Summary about Disease
Night terrors, also known as sleep terrors, are episodes of intense fear, screaming, and agitation during sleep. They are a type of parasomnia, a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal behavior during sleep. The individual experiencing a night terror is often inconsolable and unresponsive during the episode and typically has no memory of it afterward. They are most common in children but can also occur in adults.
Symptoms
Screaming or yelling
Sitting up in bed abruptly
Wide-eyed, terrified expression
Rapid breathing and heart rate
Sweating
Dilated pupils
Kicking or thrashing
Inconsolability
Confusion or disorientation if awakened
No recall of the event in the morning
Causes
The exact cause of night terrors is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute:
Genetics: A family history of sleep terrors or sleepwalking increases the risk.
Sleep Deprivation: Lack of sleep or an irregular sleep schedule.
Fever: Illnesses causing fever.
Stress: Emotional or psychological stress.
Medications: Certain medications can trigger night terrors.
Sleep Disorders: Underlying sleep disorders like sleep apnea.
Migraines: Headaches before sleep
Restless Legs Syndrome: Uncomfortable sensation in legs before bed
Medicine Used
Medications are typically not the first-line treatment for night terrors. However, in severe or frequent cases, the following may be considered:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., Diazepam, Clonazepam): To reduce anxiety and promote sleep. Used with caution due to potential side effects.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): If associated with underlying anxiety or depression.
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Occasionally used, but less common due to side effects.
Melatonin: May improve sleep quality and reduce the frequency of episodes. NOTE: Medication should only be used under the guidance of a medical professional.
Is Communicable
No, night terrors are not communicable. They are not caused by an infectious agent and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Establish a Regular Sleep Schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends.
Create a Relaxing Bedtime Routine: Include calming activities like reading, taking a warm bath, or listening to soothing music.
Avoid Stimulants Before Bed: Limit caffeine and alcohol intake, especially in the evening.
Manage Stress: Practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga.
Ensure a Safe Sleep Environment: Remove potential hazards from the bedroom, such as sharp objects or furniture that could be bumped into during an episode.
Address Underlying Medical Conditions: Treat any underlying sleep disorders or medical conditions that may be contributing to night terrors.
Scheduled Awakenings: If night terrors occur at predictable times, waking the person slightly 15-30 minutes before the expected episode may help prevent it.
How long does an outbreak last?
Night terrors are not an "outbreak" in the traditional sense of an infectious disease. They are individual episodes that can occur sporadically or regularly. The duration of an individual episode typically lasts from a few seconds to several minutes (usually no more than 10-20 minutes). The frequency and duration of episodes vary from person to person. For some, they may be isolated incidents, while others may experience them more frequently over weeks, months, or even years.
How is it diagnosed?
Medical History and Physical Exam: The doctor will ask about the person's sleep habits, medical history, and any medications they are taking.
Sleep Diary: A record of sleep patterns, including bedtime, wake-up time, and any nighttime disturbances.
Polysomnography (Sleep Study): This involves monitoring brain waves, heart rate, breathing, and other body functions during sleep. It can help rule out other sleep disorders.
Clinical Observation: Witnessing an episode can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis, although this is not always possible.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms during a night terror episode typically unfolds as follows: 1. Initial Arousal: The person suddenly sits up in bed. 2. Intense Fear and Screaming: Begins with screaming or yelling, often accompanied by a look of terror. 3. Physical Agitation: Rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, thrashing, or kicking. 4. Unresponsiveness: Difficulty consoling or communicating with the person. 5. Disorientation: If awakened, the person may be confused and disoriented. 6. Return to Sleep: After the episode, the person typically falls back asleep quickly. 7. No Recall: In the morning, there is usually no memory of the event.
Important Considerations
Safety: Prioritize the safety of the individual experiencing the night terror. Gently guide them away from potential hazards, but avoid restraining them, as this may escalate their agitation.
Do Not Attempt to Awaken: It is generally best not to try to awaken someone during a night terror, as they may be confused and agitated.
Reassurance: Offer reassurance and support to the person (and their family) if they are aware of the episodes.
Underlying Conditions: Investigate and treat any underlying medical or psychological conditions that may be contributing to the night terrors.
Long-Term Monitoring: Track the frequency and severity of episodes to assess the effectiveness of any interventions.
Professional Help: Seek guidance from a healthcare professional or sleep specialist if night terrors are frequent, severe, or causing significant distress.