Symptoms
Lupus symptoms can vary widely from person to person and can come and go. Common symptoms include:
Fatigue
Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
Skin rashes, including a butterfly-shaped rash on the face
Fever
Sensitivity to sunlight
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Headaches
Confusion
Memory loss
Dry eyes
Mouth ulcers
Hair loss
Swollen lymph nodes
Causes
The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but it is likely a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Risk factors include:
Genetics: Having a family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
Environment: Exposure to sunlight, certain infections, or certain medications.
Hormones: Lupus is more common in women, suggesting hormones may play a role.
Ethnicity: More common in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians and Native Americans.
Medicine Used
Medications used to treat lupus depend on the specific symptoms and severity of the disease. Some common medications include:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): For pain and inflammation.
Antimalarial drugs (e.g., hydroxychloroquine): For skin rashes, joint pain, and fatigue.
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone): To reduce inflammation.
Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil): To suppress the immune system.
Biologics (e.g., belimumab): To target specific immune cells.
Pain relievers: To help manage pain.
Is Communicable
Lupus is not communicable. It is not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
While lupus itself isn't preventable, individuals can take precautions to manage symptoms and prevent flares:
Sun protection: Wear sunscreen, protective clothing, and hats to avoid sun exposure.
Healthy diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Regular exercise: Engage in regular physical activity to maintain joint mobility and overall health.
Stress management: Practice relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing.
Avoid smoking: Smoking can worsen lupus symptoms.
Regular medical checkups: Monitor disease activity and adjust treatment as needed.
Vaccinations: Stay up to date on vaccinations, but consult with a doctor about live vaccines.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a lupus flare (outbreak) varies considerably from person to person. Flares can last for days, weeks, or even months. The length and severity of a flare depend on factors such as the individual's overall health, the specific organs affected, and the effectiveness of treatment.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosing lupus can be challenging because symptoms vary and can mimic other conditions. Diagnosis typically involves:
Medical history and physical exam: Reviewing symptoms and performing a physical examination.
Blood tests:
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test: Often positive in lupus.
Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and other specific antibodies
Complete blood count (CBC)
Kidney and liver function tests
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to measure inflammation.
Urine tests: To assess kidney function.
Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be used to evaluate organ damage.
Biopsy: A biopsy of the skin or kidneys may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Timeline of Symptoms
The onset of lupus symptoms can be gradual or sudden. It can take time for the constellation of symptoms to be recognized as lupus. The symptoms can come and go, with periods of flares and remissions.
Early symptoms: Fatigue, fever, joint pain, and skin rashes may appear first.
Over time: More specific symptoms may develop, affecting various organs.
Diagnosis: The timing of diagnosis can vary widely, from months to years after the onset of symptoms.
Important Considerations
Lupus is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management.
Treatment goals are to control symptoms, prevent organ damage, and improve quality of life.
Individuals with lupus should work closely with a rheumatologist and other specialists as needed.
Pregnancy in women with lupus requires careful monitoring and management.
Psychological support can be helpful for individuals coping with the challenges of lupus.
Research is ongoing to better understand the causes and treatment of lupus.