Summary about Disease
Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the larynx (voice box). The larynx is a part of the throat located at the top of the trachea (windpipe). It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound when air is forced over them. Cancer in this area can affect speech, breathing, and swallowing. Laryngeal cancer is often squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the flat cells lining the larynx.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of laryngeal cancer include:
Hoarseness or other voice changes
A persistent cough
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Ear pain
A lump in the neck
Sore throat
Shortness of breath
Unexplained weight loss
Persistent bad breath
Wheezing
Causes
The exact cause of laryngeal cancer is not fully understood, but certain factors significantly increase the risk:
Smoking: This is the biggest risk factor.
Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Especially when combined with smoking.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, can increase the risk.
Exposure to Certain Chemicals: Such as asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain industrial chemicals.
Poor Nutrition: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase risk.
Age: It's more common in older adults.
Gender: Men are more likely to develop it than women.
Family history: Having a family history of head and neck cancers increases risk.
Medicine Used
Treatment for laryngeal cancer depends on the stage and location of the cancer. Medicines used may include:
Chemotherapy Drugs: Cisplatin, carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel, paclitaxel are common chemotherapeutic agents used to kill cancer cells or stop them from dividing.
Targeted Therapy Drugs: Cetuximab targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) often overexpressed in laryngeal cancer.
Immunotherapy Drugs: Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are checkpoint inhibitors that help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. These are used in advanced or recurrent cases.
Pain Management: Opioids and other pain relievers to manage pain associated with cancer or treatment.
Medications to Manage Side Effects: Anti-nausea medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and other medications to manage side effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Is Communicable
No, laryngeal cancer is not a communicable disease. It cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
While laryngeal cancer isn't preventable in all cases, the following precautions can significantly reduce your risk:
Quit Smoking: This is the most important step.
Limit Alcohol Consumption: Or abstain altogether.
HPV Vaccination: Vaccination against HPV can reduce the risk of HPV-related laryngeal cancers.
Avoid Exposure to Harmful Chemicals: Use appropriate protective equipment in workplaces with potential exposure.
Maintain a Healthy Diet: Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Regular Checkups: See your doctor regularly, especially if you have risk factors.
How long does an outbreak last?
Laryngeal cancer is not an outbreak-related disease. It is a chronic disease that develops over time. The duration of the disease depends on the stage at diagnosis, treatment response, and overall health of the individual.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis of laryngeal cancer typically involves the following:
Physical Exam: A doctor will examine the throat and neck, feeling for any lumps or abnormalities.
Laryngoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a light and camera (laryngoscope) is inserted through the nose or mouth to view the larynx.
Biopsy: If suspicious areas are seen, a tissue sample (biopsy) is taken and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans can help determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms can vary greatly. Some people may experience subtle changes for months before seeking medical attention, while others experience a rapid onset of symptoms.
Early Stages: Hoarseness, persistent cough, sore throat might be present for weeks to months.
Intermediate Stages: Difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and a lump in the neck may develop over a few weeks to months.
Advanced Stages: Shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, and more severe pain can develop over a shorter period, potentially weeks.
Important Considerations
Early Detection is Key: The earlier laryngeal cancer is diagnosed, the better the chance of successful treatment.
Multidisciplinary Approach: Treatment often involves a team of specialists, including surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, speech therapists, and nutritionists.
Voice Preservation: Depending on the stage and location of the cancer, treatments may focus on preserving voice function. However, in some cases, surgery may require removal of part or all of the larynx.
Rehabilitation: Speech therapy and swallowing therapy are important for rehabilitation after treatment.
Follow-up Care: Regular follow-up appointments are crucial to monitor for recurrence.
Psychological Support: Dealing with a cancer diagnosis and treatment can be emotionally challenging. Support groups and counseling can be helpful.