Summary about Disease
Pasteurellosis is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria of the Pasteurella genus, most commonly *Pasteurella multocida*. It can affect various animal species, including rabbits, cats, dogs, livestock, and poultry. In humans, it's primarily acquired through animal bites or scratches, often from cats and dogs. The infection can manifest as a localized skin infection, respiratory infection, or, in rare cases, more severe systemic diseases.
Symptoms
In humans: The most common symptom is a localized skin infection at the site of the bite or scratch, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and pus. Other symptoms may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and joint pain. In severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia, septicemia (blood poisoning), or meningitis.
In animals (specifically rabbits): Symptoms in rabbits can vary widely. Common signs include sneezing, nasal discharge (snuffles), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye), pneumonia, abscesses, ear infections (otitis), and torticollis (head tilt).
Causes
The primary cause of pasteurellosis is infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus, particularly *Pasteurella multocida*. Transmission usually occurs through:
Animal Bites/Scratches: Direct inoculation of the bacteria into the skin through bites or scratches from infected animals.
Respiratory Transmission: In some animal species (e.g., rabbits), the bacteria can be spread through respiratory droplets.
Direct Contact: Contact with infected nasal discharge, saliva, or wound secretions.
Medicine Used
In Humans: Antibiotics are the primary treatment. Common antibiotics used include penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones. The specific antibiotic and duration of treatment will depend on the severity and location of the infection.
In Animals: Antibiotics are also used in animals, but the choice of antibiotic depends on the species and the strain of Pasteurella. Veterinarians may prescribe enrofloxacin, tetracycline, or other species-appropriate antibiotics.
Is Communicable
From Animals to Humans: Yes, it is communicable from animals to humans, primarily through bites and scratches.
From Human to Human: Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare.
Precautions
Avoid Animal Bites/Scratches: Exercise caution when handling animals, especially those that are stray or show signs of illness.
Wash Wounds Thoroughly: Immediately wash any animal bite or scratch wound thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek Medical Attention: Promptly seek medical attention for any animal bite or scratch, especially if it's deep, bleeds excessively, or shows signs of infection.
Proper Animal Care: Ensure pets receive regular veterinary care, including vaccinations and dental care, to minimize the risk of infection.
Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling animals.
How long does an outbreak last?
In Humans: Without treatment, a localized infection can persist for several days or weeks. Systemic infections can be life-threatening if untreated. With appropriate antibiotic treatment, symptoms usually resolve within a few days to a week.
In Animals (e.g., Rabbits): Outbreaks in rabbit colonies can be chronic and difficult to eradicate. Individual rabbits may experience recurrent episodes of illness throughout their lives.
How is it diagnosed?
In Humans: Diagnosis typically involves:
Clinical Examination: Assessing the patient's symptoms and history of animal exposure.
Wound Culture: Taking a sample from the infected wound to identify Pasteurella multocida or other bacteria.
Blood Culture: In cases of suspected systemic infection (septicemia), a blood culture may be performed.
In Animals: Diagnosis in animals may involve:
Clinical Examination: Assessing the animal's symptoms.
Nasal Swab/Culture: Collecting a sample from the nasal discharge or affected area for bacterial culture.
Blood Tests: Blood tests may be performed to assess the animal's overall health and detect signs of infection.
Radiography: X-rays or other imaging techniques may be used to assess the lungs or other organs.
Timeline of Symptoms
In Humans: Symptoms typically develop within 24-48 hours after the animal bite or scratch. Initial symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain at the wound site. These symptoms can progress to pus formation, fever, and swollen lymph nodes if the infection is not treated.
In Animals (e.g., Rabbits): The timeline of symptoms in rabbits can vary depending on the specific manifestation of the disease. Some rabbits may develop acute symptoms within a few days, while others may have chronic, relapsing symptoms over a period of weeks or months.
Important Considerations
Antibiotic Resistance: Pasteurella bacteria can develop resistance to certain antibiotics. It's essential to use appropriate antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional or veterinarian and to complete the full course of treatment.
Underlying Health Conditions: Individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions may be at higher risk of developing severe pasteurellosis.
Differential Diagnosis: Pasteurellosis symptoms can sometimes be similar to those of other infections. It's important to rule out other possible causes through appropriate diagnostic testing.
Public Health Significance: While human-to-human transmission is rare, pasteurellosis is a reminder of the importance of proper animal handling and hygiene practices to prevent zoonotic diseases.