Summary about Disease
Nephritis, also known as glomerulonephritis, is an inflammation of the nephrons, the filtering units in the kidneys. This inflammation can impair the kidneys' ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood, potentially leading to kidney failure if left untreated. Several different types of nephritis exist, with causes ranging from infections to autoimmune disorders.
Symptoms
Symptoms of nephritis can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:
Hematuria (blood in the urine), which may cause urine to appear pink, red, or brown
Proteinuria (protein in the urine), which can lead to foamy urine
Edema (swelling), particularly in the face, hands, feet, and ankles
High blood pressure
Fatigue
Decreased urine output
Shortness of breath (due to fluid overload)
Causes
Nephritis has various causes, including:
Infections: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis often occurs after a streptococcus infection like strep throat or impetigo.
Autoimmune diseases: Lupus, Goodpasture's syndrome, and IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) can cause nephritis.
Genetic conditions: Some forms of nephritis are hereditary.
Vasculitis: Inflammation of blood vessels can affect the kidneys.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): A scarring of some of the glomeruli.
Certain medications: NSAIDs and some antibiotics can, in rare cases, contribute.
Diabetes: Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes.
Medicine Used
Treatment for nephritis varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the kidney damage. Medications may include:
Antibiotics: For nephritis caused by bacterial infections.
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone): To reduce inflammation in autoimmune-related nephritis.
Immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclophosphamide, azathioprine): To suppress the immune system in autoimmune conditions.
ACE inhibitors or ARBs: To control high blood pressure and reduce protein loss in the urine.
Diuretics: To reduce fluid retention and swelling.
Statins: To manage cholesterol levels. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.
Is Communicable
Nephritis itself is generally not communicable. However, if the nephritis is caused by an infection (such as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis), the infection may be communicable. The nephritis that *results* from the infection is not directly passed from person to person.
Precautions
Precautions depend on the cause of the nephritis:
For post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Prompt treatment of streptococcal infections.
Managing underlying conditions: Careful management of autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Medication awareness: Inform your doctor about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements.
Healthy lifestyle: Maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced diet, and avoid smoking.
Regular check-ups: Regular monitoring of kidney function, especially if you have risk factors for kidney disease.
Limit sodium intake: Reduce swelling and high blood pressure.
Limit protein intake: May be recommended in some cases to reduce strain on the kidneys.
Limit potassium and phosphorus intake: May be necessary if kidneys aren't filtering properly.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a nephritis "outbreak" (more accurately, an episode or flare-up) varies greatly depending on the cause and severity.
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Can last for several weeks to months, with most children recovering completely. Some adults may develop chronic kidney disease.
Autoimmune-related nephritis: Can be a chronic condition with periods of remission and flare-ups. The duration of each flare-up can vary.
Other types of nephritis: The duration depends on the underlying cause and how well it is managed.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
Medical history and physical exam: Reviewing symptoms and medical history.
Urinalysis: To detect blood and protein in the urine.
Blood tests: To assess kidney function (e.g., creatinine, BUN), electrolytes, and markers of inflammation.
Kidney biopsy: A small sample of kidney tissue is examined under a microscope to determine the specific type of nephritis and the extent of damage.
Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be used to visualize the kidneys and rule out other conditions.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms can vary depending on the cause and severity:
Acute nephritis (e.g., post-streptococcal): Symptoms may develop suddenly, days to weeks after the initial infection.
Chronic nephritis: Symptoms may develop gradually over months or years.
Initial symptoms: Often include edema, hematuria, and proteinuria.
Progressive symptoms: As kidney function declines, fatigue, high blood pressure, and decreased urine output may develop.
Important Considerations
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent kidney damage and complications.
Nephritis can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure if left untreated.
Long-term monitoring of kidney function is essential for individuals with nephritis.
Dietary modifications may be necessary to manage symptoms and protect kidney function.
Adherence to prescribed medications is critical for controlling inflammation and blood pressure.
Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding smoking, can help improve kidney health.
Consult with a nephrologist (kidney specialist) for comprehensive care and management of nephritis.