Summary about Disease
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a rare illness that primarily affects children. It causes inflammation in the blood vessels, especially the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. If left untreated, it can lead to serious heart complications.
Symptoms
The main symptoms include:
High fever, often above 102.2°F (39°C), lasting for at least 5 days.
Rash, often on the trunk and groin area.
Red, cracked lips and a red tongue (strawberry tongue).
Redness and swelling of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, followed by peeling skin.
Red eyes (conjunctivitis) without pus.
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
Irritability.
Causes
The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown. It is not considered hereditary or congenital. Research suggests a possible link to a triggering infection or environmental factor in children who are genetically predisposed.
Medicine Used
The primary treatments are:
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): A concentrated solution of antibodies given through a vein.
Aspirin: High doses are used initially to reduce inflammation and fever, followed by low doses to prevent blood clots.
Is Communicable
Kawasaki disease is not communicable. It does not spread from person to person.
Precautions
Since the cause is unknown, there are no specific precautions to prevent Kawasaki disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to minimize the risk of heart complications.
How long does an outbreak last?
Kawasaki disease does not occur in outbreaks in the traditional sense like measles or chickenpox. While there can be seasonal variations in cases, it is not generally considered to have a defined outbreak period. A single case does not mean an outbreak is occurring.
How is it diagnosed?
There is no specific test for Kawasaki disease. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, meaning a doctor looks for a combination of characteristic symptoms. These criteria typically include a fever lasting at least five days and at least four of the other principal symptoms. Blood tests may be done to rule out other conditions and assess inflammation. An echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) is performed to check for heart abnormalities.
Timeline of Symptoms
The typical timeline is as follows:
Phase 1 (Acute Phase): Lasts about 1-2 weeks. High fever, red eyes, rash, changes in mouth and throat, swollen lymph nodes, swelling of hands and feet.
Phase 2 (Subacute Phase): Lasts about 2 weeks. Peeling of skin on fingers and toes, joint pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Coronary artery aneurysms (bulges in the artery walls) can develop during this phase.
Phase 3 (Convalescent Phase): Lasts up to 8 weeks. Symptoms resolve, but inflammation may still be present. Blood tests are still abnormal.
Important Considerations
Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent long-term heart complications.
Even with treatment, coronary artery aneurysms can still occur.
Long-term follow-up with a cardiologist is essential, especially if heart problems develop.
Parents should be aware of the symptoms and seek medical attention promptly if their child develops a persistent fever along with other signs of Kawasaki disease.