Summary about Disease
An inflamed Bartholin's gland, also known as Bartholinitis or a Bartholin's cyst, is a condition affecting one or both of the Bartholin's glands. These glands are located on either side of the vaginal opening and secrete fluid that lubricates the vagina. When the duct of a Bartholin's gland becomes blocked, fluid can back up, leading to swelling, inflammation, and potentially an abscess (a pus-filled pocket). The severity ranges from mild discomfort to significant pain and difficulty walking or sitting.
Symptoms
A painless or painful lump near the vaginal opening.
Redness and tenderness in the area.
Discomfort during walking, sitting, or sexual intercourse.
Fever (if an abscess is present).
Drainage of pus from the cyst (if it ruptures).
Causes
Blockage of the Bartholin's gland duct.
Infection by bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea or chlamydia.
Injury to the area.
Sometimes, the cause of the blockage is unknown.
Medicine Used
Antibiotics: Prescribed if an infection is present (usually for abscesses or when STI involvement is suspected).
Pain relievers: Over-the-counter or prescription pain medications (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen) to manage discomfort.
Sitz baths: Warm water soaks to promote drainage and healing.
Surgical drainage: Incision and drainage of an abscess by a healthcare provider.
Marsupialization: A surgical procedure to create a permanent opening in the gland duct, preventing future blockages.
Is Communicable
A Bartholin's cyst itself is not communicable. However, if the inflammation is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), then the STI is communicable through sexual contact.
Precautions
Practice good hygiene, including gentle washing of the genital area.
Practice safe sex to prevent STIs.
Avoid tight clothing that can irritate the area.
Seek medical attention promptly if you notice symptoms.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration varies depending on the severity and treatment. A small, uninfected cyst may resolve on its own within a few days or weeks with sitz baths. An infected cyst or abscess may require antibiotics and/or drainage and can take several weeks to fully heal. If marsupialization is performed, the healing process can also take several weeks.
How is it diagnosed?
Physical examination: A healthcare provider will examine the area to assess the size, location, and characteristics of the lump.
Pelvic exam: To rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.
Testing for STIs: If an infection is suspected.
Cultures: Fluid from the cyst may be cultured to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection.
Biopsy: Rarely, if the cyst is solid or unusual in appearance, a biopsy may be performed to rule out malignancy (especially in women over 40).
Timeline of Symptoms
Initial Blockage: Often asymptomatic. A small, painless lump may be present.
Gradual Enlargement: Over days or weeks, the cyst may grow larger and become more noticeable.
Inflammation & Pain: As the cyst enlarges, inflammation and pain may develop, especially if infected.
Abscess Formation: If an infection is present, an abscess can form relatively quickly (within days), leading to severe pain, redness, and potentially fever.
Spontaneous Rupture: The cyst may rupture spontaneously, releasing fluid and pus, which can provide temporary relief.
Resolution with Treatment: With appropriate treatment (sitz baths, antibiotics, drainage), symptoms typically improve within days to weeks.
Important Considerations
Self-treatment is not recommended for infected cysts or abscesses; medical evaluation is essential.
Recurring Bartholin's cysts should be evaluated to rule out underlying causes or the need for marsupialization.
Although rare, malignancy of the Bartholin's gland can occur, especially in older women. Any suspicious lesions should be biopsied.
If you are pregnant, discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider as certain medications and procedures may be contraindicated.