Summary about Disease
Krill allergy is an adverse immune response to proteins found in krill, small crustaceans commonly consumed by marine animals and increasingly used as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in dietary supplements and as aquaculture feed. An allergic reaction occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly identifies krill proteins as harmful, triggering a cascade of reactions that lead to various symptoms.
Symptoms
Symptoms of krill allergy can range from mild to severe and may include:
Skin: Hives (urticaria), itching, eczema, angioedema (swelling, especially of the face, lips, tongue, or throat)
Respiratory: Runny nose, sneezing, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, throat tightness
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Cardiovascular: Dizziness, lightheadedness, rapid heartbeat
Systemic: Anaphylaxis (a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction involving multiple organ systems)
Causes
Krill allergy is caused by the immune system's overreaction to proteins in krill. When a person with a krill allergy is exposed to krill proteins, the body produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specific to these proteins. Upon subsequent exposure, these IgE antibodies trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to the allergic symptoms. Cross-reactivity with other shellfish allergies is possible.
Medicine Used
Antihistamines: Used to relieve mild symptoms like itching, hives, and runny nose.
Corticosteroids: May be prescribed to reduce inflammation in more severe reactions.
Epinephrine (EpiPen): The primary treatment for anaphylaxis. Individuals with known krill allergy should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and know how to use it.
Bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol): To treat wheezing and breathing difficulties
Is Communicable
No, krill allergy is not communicable. It is an immune response to a specific allergen and cannot be transmitted from person to person.
Precautions
Avoidance: The most important precaution is strict avoidance of krill and products that may contain krill.
Read Labels Carefully: Thoroughly check ingredient labels of all food products, supplements, and medications.
Inform Healthcare Providers: Inform doctors, dentists, and pharmacists about your krill allergy.
Restaurant Awareness: When eating out, inform restaurant staff about your allergy and inquire about ingredients and potential cross-contamination.
Emergency Plan: Develop an emergency plan with your doctor, including instructions on how to respond to an allergic reaction.
Wear Medical Identification: Consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace indicating your krill allergy.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of an allergic reaction to krill depends on the severity of the reaction and the treatment received. Mild symptoms may subside within a few hours with antihistamines. More severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, require immediate medical attention and may take longer to resolve. Even after treatment, some symptoms may linger for several hours or even a day or two.
How is it diagnosed?
Medical History: The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, including any previous allergic reactions.
Skin Prick Test: A small amount of krill extract is placed on the skin, and the skin is pricked. A raised, itchy bump (wheal) indicates a possible allergy.
Blood Test (Specific IgE Test): Measures the levels of IgE antibodies specific to krill in your blood.
Oral Food Challenge: Under strict medical supervision, a small amount of krill is ingested to see if a reaction occurs. This is the most accurate method but also carries the highest risk and is not commonly performed.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms can vary greatly depending on the individual and the severity of the allergic reaction:
Immediate Reaction (within minutes): Hives, itching, angioedema, runny nose, sneezing, nausea.
Rapid Progression (within minutes to hours): Difficulty breathing, wheezing, throat tightness, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness.
Anaphylaxis (within minutes): Rapid onset of severe symptoms, including difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, and a drop in blood pressure.
Delayed Reaction (hours to days): Eczema, gastrointestinal upset.
Important Considerations
Cross-Reactivity: Krill allergy can sometimes be associated with allergies to other shellfish, such as shrimp, crab, and lobster. Consult with an allergist to determine if cross-reactivity is a concern.
Hidden Sources: Be aware that krill may be found in unexpected places, such as some dietary supplements, pet food, and aquaculture feed.
Anaphylaxis Risk: Anaphylaxis is a serious and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. Anyone with a krill allergy is at risk of anaphylaxis and should carry an epinephrine auto-injector.
Consult an Allergist: It's crucial to consult with a qualified allergist for proper diagnosis, management, and education about krill allergy.