Summary about Disease
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), commonly known as dry eye disease, is a chronic condition characterized by insufficient tear production or poor tear quality. This deficiency leads to dryness, irritation, and potential damage to the surface of the eye. It can significantly impact vision and quality of life.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
Dryness
Grittiness or a sandy feeling
Burning or stinging
Redness
Blurred vision (often fluctuating)
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Excessive tearing (paradoxical tearing - the eye overreacts to irritation with a flood of tears, which are often of poor quality)
Eye fatigue
Difficulty wearing contact lenses
Stringy mucus in or around the eyes
Causes
Dry eye can result from several factors, including:
Decreased tear production: Aging, certain medical conditions (Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, thyroid disorders), medications (antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, hormone replacement therapy), and nerve damage around the eyes.
Increased tear evaporation: Blepharitis (eyelid inflammation), meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD, glands that produce the oily layer of tears), infrequent blinking (often associated with prolonged screen use), dry air, wind, and smoke.
Tear film instability: Problems with the composition of the tear film, including deficiencies in the oil, water, or mucin layers.
Medicine Used
Treatments vary based on the severity and cause of dry eye:
Artificial tears: Over-the-counter lubricating eye drops are the first line of defense.
Prescription eye drops: Cyclosporine (Restasis), lifitegrast (Xiidra), and corticosteroids (short-term use for inflammation).
Punctal plugs: Small devices inserted into the tear ducts to block drainage and keep tears on the eye's surface longer.
Eyelid hygiene: Warm compresses and eyelid scrubs for blepharitis and MGD.
Omega-3 fatty acid supplements: May improve tear quality.
Other medications: Addressing underlying medical conditions that contribute to dry eye.
Is Communicable
No, keratoconjunctivitis sicca is not communicable or contagious. It cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Blink frequently: Especially when using screens.
Take breaks: Look away from screens regularly.
Humidify the air: Use a humidifier, especially in dry environments.
Avoid dry environments: Shield your eyes from wind and smoke.
Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water.
Proper eyelid hygiene: Regularly clean your eyelids.
Consult an eye doctor: Seek professional evaluation and treatment.
Avoid rubbing your eyes: This can cause further irritation.
How long does an outbreak last?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is typically a chronic condition, meaning it's ongoing rather than an outbreak. Symptoms may fluctuate in intensity, with periods of worse dryness and irritation, but the underlying problem persists. Symptom management is key.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye exam, including:
Medical history and symptom review.
Visual acuity testing.
Slit-lamp examination: Examination of the eye's surface with magnification.
Tear film assessment: Schirmer test (measures tear production), tear breakup time (TBUT) test (measures tear film stability), and tear osmolarity testing (measures the concentration of particles in tears).
Meibography: Imaging of the meibomian glands.
Timeline of Symptoms
The onset of dry eye symptoms is typically gradual. There isn't a specific "timeline" as it varies for each person. The progression can depend on the underlying cause, environmental factors, and individual habits. Symptoms can fluctuate, but without treatment, they usually persist and may worsen over time.
Important Considerations
Dry eye is often a chronic condition requiring ongoing management.
Treatment is individualized and depends on the cause and severity.
Untreated dry eye can lead to corneal damage and vision impairment.
It can significantly impact quality of life.
It's crucial to consult an eye doctor for diagnosis and management.
Certain medical conditions and medications can exacerbate dry eye.