Summary about Disease
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) encompasses any changes in the frequency, duration, or amount of uterine bleeding that differ from a woman's normal menstrual cycle. It can range from infrequent spotting to heavy, prolonged bleeding and can occur at any age, though it is most common during adolescence and around menopause. AUB can significantly impact a woman's quality of life and may indicate underlying medical conditions.
Symptoms
Symptoms of AUB can include:
Bleeding between periods
Spotting after intercourse
Menstrual periods that last longer than 7 days
Menstrual periods that occur more frequently than every 21 days
Menstrual periods that occur less frequently than every 35 days
Unusually heavy menstrual bleeding (soaking through pads or tampons every hour for several hours in a row)
Bleeding after menopause
Passing large blood clots during menstruation
Symptoms of anemia (fatigue, weakness, pale skin) due to blood loss
Causes
AUB can be caused by a variety of factors, which are often grouped under the acronym PALM-COEIN:
Polyps: Noncancerous growths in the uterine lining.
Adenomyosis: Endometrial tissue grows into the muscular wall of the uterus.
Leiomyoma (Fibroids): Noncancerous tumors in the uterus.
Malignancy and Hyperplasia: Uterine cancer or precancerous changes.
Coagulopathy: Bleeding disorders.
Ovulatory Dysfunction: Problems with ovulation, common in adolescence and perimenopause.
Endometrial: Problems with the uterine lining itself.
Iatrogenic: Caused by medical treatments (e.g., IUDs, blood thinners).
Not yet classified. Other causes can include pregnancy complications (miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy), infections, and certain medical conditions (thyroid disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)).
Medicine Used
Treatment for AUB depends on the underlying cause, the woman's age, and her desire for future fertility. Medications commonly used include:
Hormonal birth control (oral contraceptives, patch, ring): Regulates the menstrual cycle and reduces bleeding.
Progestin-containing IUD: Thins the uterine lining and reduces bleeding.
Progestin therapy: Taken orally or by injection to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Tranexamic acid: Non-hormonal medication that helps blood clot.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Reduce pain and bleeding during menstruation.
Iron supplements: To treat anemia caused by blood loss. In some cases, surgery may be necessary.
Is Communicable
No, AUB is not a communicable disease. It is not caused by an infectious agent and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Precautions related to AUB focus on prevention and early detection of potential underlying causes.
Regular gynecological exams: Allow for early detection of abnormalities.
Maintaining a healthy weight: Obesity can contribute to hormonal imbalances and AUB.
Managing underlying medical conditions: Such as thyroid disorders or PCOS.
Seeking medical attention promptly: If you experience any abnormal bleeding.
How long does an outbreak last?
AUB is not an "outbreak," but rather a condition. The duration of abnormal bleeding can vary greatly depending on the cause. It can be a single episode, or it can be a chronic, recurring problem. The length of time symptoms last depends on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of the treatment.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis of AUB typically involves:
Medical history and physical exam: Including a pelvic exam.
Blood tests: To check for anemia, thyroid problems, and bleeding disorders.
Pregnancy test: To rule out pregnancy.
Ultrasound: To visualize the uterus, ovaries, and endometrium.
Endometrial biopsy: A sample of the uterine lining is taken to check for abnormalities.
Hysteroscopy: A thin, lighted scope is inserted into the uterus to visualize the uterine lining.
Sonohysterography: An ultrasound performed after fluid is inserted into the uterus.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of AUB symptoms is highly variable, as it depends on the underlying cause:
Sudden onset: May indicate pregnancy complications or trauma.
Gradual onset: May be associated with hormonal imbalances or fibroids.
Cyclic: Related to menstrual cycle irregularities or ovulatory dysfunction.
Intermittent: Occurring sporadically between periods.
Prolonged: Lasting for several weeks or months.
Important Considerations
AUB can have a significant impact on a woman's quality of life, affecting her physical, emotional, and social well-being.
It is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.
Treatment options should be individualized based on the woman's age, medical history, and desire for future fertility.
In some cases, AUB can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as uterine cancer.
Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and prevent complications.