Symptoms
Sudden, sharp pain in the affected muscle
A hard, palpable lump or knot of muscle tissue
Possible visible twitching or spasms of the muscle
Tenderness in the area after the cramp subsides
Causes
Muscle Overuse: Exercise, especially when prolonged or intense, is a frequent trigger.
Dehydration: Lack of sufficient fluids, particularly electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Electrolyte Imbalances: Disruptions in the balance of electrolytes needed for proper muscle function.
Poor Circulation: Inadequate blood flow to the muscles.
Nerve Compression: Pressure on nerves can sometimes trigger muscle cramps.
Certain Medications: Some drugs can have muscle cramps as a side effect.
Underlying Medical Conditions: In rare cases, conditions like kidney disease, thyroid problems, or multiple sclerosis.
Prolonged Sitting or Standing: Maintaining the same posture for long periods.
Potassium, Calcium or Magnesium Deficiency: Low levels of these minerals.
Medicine Used
Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can help with post-cramp soreness.
Muscle Relaxants: In some cases, a doctor may prescribe muscle relaxants, but these are generally not the first-line treatment for typical muscle cramps.
Electrolyte Supplements: If electrolyte deficiencies are identified, supplements like potassium, calcium, or magnesium may be recommended.
Quinine: It was used in the past for nocturnal leg cramps, but due to safety concerns, it's generally not recommended now.
Sports Drinks or Electrolyte Solutions: For replacing electrolytes lost through sweat.
Is Communicable
Muscle cramps are not communicable. They are not caused by infectious agents and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, especially during and after exercise.
Stretch Regularly: Stretch your muscles, particularly before and after physical activity.
Maintain Electrolyte Balance: Consume a balanced diet that includes potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Consider electrolyte supplements if needed, after consulting with a healthcare provider.
Proper Warm-up and Cool-down: Prepare your muscles for exercise with a proper warm-up and allow them to recover with a cool-down.
Avoid Overexertion: Gradually increase the intensity and duration of your workouts.
Wear Supportive Footwear: If you're prone to leg cramps, wear shoes that provide good support.
Review Medications: Discuss any medications you're taking with your doctor to see if they could be contributing to muscle cramps.
How long does an outbreak last?
A single muscle cramp usually lasts from a few seconds to several minutes. The soreness after a severe cramp can last from a few hours to a day. There is not an outbreak, but rather individual events.
How is it diagnosed?
Muscle cramps are usually diagnosed based on a person's medical history and physical examination. Additional tests are generally not required for simple muscle cramps. If the cramps are severe, frequent, or associated with other symptoms, a doctor may order:
Blood Tests: To check electrolyte levels and kidney and thyroid function.
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Electromyography (EMG): To evaluate nerve and muscle function if nerve compression or a neuromuscular disorder is suspected.
Timeline of Symptoms
Onset: Sudden, often triggered by activity or inactivity.
Duration: Seconds to minutes (typically).
Resolution: Gradual relaxation of the muscle.
Post-Cramp: Residual soreness may last hours to a day.
Important Considerations
Underlying Conditions: Frequent or severe muscle cramps should be evaluated by a doctor to rule out underlying medical conditions.
Medication Interactions: Discuss all medications with your doctor to ensure they are not contributing to cramps.
Hydration: The need to stay adequately hydrated, especially when being active or when exposed to warm temperatures.
When to Seek Medical Attention: Seek medical attention if cramps are severe, frequent, not relieved by self-care measures, associated with swelling, redness, or skin changes, or associated with muscle weakness.