Summary about Disease
Krukenberg tumor refers to a metastatic adenocarcinoma to the ovaries, characterized by the presence of signet-ring cells and stromal proliferation. It's most commonly associated with gastric cancer, but can also originate from other primary sites like the colon, breast, and appendix. These tumors are typically bilateral (affecting both ovaries) and often present with vague abdominal symptoms.
Symptoms
Common symptoms associated with Krukenberg tumors include:
Abdominal pain or discomfort
Abdominal distension or bloating
Pelvic pain
Changes in menstruation (irregular periods, postmenopausal bleeding)
Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, indigestion)
Weight loss
Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
Virilization (development of male characteristics in females, due to hormone production in some cases)
Causes
Krukenberg tumors are caused by the metastasis (spread) of cancer cells from a primary tumor site to the ovaries. The most common primary site is the stomach. Cancer cells detach from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to the ovaries. Once in the ovaries, these cells can implant and proliferate, forming a secondary tumor.
Medicine Used
Treatment for Krukenberg tumors is multi-faceted and depends heavily on the primary cancer site, the extent of the disease, and the patient's overall health. Chemotherapy regimens commonly used depend on the primary cancer. Surgery to remove the ovaries (oophorectomy), the primary tumor (if possible), and any other affected tissues is a frequent component of treatment. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies may be considered depending on the specific characteristics of the primary tumor.
Is Communicable
Krukenberg tumor is not communicable. It is a form of cancer that arises from a patient's own cells and cannot be transmitted from one person to another.
Precautions
Since Krukenberg tumor is a metastatic disease, precautions generally revolve around early detection and management of the primary cancer. There are no specific precautions to prevent the development of a Krukenberg tumor itself, as it is a consequence of the spread of an existing cancer. Risk reduction strategies for primary cancers (e.g., screening for gastric or colon cancer, maintaining a healthy lifestyle) may indirectly help in preventing or detecting such metastasis.
How long does an outbreak last?
Krukenberg tumor is not an outbreak or an infectious disease. It is a form of metastatic cancer. The duration of the disease depends on factors like the primary cancer type, how far it has spread, and the treatments used.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis of Krukenberg tumor usually involves a combination of:
Imaging studies: Pelvic ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans to visualize the ovaries and identify any masses.
Physical exam: To assess for abdominal distension, tenderness, or other abnormalities.
Blood tests: Tumor markers (e.g., CA-125, CEA) may be elevated.
Biopsy: A tissue sample from the ovarian mass is examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of signet-ring cells and adenocarcinoma.
Endoscopy (gastroscopy/colonoscopy): To investigate the primary tumor site, most commonly the stomach or colon.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms can vary greatly depending on the primary cancer and the rate of metastasis. Generally:
Early stages: Symptoms may be vague or absent.
Later stages: As the ovarian tumors grow, symptoms like abdominal pain, distension, and menstrual changes become more prominent. Gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss may also develop. There is no specific timeline.
Important Considerations
Krukenberg tumors often indicate advanced-stage cancer.
Prognosis is generally poor, as it represents metastatic disease.
Treatment aims to control the spread of cancer, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.
A multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, surgeons, and other specialists is essential for optimal management.
Fertility preservation may be considered in younger women before treatment, if appropriate.