distress, and require medical treatment. Certain strains of HPV that cause genital warts are different from those that cause cervical cancer, but co-infection is possible.
Symptoms
Small, flesh-colored or gray swellings in your genital area.
Several warts close together that may take on a cauliflower-like shape.
Itching or discomfort in your genital area.
Bleeding with intercourse.
In women, warts can occur on the vulva, inside the vagina, on the cervix, or in the anal area.
In men, warts can occur on the penis, scrotum, or in the anal area.
Causes
Genital warts are caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is spread through skin-to-skin contact, most often during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. In rare cases, a mother can transmit HPV to her baby during childbirth.
Medicine Used
Topical Treatments (applied directly to the warts):
Podophyllotoxin cream or solution
Imiquimod cream
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or bichloroacetic acid (BCA)
Sinecatechins (green tea extract) ointment
Procedures performed by a healthcare provider:
Cryotherapy (freezing)
Electrocautery (burning)
Surgical excision
Laser treatment
Is Communicable
Yes, genital warts are highly communicable. They are spread through skin-to-skin contact, primarily during sexual activity (vaginal, anal, or oral sex). Even if warts are not visible, the virus can still be transmitted.
Precautions
Vaccination: The HPV vaccine protects against the HPV strains that most commonly cause genital warts and certain types of cancer.
Condom Use: Consistent and correct use of condoms can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of transmission. Condoms may not cover all affected areas.
Limit Sexual Partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners decreases the risk of exposure.
Regular Checkups: Regular checkups and screenings (such as Pap tests for women) can help detect and manage HPV.
Inform Partner: If you have genital warts, inform your sexual partner(s) so they can get tested and treated if necessary.
Avoid Sex During Treatment: Refrain from sexual activity while undergoing treatment to prevent further spread.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a genital wart outbreak varies. Individual warts may resolve within weeks to months with or without treatment. However, the HPV virus can remain dormant in the body, leading to recurrent outbreaks over months or even years. Treatment can clear the visible warts, but it doesn't necessarily eliminate the virus.
How is it diagnosed?
Visual Examination: A healthcare provider can often diagnose genital warts by visually examining the affected area.
Acetic Acid Solution: Applying a mild acetic acid solution (vinegar) to the area can make warts more visible.
Pap Test (for women): A Pap test, which screens for cervical cancer, can sometimes detect HPV infection.
HPV DNA Testing: In some cases, an HPV DNA test may be performed to identify the specific HPV strain.
Biopsy: If the diagnosis is uncertain, a biopsy (tissue sample) may be taken for examination under a microscope.
Timeline of Symptoms
Incubation Period: After exposure to HPV, there is an incubation period, which can range from several weeks to several months. During this time, there are no visible symptoms.
Initial Outbreak: The first outbreak of genital warts may occur weeks or months after infection. Warts may be small and easily missed initially.
Progression: Warts may grow larger or multiply over time if left untreated.
Remission and Recurrence: Warts may disappear on their own or with treatment. However, recurrence is common, as the virus can remain dormant and reactivate later.
Important Considerations
HPV and Cancer Risk: While most HPV strains that cause genital warts are low-risk, some strains can lead to cancer, particularly cervical cancer in women. Regular screening is essential.
Psychological Impact: Genital warts can cause significant psychological distress, including anxiety, shame, and depression. Seeking support from a healthcare provider or therapist is important.
Pregnancy: Genital warts can cause problems during pregnancy. Treatment options may be limited during pregnancy. Vertical transmission is rare but possible.
Treatment Does Not Eliminate Virus: Treatment focuses on removing the visible warts, but the underlying HPV infection remains in the body.
Prevention is Key: HPV vaccination and safe sex practices are the most effective ways to prevent genital warts.