Summary about Disease
Pinworm infection (enterobiasis) is a common human parasitic disease caused by the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis. It is characterized by intense itching in the anal area, especially at night. The infection is easily spread, particularly among children and those in institutional settings. While uncomfortable, pinworm infection is generally not serious and can be effectively treated.
Symptoms
Intense itching of the anal area, especially at night
Difficulty sleeping due to itching
Irritability
Restlessness
Vaginal itching (in females)
Occasionally, abdominal pain or nausea
Causes
Pinworm infection occurs when pinworm eggs are ingested. This commonly happens through:
Transfer of eggs from the anus to the mouth via contaminated fingers.
Contact with contaminated surfaces like bedding, clothing, toys, or toilet seats.
Less commonly, inhaling airborne eggs.
Once ingested, the eggs hatch in the small intestine, and the larvae migrate to the large intestine, where they mature into adult worms. The female worms then migrate to the anal area to lay eggs, triggering the itching.
Medicine Used
Mebendazole: A single dose is usually effective, followed by a second dose two weeks later.
Pyrantel pamoate: Available over-the-counter; also given as a single dose, repeated in two weeks.
Albendazole: Another prescription medication used in a similar manner as mebendazole. Important: Treatment should include all household members to prevent re-infection. Always consult a doctor before administering medication, especially to young children, pregnant women, or individuals with underlying health conditions.
Is Communicable
Yes, pinworm infection is highly communicable. It spreads easily through direct contact with eggs, often via contaminated hands, bedding, clothing, and other surfaces.
Precautions
Frequent handwashing: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before eating.
Keep fingernails short and clean: Discourage nail-biting.
Shower or bathe daily: In the morning to remove any eggs laid overnight.
Change underwear daily: And wash them in hot water.
Wash bedding frequently: Especially sheets and pajamas.
Avoid scratching: Discourage scratching the anal area to prevent spreading eggs.
Clean and disinfect: Regularly clean toilet seats, countertops, and other surfaces that may be contaminated.
How long does an outbreak last?
Without treatment, a pinworm infection can persist for weeks to months, as the worms continue to reproduce. With proper medication and hygiene measures, the infection can be cleared within a few weeks, but recurrence is common if preventative measures are not consistently followed.
How is it diagnosed?
Tape test: The most common method. A piece of clear adhesive tape is pressed against the anal area first thing in the morning (before bathing or using the toilet). The tape is then examined under a microscope for pinworm eggs. This may need to be repeated several times on consecutive days for accurate diagnosis.
Visual inspection: Sometimes, adult pinworms can be seen in the anal area, especially at night.
Timeline of Symptoms
Initial infection: No symptoms may be noticeable initially.
2-8 weeks: Itching starts as the female worms migrate to the anal area to lay eggs.
Continued cycle: Without treatment, the itching and discomfort persist as the cycle of egg-laying and re-infection continues.
Important Considerations
Treat the entire household: If one family member is diagnosed, treat everyone living in the same household, even if they don't have symptoms.
Re-infection is common: Be vigilant about hygiene practices to prevent re-infection.
Consult a doctor: If symptoms persist after treatment or if you have any concerns, consult a healthcare professional.
Avoid harsh chemicals: When cleaning, avoid harsh chemicals that could irritate the anal area.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Consult a doctor before taking any medication during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.