Symptoms
Bone pain, especially in the hips, lower back, ribs, and legs.
Muscle weakness.
Difficulty walking.
Waddling gait.
Increased risk of fractures.
Muscle cramps.
Fatigue.
Causes
Vitamin D Deficiency: Insufficient sunlight exposure, inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D, or problems absorbing vitamin D from food.
Phosphate Deficiency: Rare genetic conditions, kidney problems, or certain medications that lead to low phosphate levels in the blood.
Kidney or Liver Disease: These diseases can interfere with the activation of vitamin D in the body.
Certain Medications: Some medications, such as anti-seizure drugs, can interfere with vitamin D metabolism.
Celiac Disease or other malabsorption issues: These can affect the gut's ability to absorb vitamin D and other vital nutrients.
Medicine Used
Vitamin D supplements: Usually vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Dosage varies depending on the severity of the deficiency.
Calcium supplements: May be prescribed in conjunction with vitamin D to help strengthen bones.
Phosphate supplements: In cases of phosphate deficiency.
Calcitriol: The active form of Vitamin D can be prescribed if the body is not converting other forms.
Is Communicable
Osteomalacia is not communicable. It is not an infectious disease and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Ensure adequate vitamin D intake: Consume vitamin D-rich foods (fatty fish, fortified milk, eggs) and consider vitamin D supplements, especially during winter months or if sun exposure is limited.
Get regular sun exposure: Spend 15-20 minutes in the sun several times a week, exposing your skin (without sunscreen during this brief period).
Treat underlying conditions: Address any underlying kidney, liver, or intestinal disorders that may be contributing to vitamin D or phosphate deficiency.
Review medications: Discuss any medications you are taking with your doctor to see if they may be interfering with vitamin D metabolism.
Fall Prevention: Take precautions to prevent falls, such as removing tripping hazards, using assistive devices, and ensuring adequate lighting.
How long does an outbreak last?
Osteomalacia is not an outbreak-related disease. It is a chronic condition that develops over time due to prolonged deficiency or underlying health problems. Treatment duration depends on the severity of the condition and the individual's response to therapy. It could take months to years to resolve.
How is it diagnosed?
Physical exam: The doctor will assess your symptoms and conduct a physical examination.
Blood tests: To measure vitamin D, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone levels.
X-rays: To look for bone deformities and fractures.
Bone density test (DEXA scan): To measure bone density and assess the severity of bone softening.
Bone biopsy: Rarely needed, but may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of symptoms can vary:
Early Stages: May be asymptomatic or present with vague aches and pains.
Later Stages: Bone pain becomes more persistent and severe, muscle weakness develops, and fractures become more likely. The waddling gait is usually a later sign. The onset is usually gradual, unfolding over months to years.
Important Considerations
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as fractures and disability.
Treatment may require long-term vitamin D and/or phosphate supplementation.
Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is essential to assess treatment effectiveness and adjust the dosage of supplements as needed.
Individuals with certain medical conditions or taking certain medications are at higher risk of developing osteomalacia.
Consult with your doctor or a registered dietitian for personalized advice on vitamin D and calcium intake.