Summary about Disease
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common condition that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a variety of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the days or weeks leading up to menstruation, and typically subside once menstruation begins. PMS is not a disease but a syndrome, meaning it's a collection of symptoms. The severity of symptoms varies greatly from woman to woman.
Symptoms
PMS symptoms can be diverse and vary in intensity. Common symptoms include:
Physical: Bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, muscle aches, fatigue, weight gain, changes in appetite, acne, constipation, diarrhea.
Emotional/Psychological: Irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, tension, changes in libido, crying spells, feeling overwhelmed.
Causes
The exact cause of PMS is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute:
Hormonal Fluctuations: Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle are thought to play a key role.
Chemical Imbalances in the Brain: Fluctuations in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, may contribute to mood-related symptoms.
Underlying Conditions: Existing conditions like depression or anxiety can be exacerbated by hormonal changes.
Dietary Factors: Lack of certain vitamins and minerals, or excessive intake of caffeine, alcohol, or salt, may worsen symptoms.
Stress: High levels of stress can aggravate PMS symptoms.
Medicine Used
Treatment for PMS focuses on managing symptoms. Common medications include:
Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) can help with headaches, muscle aches, and cramps.
Diuretics: These can help reduce bloating and fluid retention.
Hormonal Birth Control: Oral contraceptives (birth control pills), patches, or vaginal rings can regulate hormone levels and reduce PMS symptoms.
Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can help with mood-related symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and irritability.
Anti-Anxiety Medications: Prescribed if anxiety is a primary symptom.
Vitamin Supplements: Calcium, magnesium, vitamin B6, and vitamin E are sometimes recommended.
Is Communicable
PMS is NOT communicable. It is not an infectious disease and cannot be transmitted from one person to another.
Precautions
While there is no way to completely prevent PMS, lifestyle modifications can help manage symptoms:
Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit caffeine, alcohol, salt, and processed foods.
Regular Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
Stress Management: Practice relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises.
Adequate Sleep: Get enough sleep each night (7-8 hours).
Track Symptoms: Keep a symptom diary to identify patterns and triggers.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking can worsen PMS symptoms.
How long does an outbreak last?
PMS symptoms typically begin 5-11 days before menstruation and usually disappear once menstruation starts or shortly thereafter.
How is it diagnosed?
There is no single diagnostic test for PMS. Diagnosis is usually based on:
Symptom History: Detailed record of symptoms, their timing in relation to the menstrual cycle, and their impact on daily life.
Physical Examination: To rule out other medical conditions.
Symptom Diary: Tracking symptoms for at least two menstrual cycles to confirm the pattern.
Ruling Out Other Conditions: The doctor may order blood tests to rule out thyroid problems, anemia, or other medical conditions that could be causing similar symptoms.
Timeline of Symptoms
Luteal Phase (after ovulation): Symptoms typically begin during the luteal phase, which is the time between ovulation and the start of menstruation. This is when progesterone levels rise.
Days Before Menstruation: Symptoms usually peak in the days immediately before menstruation.
During Menstruation: Symptoms typically subside once menstruation begins, often disappearing within a few days of the start of the period.
Cycle Repeats: This pattern of symptoms usually repeats with each menstrual cycle.
Important Considerations
Symptom Severity: PMS can range from mild to severe. Severe PMS that significantly interferes with daily life may be classified as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which requires more intensive treatment.
Underlying Conditions: It's important to rule out other medical or psychological conditions that could be causing similar symptoms.
Individualized Treatment: Treatment for PMS should be tailored to the individual's specific symptoms and needs.
Professional Guidance: Consult with a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment options. Self-treating can be dangerous.