Summary about Disease
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition in which the heart muscle (myocardium) becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). This thickening can make it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively. In some cases, it can obstruct blood flow out of the heart. HCM can lead to a range of symptoms or, in some cases, no symptoms at all. It is a common cause of sudden cardiac arrest, particularly in young athletes.
Symptoms
Symptoms of HCM can vary widely. Some people have no symptoms. Common symptoms include:
Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
Chest pain, especially during exertion
Fainting or near-fainting, especially during exertion
Heart palpitations (feeling like the heart is racing, pounding, or fluttering)
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Fatigue
Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen
Causes
The primary cause of HCM is genetic. It is usually caused by mutations in genes that affect the heart muscle proteins. These mutations are often inherited from a parent. In some rare cases, HCM can develop without a known genetic cause (de novo mutations), or be related to other medical conditions such as long-standing high blood pressure or certain metabolic disorders.
Medicine Used
Medications used to manage HCM aim to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. Common medications include:
Beta-blockers: Slow heart rate and reduce blood pressure.
Calcium channel blockers: Relax the heart muscle and lower blood pressure.
Antiarrhythmics: Help prevent or control irregular heart rhythms.
Diuretics: Reduce fluid buildup.
Blood thinners: Reduce risk of blood clot formation.
Is Communicable
No, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not communicable. It is not caused by an infectious agent and cannot be spread from person to person. It's primarily a genetic condition.
Precautions
Precautions for individuals with HCM include:
Regular medical checkups: Routine monitoring by a cardiologist is essential.
Avoidance of strenuous exercise: High-intensity activities can increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Consult with a doctor about safe levels of activity.
Medication adherence: Taking prescribed medications as directed is crucial.
Hydration: Staying well-hydrated is important, especially during exercise.
Avoidance of dehydration: Prevent dehydration situations.
Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking are beneficial.
Genetic counseling: Consider genetic counseling for family members.
Alerting medical professionals: Inform doctors and dentists about the diagnosis before procedures.
How long does an outbreak last?
HCM is not an infectious disease and does not have outbreaks. It is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis of HCM typically involves:
Physical exam: Listening to the heart and lungs.
Echocardiogram: An ultrasound of the heart to assess heart muscle thickness and function.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records the electrical activity of the heart.
Holter monitor: Continuous ECG monitoring over a period of time.
Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed images of the heart.
Genetic testing: Identifies gene mutations associated with HCM.
Stress test: Evaluates heart function during exercise.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms is highly variable. Some individuals may have no symptoms for many years, while others may experience symptoms early in life. Symptoms can develop gradually or appear suddenly. The severity of symptoms can also fluctuate over time. Some people may only experience symptoms during periods of increased physical activity or stress.
Important Considerations
Sudden Cardiac Arrest: HCM is a leading cause of sudden cardiac arrest, particularly in young athletes.
Family Screening: Family members of individuals with HCM should be screened for the condition, usually with an echocardiogram.
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD): An ICD may be recommended for individuals at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
Surgical Options: Septal myectomy (surgical removal of part of the thickened heart muscle) or alcohol septal ablation (injecting alcohol into the artery supplying the thickened muscle) may be considered for individuals with severe symptoms.
Specialized Care: Management of HCM is best done by a cardiologist with experience in treating this condition.