Summary about Disease
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), also known as immune thrombocytopenia, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). This occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. ITP can lead to easy bruising, bleeding, and, in rare cases, serious hemorrhages. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Symptoms
Symptoms of ITP may include:
Easy bruising (purpura)
Pinpoint-sized red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae)
Bleeding from the gums or nose
Heavy menstrual periods
Blood in urine or stool
Fatigue
Enlarged spleen (rare)
Causes
ITP is caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack platelets. The exact trigger for this autoimmune response is often unknown. However, it can sometimes be associated with:
Viral infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis C, chickenpox)
Bacterial infections (e.g., H. pylori)
Certain medications
Pregnancy
Other autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
Medicine Used
4. Medicine used Medications used to treat ITP may include:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone): To suppress the immune system.
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG): To temporarily boost platelet counts.
Anti-RhD immunoglobulin (WinRho): Also increases platelet counts temporarily.
Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) (e.g., romiplostim, eltrombopag): To stimulate platelet production.
Rituximab: A monoclonal antibody that targets B cells.
Fostamatinib: A spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor
Is Communicable
ITP is not communicable. It is an autoimmune disorder and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Precautions for individuals with ITP include:
Avoiding activities that could lead to injury or trauma.
Informing healthcare providers about the condition before any medical or dental procedures.
Being cautious when taking over-the-counter medications, especially those that can affect platelet function (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen).
Regular monitoring of platelet counts.
Discussing vaccinations with your doctor.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of ITP can vary. Acute ITP in children often resolves within a few weeks or months. Chronic ITP, more common in adults, can last for many months or years. Some individuals may experience periods of remission and relapse.
How is it diagnosed?
ITP is diagnosed based on:
Complete blood count (CBC): To show a low platelet count.
Peripheral blood smear: To examine the appearance of blood cells.
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (sometimes): To rule out other causes of thrombocytopenia.
Exclusion of other conditions: Ruling out other disorders that can cause low platelet counts.
Testing for other autoimmune conditons.
Timeline of Symptoms
The onset of symptoms can vary. Some individuals may experience a sudden appearance of bruising and bleeding, while others may have a more gradual onset. The progression and severity of symptoms depend on the platelet count and the individual's overall health. Symptom can get better or worse with treatment.
Important Considerations
ITP management requires a healthcare professional.
Regular monitoring of platelet counts is crucial.
Treatment goals are to prevent serious bleeding complications and maintain a safe platelet count.
Individuals with ITP should wear a medical alert bracelet or carry a card indicating their condition.
Patient education and support are important for managing the condition effectively.
Surgery may be needed in severe cases.