Rapidly developing dementia
Difficulty with coordination and balance (ataxia)
Muscle stiffness, twitching, and jerks (myoclonus)
Vision problems (sometimes blindness)
Difficulty speaking
Changes in personality
Anxiety
Depression
Insomnia
Jacksonian epilepsy, also known as focal motor or sensory seizures, is a type of simple partial seizure where the seizure activity begins in a specific area of the brain's motor or sensory cortex and then progressively spreads to adjacent areas. This often results in a characteristic marching or progressive movement or sensory change that starts in one part of the body (like a finger or toe) and then spreads to involve more of the limb or even one side of the body. Consciousness is typically preserved during a Jacksonian seizure, although it can evolve into a more generalized seizure with loss of consciousness.
Jerking or twitching movements, often starting in a finger, toe, or corner of the mouth.
The jerking/twitching progresses (marches) to involve adjacent muscles on the same side of the body.
Sensory symptoms (tingling, numbness) may occur alongside the motor symptoms.
Speech arrest (difficulty speaking) if the seizure activity spreads to the speech area.
Preserved awareness during the seizure, although the person may be unable to control the movements.
Possible evolution to a generalized tonic-clonic seizure with loss of consciousness.
Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome is a rare, non-inherited skeletal disorder characterized by multiple non-ossifying fibromas (benign bone tumors) and café-au-lait spots (flat, pigmented birthmarks). It's often considered a variant or related to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), although it lacks the other characteristic features of NF1 like Lisch nodules or neurofibromas. The severity and presentation can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to a group of disorders known as prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). CJD is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal prion proteins in the brain, leading to widespread neuronal damage and a variety of neurological and psychiatric symptoms. It is not caused by a virus or bacteria. There are several forms of CJD: sporadic (the most common), familial (genetic), and acquired (very rare, usually through medical procedures).
Janz Syndrome, also known as Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), is a common type of epilepsy that typically begins in adolescence. It is characterized by myoclonic jerks, which are sudden, brief, shock-like muscle contractions. People with JME may also experience generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal seizures) and, less commonly, absence seizures. It's generally a lifelong condition, but seizures can usually be controlled with medication.
Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severe skeletal abnormalities, particularly affecting the growth plates (metaphyses) of long bones. It results in short stature, bowed limbs, and abnormal bone development. The underlying cause is a mutation in a gene responsible for regulating bone growth and development.
Jarcho-Levin Syndrome (JLS), also known as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD), is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the development of the spine and ribs. This leads to characteristic skeletal malformations present at birth. There are two main types: spondylothoracic dysostosis (STD) and spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO). STD is more severe, with a high mortality rate in infancy due to respiratory complications. SCDO has a more variable presentation with a better prognosis.
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that primarily affects the central nervous system. It is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. The virus is maintained in a cycle involving mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts, mainly pigs and wading birds. Most JE virus infections are mild (fever and headache) or without apparent symptoms, but approximately 1 in 250 infections result in severe disease characterized by rapid onset of high fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, seizures, spastic paralysis and ultimately death.
The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR), often called a "Herx" reaction, is a systemic reaction that occurs after the initiation of antibiotic treatment for infections caused by spirochetes, such as syphilis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis. It is characterized by a temporary worsening of symptoms, typically within hours of starting treatment. It is thought to be due to the release of toxins (endotoxins and lipoproteins) from the dying bacteria as they are killed by the antibiotics. It is not an allergic reaction to the antibiotic.
Jaw cysts are pathological cavities in the jawbone, often filled with fluid or soft tissue. They are generally benign (non-cancerous) but can grow and cause damage to surrounding teeth, bone, and nerves. There are various types of jaw cysts, each with different origins and characteristics. Common types include radicular cysts (associated with tooth roots), dentigerous cysts (associated with impacted teeth), and odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), which have a higher recurrence rate.
Jaw adhesion, also known as trismus or lockjaw, refers to the limited ability to open the mouth. It can range from mild discomfort to a severe inability to open the jaw at all. It is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition.
A jaw fracture, also known as a mandibular fracture, is a break in the lower jaw bone (mandible). It can occur due to trauma, such as a fall, assault, sports injury, or vehicle accident. The severity and location of the fracture can vary widely. Treatment often involves stabilizing the jaw to allow the bone to heal properly.
Jeavons syndrome, also known as Eyelid Myoclonia with Absences (EMA), is a rare type of epilepsy characterized by brief, involuntary jerks of the eyelids (eyelid myoclonia) often accompanied by brief absences (periods of staring and unresponsiveness). It typically begins in childhood or adolescence.
Jaw necrosis, also known as osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), is a serious condition characterized by the progressive destruction and death of bone tissue in the jaw. It typically involves exposed bone in the oral cavity that does not heal. It can occur spontaneously but is most often associated with certain medications, particularly bisphosphonates and denosumab, used to treat osteoporosis and cancer, or after dental procedures like extractions. ONJ can lead to pain, infection, and difficulty eating and speaking.
Jejunal diverticulitis is a rare condition involving the formation and inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. While diverticula can occur throughout the small intestine, they are most common in the duodenum and jejunum. Most people with jejunal diverticulosis (the presence of diverticula) have no symptoms. However, when these pouches become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis), it can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, and other complications. Serious complications include bleeding, perforation, and abscess formation.
Jejunal ileitis is an inflammatory condition primarily affecting the jejunum and ileum, which are sections of the small intestine. It is often associated with Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, it can also occur independently. The inflammation can lead to ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and potentially obstruction.
: Jejunal perforation refers to a hole or rupture in the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. This is a serious condition as it allows intestinal contents to leak into the abdominal cavity, leading to peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal lining) and sepsis (a life-threatening response to infection). It requires immediate medical attention.
Jejunoileal atresia is a birth defect in which the jejunum (middle part of the small intestine) or ileum (last part of the small intestine) is blocked or missing. This blockage prevents food from passing through the digestive tract. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth.
Jejunal atresia is a birth defect where the jejunum (the middle section of the small intestine) is blocked or absent. This blockage prevents the normal passage of digested food through the digestive system. It's a type of intestinal atresia, and its severity can vary depending on the extent and location of the blockage. It requires surgical intervention soon after birth to correct the abnormality.
Jerky Limb Syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition. There is no established disease or syndrome with this specific name. Therefore, the information requested below is based on plausible symptoms and potential contributing factors if such a condition were to exist. The information provided below is for general understanding only and should not be taken as medical advice. It is imperative to consult with qualified healthcare professionals for accurate diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition.
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by severe sensorineural hearing loss (deafness from birth) and a heart condition called long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS affects the electrical activity of the heart, potentially leading to life-threatening irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). The combined effect of deafness and LQTS makes JLNS a serious condition requiring careful management.
Jessner-Kanof lymphocytic infiltration of the skin (Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration or JLI) is a benign, chronic skin condition characterized by single or multiple, raised, reddish-purple papules or plaques that primarily occur on the face, neck, and upper back. It is thought to be a reactive process or a form of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, but the exact cause remains unknown. It tends to wax and wane spontaneously.
Jequirity poisoning is caused by the ingestion or exposure to the seeds of the
Abrus precatorius
plant, also known as rosary pea or jequirity bean. These seeds contain a potent toxin called abrin, a ribosome-inactivating protein. Abrin inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell death and potential organ damage. Even a small amount of abrin can be fatal. Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or injection of the toxin. The seeds are particularly dangerous if the seed coat is damaged, allowing abrin to be released.
Jeune syndrome, also known as asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a small, narrow chest, shortened ribs, and short limbs. This constricted rib cage can severely restrict lung development, leading to respiratory difficulties and often death in infancy or childhood. The severity of the condition varies widely, with some individuals experiencing milder skeletal abnormalities and surviving into adulthood. Other organ systems, like the kidneys, liver, and retina, can also be affected.
Job syndrome, also known as Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES), is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: recurrent skin abscesses, recurrent pneumonia, and high levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood. It is often associated with mutations in genes involved in immune cell signaling and function. The condition affects both children and adults, and while there's no cure, symptoms can be managed.
A joint contracture is a condition where a joint becomes stiff and has a limited range of motion. It occurs when the soft tissues around a joint, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, and skin, shorten and tighten. This restriction can make it difficult or impossible to move the joint fully. Contractures can develop gradually or rapidly and can affect any joint in the body.
Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by multiple congenital malformations. The most consistent features include aplasia (absence) or hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of the nasal alae (the cartilaginous flares of the nostrils), pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (leading to malabsorption), scalp defects (aplasia cutis), and dental abnormalities. Other organ systems can be affected, leading to a wide spectrum of clinical presentations.
A joint dislocation, also known as luxation, occurs when the bones that form a joint are displaced from their normal position. This can be a complete dislocation (complete separation) or a subluxation (partial dislocation). Dislocations are often caused by trauma but can also result from underlying conditions that weaken the joint. They are painful and require prompt medical attention to restore proper joint alignment.
Joint effusion, commonly known as water on the knee (though it can affect other joints), refers to the buildup of excess fluid within a joint. This fluid can be synovial fluid (the joint's natural lubricant), blood, or pus. It's usually a symptom of an underlying condition like injury, arthritis, or infection.
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS), also known as Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD), is a condition characterized by joints that are unusually flexible and move beyond the normal range of motion. It is not considered a disease, but rather a syndrome. This excessive flexibility can lead to a variety of musculoskeletal symptoms and associated problems. The severity of symptoms varies greatly from person to person.
A joint infection, also known as septic arthritis, is a painful infection in a joint. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Bacteria are the most common cause. The infection causes inflammation and can lead to rapid joint damage if not treated promptly. It commonly affects large joints like the knee and hip but can occur in any joint.
Common symptoms of joint inflammation include:
Pain: Can be constant or intermittent, ranging from mild to severe.
Swelling: The affected joint may appear larger than normal.
Stiffness: Often worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
Redness: The skin around the joint may be red and warm to the touch.
Decreased range of motion: Difficulty moving the joint through its full range.
Tenderness: Pain upon touch or pressure.
Warmth: The joint may feel warm to the touch.
Clicking, popping, or grinding: Sounds or sensations during joint movement.
Feeling of looseness or giving way in the joint
Pain, which may be constant or occur with specific activities
Clicking, popping, or grinding sensation in the joint
Recurrent sprains or dislocations
Swelling and stiffness
Limited range of motion
Muscle weakness around the joint
Numbness or tingling
Joint pain, also known as arthralgia, refers to discomfort, ache, or soreness in one or more joints of the body. It can range from mild to severe and can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Joint pain can significantly impact a person's quality of life by limiting mobility and function. It is a common symptom with a wide variety of potential underlying causes.
Joint stiffness refers to the feeling of restricted movement in one or more joints. It can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that limits daily activities. Stiffness is often worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity. It's a symptom of various underlying conditions, not a disease in itself.
There is no known disease or condition called "Jones Syndrome" currently recognized in medical literature or databases. It is possible this is a misspelling, a very rare condition not widely documented, a fictional condition, or a recently named condition that has not yet propagated through common medical resources.
Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD), also known as Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), is a progressive, inherited neurological disorder. It causes a gradual loss of coordination, muscle control, and other functions due to the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, particularly in the cerebellum (which controls coordination) and other parts of the brainstem. It's one of the most common autosomal dominant ataxias worldwide.
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the brain, specifically the cerebellum and brainstem. These areas of the brain are responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and other important functions. The hallmark feature of JS is a distinct malformation in the brain called the "molar tooth sign," which is visible on MRI scans. Individuals with JS experience varying degrees of intellectual disability, motor impairment, and breathing abnormalities. Other organs, such as the kidneys, liver, and eyes, can also be affected.
Neck pain or tenderness
Swelling in the neck
Visible, distended jugular vein
Headache
Fever
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Hoarseness
Pain in the face or ear on the affected side.
Neurological symptoms (rare), such as vision changes or weakness
Jugular foramen syndrome (also known as Vernet's syndrome) is a rare neurological disorder resulting from damage to the jugular foramen, a bony opening at the base of the skull. This opening allows passage for cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory). Damage to this region results in a specific combination of cranial nerve deficits.
Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendinopathy, is an overuse injury affecting the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap (patella) to the shinbone (tibia). It's characterized by pain and tenderness around the patella, particularly at the point where the tendon attaches to the kneecap. While common in athletes who participate in jumping sports (hence the name), it can also affect non-athletes due to repetitive knee stress. The condition develops gradually, starting with pain only after activity and progressing to pain during and even at rest in more severe cases.
Juvenile Arthritis (JA) is an umbrella term for several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions that develop in children ages 16 and younger. It causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function in the joints. The most common type is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), meaning the cause is unknown. JA can be chronic, lasting for months or years.
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects children, primarily causing inflammation of the muscles (myositis) and skin (dermatomyositis). It is characterized by muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. JDM is not contagious. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Juvenile diabetes, also known as type 1 diabetes, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to a deficiency of insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells for energy. Without insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). This can cause serious health problems, both short-term and long-term. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age. It is not preventable or curable, but it can be managed with lifelong insulin therapy and careful monitoring of blood sugar levels.
Juvenile Huntington's Disease (JHD), also known as childhood-onset Huntington's disease, is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is a form of Huntington's disease that manifests in individuals before the age of 20. JHD progresses more rapidly than the adult-onset form and presents with distinct symptoms. It leads to progressive decline in motor, cognitive, and psychiatric functions, ultimately resulting in disability and death.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is an umbrella term for a group of autoimmune conditions that cause chronic inflammation in one or more joints in children under the age of 16. The inflammation can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function in the affected joints. "Idiopathic" means the cause is unknown. The severity and course of JIA varies greatly between children.
: Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL), also known as Batten disease (specifically CLN3), is a rare, inherited, neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the nervous system. It is the most common form of NCL and typically begins between the ages of 5 and 10. JNCL leads to progressive vision loss, intellectual and motor deterioration, seizures, and premature death. The disease is caused by a genetic mutation affecting the ability of cells to dispose of waste products, leading to the accumulation of lipopigments (specifically ceroid lipofuscin) in neurons and other tissues.
Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis (JMG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease affecting children and adolescents. It causes weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles. This happens because the communication between nerves and muscles is disrupted. It is similar to myasthenia gravis in adults but occurs in individuals under 18.
Juvenile Paget's Disease (JPD), also known as Hyperostosis Corticalis Deformans Juvenilis, is a rare genetic bone disorder that typically manifests in childhood. Unlike adult Paget's disease, JPD affects the entire skeleton, causing excessive bone turnover and remodeling. This leads to thickened, deformed, and weakened bones, resulting in skeletal abnormalities and pain. It is a progressive condition.
Juvenile plantar dermatosis (JPD), also known as "sweaty sock syndrome," is a common skin condition that primarily affects the soles of the feet, especially in children and adolescents. It's characterized by dry, cracked, and sometimes inflamed skin, particularly on the weight-bearing areas like the heels and toes. The condition is often worsened by moisture and friction.
Juvenile Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (JOAG) is a rare form of glaucoma that occurs in children and young adults, typically between the ages of 3 and 40, although onset before age 3 is rare. It is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to impaired drainage of fluid from the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential vision loss if untreated. Unlike some other forms of childhood glaucoma, JOAG typically doesn't have other associated ocular or systemic abnormalities and is considered primary. Open-angle means that the drainage angle in the eye appears normal, yet the fluid isn't draining properly.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA), now more commonly called Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), is a type of arthritis that affects children and adolescents, typically starting before the age of 16. It is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues, leading to inflammation in the joints. JIA can affect various joints throughout the body and may also involve other organs. The severity and course of JIA can vary significantly from child to child.
Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma, also known as periosteal chondrosarcoma, is a rare type of bone cancer that develops from cartilage cells. It is a low- to intermediate-grade malignancy that arises on the surface of a bone (juxtacortical) rather than within it. It typically affects the long bones of the extremities, such as the femur, humerus, and tibia. This type of chondrosarcoma is less aggressive than other forms of chondrosarcoma and has a better prognosis.
Respiratory distress: Rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, wheezing, persistent cough
Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, or nails (indicating low oxygen levels)
Poor feeding: In infants, difficulty feeding or refusing to eat
Lethargy: Excessive sleepiness or lack of energy
Irritability: Unexplained fussiness or agitation
Poor weight gain: Failure to thrive in infants
Swelling: Edema in the legs, ankles, or face
Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeat (too fast, too slow, or irregular)
Heart murmur: An abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat
Chest pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest
Dizziness or lightheadedness: Feeling faint or unsteady
Fever: Elevated body temperature (may indicate infection)
Seizures: Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
Japanese Spotted Fever (JSF) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Rickettsia japonica
. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. It is characterized by fever, rash, and eschar (a dark, crusty ulcer) at the site of the tick bite. JSF is endemic to Japan and some parts of East Asia.
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects the central nervous system. It's a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. While many infections are mild or asymptomatic, severe cases can lead to neurological damage, seizures, coma, and death. The JE virus primarily circulates between mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts, mainly pigs and wading birds. Humans become infected through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent JE.
Jejunal adenocarcinoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. It is a malignant tumor arising from the glandular cells lining the jejunum. Due to its location and relatively non-specific early symptoms, it is often diagnosed at a later stage, making treatment more challenging. While overall rare, small bowel adenocarcinomas are the most common type of malignancy in the small intestine.
Jejunal carcinoid tumors are rare, slow-growing cancers that develop in the jejunum, which is part of the small intestine. These tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor (NET), meaning they arise from specialized cells that produce hormones. While they may remain localized for a long time, they can eventually spread to other parts of the body. Some tumors produce hormones that can cause carcinoid syndrome.
Jejunal lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that originates in the jejunum, the middle section of the small intestine. It's a relatively rare cancer that can affect the body's ability to absorb nutrients.
Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are rare tumors that arise in the jejunum, which is part of the small intestine. GISTs are a type of sarcoma, meaning they originate in connective tissues. These tumors develop from specialized cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are responsible for controlling gut motility. GISTs can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Jejunal GISTs, due to their location, can sometimes present with specific symptoms related to small bowel obstruction or bleeding. The treatment and prognosis of jejunal GISTs depend on factors such as tumor size, location, mitotic rate (how quickly the cells are dividing), and whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body.
Jejunal melanoma is a very rare form of melanoma, a type of cancer that arises from melanocytes (pigment-producing cells). Unlike cutaneous melanoma which originates in the skin, jejunal melanoma occurs in the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. It's often discovered at a late stage, due to non-specific symptoms, and is challenging to treat. It is often metastatic at the time of diagnosis.
Jejunal sarcoma refers to a rare type of cancer that develops in the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. Sarcomas are cancers that originate in the connective tissues of the body, such as muscle, fat, blood vessels, and bone. Jejunal sarcomas can be difficult to diagnose due to their rarity and non-specific symptoms. These tumors can grow and spread locally, or metastasize to other parts of the body. Types of sarcomas found in the jejunum include leiomyosarcomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and other less common variants.
Jejunal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors that develop in the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. These tumors arise from specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. These cells are responsible for producing hormones. Jejunal NETs can sometimes produce excessive hormones, leading to various symptoms. These tumors can be slow-growing, and often present late in the course of the disease.
Symptoms vary depending on the specific complication but may include:
Abdominal pain or distension
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea or constipation
Leakage around the tube insertion site
Skin irritation or infection around the stoma
Fever
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalances
Bleeding from the stoma
Tube blockage or dislodgement
Aspiration pneumonia (if formula enters the lungs)
Sepsis (in severe cases of infection)
Abdominal pain and distension
Diarrhea (often severe and watery)
Steatorrhea (fatty stools)
Nausea and vomiting
Malnutrition (leading to weight loss, muscle wasting, and fatigue)
Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., potassium, magnesium)
Liver problems (e.g., fatty liver, cirrhosis, liver failure)
Arthritis (joint pain and inflammation)
Skin rashes
Kidney stones
Nutritional Deficiencies: Vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K, B12), mineral deficiencies (calcium, iron, zinc)
Sepsis: Serious systemic infection
Abdominal pain (localized or generalized)
Abdominal tenderness
Nausea and vomiting
Bloating and distension
Blood in stool (melena)
Diarrhea or constipation
Fever (if infection is present)
Decreased appetite
Weight loss
Signs of shock (rapid heart rate, low blood pressure) in severe cases.
Sudden, brief, involuntary muscle jerks or twitches.
Jerks can be localized (affecting only one muscle or muscle group) or generalized (affecting the entire body).
Severity can range from mild to severe.
May occur spontaneously or be triggered by stimuli such as sound, light, or touch.
Possible associated symptoms depending on the underlying cause (e.g., seizures, cognitive impairment, balance problems).
Shaking or trembling
Nervousness or anxiety
Restlessness or fidgeting
Muscle twitching
Feeling agitated or "on edge"
Increased heart rate
Sweating
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Job's syndrome-like disorder, now often referred to as Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome (HIES), is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: recurrent skin and lung infections, elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood, and characteristic facial and skeletal abnormalities. It results from impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, which means the body's infection-fighting white blood cells don't migrate properly to sites of infection. HIES is not a single disease but a group of related disorders with similar clinical presentations but potentially different genetic causes. Autosomal dominant (AD-HIES) and autosomal recessive (AR-HIES) forms exist, each stemming from different genetic mutations.
Joint bleeding, also known as hemarthrosis, refers to bleeding within the joint space. It can be caused by trauma, bleeding disorders (like hemophilia), or other underlying medical conditions. Repeated episodes can lead to joint damage and chronic pain.
Audible clicking, popping, snapping, or grinding sounds during joint movement.
The sound can occur in various joints, including knees, hips, shoulders, ankles, and neck.
Pain may or may not be present alongside the clicking.
Swelling, stiffness, or limited range of motion (if an underlying issue exists).
Joint crepitus refers to the clicking, popping, crackling, or grinding sounds or sensations that occur in a joint. It's a common phenomenon and not always indicative of a serious problem. However, it can sometimes be associated with underlying joint conditions or injuries.
Inability to fully extend or flex the affected joint.
Sudden, sharp pain in the joint.
A feeling that something is "stuck" or blocking movement.
Popping, clicking, or grinding sensation in the joint before it locks.
Swelling around the joint.
Muscle spasms surrounding the joint.
Joint subluxation refers to a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint. It occurs when the bones in a joint are misaligned but not completely separated, unlike a full dislocation. This misalignment can cause pain, instability, and limited range of motion. Subluxations can occur in various joints throughout the body, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, and ankle. The severity and treatment options vary depending on the joint involved and the extent of the injury.
A Jones fracture is a break that occurs in the fifth metatarsal bone of the foot, near the base of the little toe. Specifically, it's a fracture in the area of the metatarsal that has a reduced blood supply, which can make healing difficult and prone to nonunion (failure to heal). It's a common sports injury, particularly in activities involving sudden changes in direction or repetitive stress.
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the cerebellum (an area of the brain that controls coordination and balance) and often other areas, including the kidneys. When JS is associated with kidney involvement, it’s often termed Joubert syndrome with renal disease (JSRD). The characteristic feature of JS is a distinctive malformation of the brainstem and cerebellum called the "molar tooth sign," which is visible on MRI. JSRD can lead to kidney cysts, kidney failure, and other renal complications.
Jugular bulb tumors are rare, slow-growing neoplasms that arise in the jugular foramen region, specifically within or near the jugular bulb (the widened upper part of the internal jugular vein). These tumors are most commonly paragangliomas (also known as glomus jugulare tumors) or less frequently, meningiomas or schwannomas. They can cause a range of neurological symptoms due to their location near cranial nerves and vital structures in the skull base.
Jugular vein compression refers to the narrowing or obstruction of the jugular veins, which are major blood vessels responsible for draining blood from the brain and face back to the heart. This compression can disrupt normal blood flow, leading to a variety of symptoms. The condition can be caused by both internal and external factors.
1. Summary about disease: Jugular venous distention (JVD) is the abnormal bulging of the jugular veins in the neck. It's a visible sign that indicates increased central venous pressure (CVP), often a result of heart failure or other conditions that impair the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. It's important to note that it is not a disease itself, but a sign of an underlying problem.
Jugular vein ectasia (JVE) is a rare condition characterized by abnormal, non-aneurysmal dilation or enlargement of the jugular vein, typically the right internal jugular vein. It's often benign, meaning it doesn't pose a serious health threat, but can cause cosmetic concerns and anxiety for the affected individual and their families. The swelling is usually noticeable during activities that increase intrathoracic pressure, like coughing, crying, or straining. It's most commonly seen in children but can occur in adults.
Juvenile Absence Epilepsy (JAE) is a type of epilepsy characterized by brief, sudden lapses of awareness, also known as absence seizures. These seizures typically begin around puberty and are often accompanied by subtle motor symptoms like eye blinking or lip smacking. Individuals with JAE usually have normal intelligence and neurological function between seizures. It is a genetic type of generalized epilepsy.
Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that originates in the atrioventricular (AV) junction. The AV junction is a region in the heart between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles) where electrical signals pass through. In JET, the AV junction fires rapidly and independently, overriding the heart's normal pacemaker (the sinoatrial node). This rapid firing causes the ventricles to contract prematurely and often at a faster rate than normal, leading to an excessively fast heart rate (tachycardia). JET can occur in both children and adults but is more common in infants and children, often associated with cardiac surgery.
Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis (JAS) is a type of arthritis that affects children and adolescents, primarily causing inflammation in the joints and entheses (where tendons and ligaments attach to bone). It is part of a group of conditions called spondyloarthropathies. JAS mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints (where the spine connects to the pelvis), but it can also affect other joints such as the hips, knees, and ankles. It can lead to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion.
Juvenile cataracts are cataracts that develop in children, typically between infancy and adolescence. Unlike age-related cataracts, juvenile cataracts can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, infections, trauma, and metabolic conditions. They can affect one or both eyes and can range in severity from small, non-visually significant opacities to dense opacities that severely impair vision. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent amblyopia ("lazy eye") and promote normal visual development.
Juvenile central nervous system (CNS) demyelination refers to a group of rare inflammatory conditions that damage the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, in children and adolescents. This damage disrupts the transmission of nerve signals, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms. Conditions included under this umbrella can range from acute, monophasic illnesses to chronic, relapsing-remitting diseases. These conditions require careful evaluation to distinguish them from multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating disorders.
Juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), now commonly referred to as Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and stiffness in joints in children 16 years of age or younger. It can affect any joint in the body, and the symptoms can vary in severity from mild to severe. It is considered idiopathic because the exact cause is unknown. JIA is not a single disease but a group of conditions with distinct features.
1. Summary about disease: Juvenile closed-angle glaucoma (JCAG) is a rare type of glaucoma that occurs in children and young adults, typically between the ages of 3 and 30. It's characterized by a sudden or gradual blockage of the drainage angle in the eye, leading to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and potential damage to the optic nerve. Unlike open-angle glaucoma, the angle between the iris and cornea is physically closed or narrowed, preventing fluid from draining properly. It can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
Juvenile glaucoma is a rare type of glaucoma that occurs in children and young adults, typically between the ages of 3 and 16, although it can sometimes present earlier. It is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve, leading to gradual vision loss if left untreated. Unlike congenital glaucoma, which is present at birth, juvenile glaucoma develops later in childhood. It can be primary (without a known cause) or secondary (caused by another condition or medication).
1. Summary about disease: Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor (JGCT) is a rare type of ovarian cancer that primarily affects young girls and adolescents, typically before puberty. It's characterized by the overproduction of estrogen, which can lead to precocious puberty (early onset of puberty) in affected individuals. Unlike adult granulosa cell tumors, JGCTs are usually unilateral (affecting only one ovary) and have a lower recurrence rate after treatment.
Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis (JHF) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the deposition of amorphous hyaline material in the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. This leads to the development of papules, nodules, gingival hypertrophy, joint contractures, and other systemic manifestations. The severity of JHF varies, with some individuals experiencing a milder, slowly progressive form, while others have a more aggressive and debilitating course.
Juvenile kyphosis, also known as Scheuermann's disease, is a structural deformity of the spine characterized by excessive curvature of the thoracic (upper back) vertebrae. It typically develops during adolescence, coinciding with growth spurts. The condition results from wedge-shaped vertebrae that lead to a rounded, hunched-over posture. It's distinct from postural kyphosis, which is often correctable.
Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomatosis (JLP), also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), is a rare condition characterized by the growth of benign (non-cancerous) tumors called papillomas in the larynx (voice box) and other areas of the respiratory tract. These papillomas are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). JLP typically affects children, although it can also occur in adults. The recurrent nature of the papillomas often necessitates multiple surgeries to remove them and prevent airway obstruction.
Juvenile macular degeneration (JMD) refers to a group of inherited eye disorders that cause vision loss, typically beginning in childhood or adolescence. Unlike age-related macular degeneration (AMD), JMD is not related to aging. The macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision, is affected, leading to difficulties with tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Stargardt disease is the most common form of JMD.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. It is a myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic neoplasm, meaning it has features of both diseases. JMML primarily affects young children, typically under the age of 6, and is characterized by an overproduction of monocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow and blood. The disease is progressive and can lead to bone marrow failure.
Juvenile nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a genetic kidney disease that causes progressive kidney damage, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It's characterized by small, shrunken kidneys with cysts at the corticomedullary junction (the border between the outer and inner part of the kidney). The disease typically manifests in childhood or adolescence, though variations exist. It disrupts the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, leading to increased thirst and urination.
Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans (JOCD) is a joint condition that primarily affects adolescents and children, although it can rarely occur in young adults. It occurs when a small segment of bone and its overlying cartilage loses its blood supply and separates from the surrounding bone. This can lead to pain, swelling, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint. The knee is the most commonly affected joint, but JOCD can also occur in the ankle, elbow, hip, and shoulder.
Juvenile papillomatosis, also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), is a rare condition characterized by the growth of benign tumors (papillomas) in the respiratory tract. These papillomas most commonly occur in the larynx (voice box), but can also affect other areas such as the trachea (windpipe), bronchi (airways in the lungs), and even the nose and esophagus. It is called "juvenile" when diagnosed in children and adolescents. The papillomas are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Juvenile Parkinsonism (JP), also sometimes called Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease (EOPD) when onset is a bit later, refers to Parkinson's disease that begins before the age of 21. It's a rare neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor control. It shares symptoms with the more common, late-onset Parkinson's disease, but genetic factors often play a larger role in JP.
Juvenile periodontitis (now often referred to as aggressive periodontitis) is a rapidly progressing form of periodontal disease that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. It is characterized by severe alveolar bone loss around permanent teeth, particularly incisors and first molars. It's not solely dependent on the accumulation of plaque and calculus, but is often associated with specific bacteria and immune system abnormalities.
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) is a slow-growing, benign (non-cancerous) brain tumor that typically occurs in children and adolescents. It is a type of astrocytoma, meaning it arises from star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes. JPAs are most commonly found in the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination), but they can also occur in other areas, such as the optic nerve, hypothalamus, and brainstem. They are generally considered grade I tumors, the least aggressive type.
Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by the development of multiple hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, most commonly in the colon and rectum, but also potentially in the stomach and small intestine. These polyps, while initially benign, carry an increased risk of developing into colorectal cancer. JPS typically manifests in childhood or adolescence but can be diagnosed later in life.
Juvenile retinoschisis (also known as X-linked retinoschisis) is an inherited eye disease that primarily affects males. It is characterized by the splitting of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. This splitting can lead to decreased central vision, and sometimes peripheral vision loss. The condition is typically detected in childhood or adolescence.
Juvenile scoliosis is a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine that develops in children between the ages of 3 and 10. It is distinct from infantile scoliosis (which develops before age 3) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (which develops around puberty). Juvenile scoliosis can be either idiopathic (meaning the cause is unknown) or secondary to other underlying conditions. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent progression and potential complications.
Juvenile Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) refers to forms of Spinal Muscular Atrophy that manifest in childhood, specifically after infancy (typically after 6 months of age) but before adulthood. SMA is a genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. The severity and progression of symptoms vary depending on the type of SMA. The later the onset, typically the milder the symptoms.
Juvenile spondyloarthropathy (JSpA) refers to a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases that affect children and adolescents, primarily involving the joints and entheses (the sites where tendons and ligaments attach to bone). Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, JSpA is often characterized by inflammation of the spine (spondylo-) and the joints (-arthropathy), and is frequently associated with enthesitis. It encompasses several specific conditions, including enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy.
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) skin condition that primarily affects infants and young children. It is characterized by the appearance of yellowish-orange to reddish-brown papules (small, raised bumps) or nodules on the skin. While it most commonly affects the skin, it can sometimes involve other organs, most notably the eyes. In most cases, JXG resolves spontaneously without treatment.
Jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes. This yellow discoloration is caused by an elevated level of bilirubin, a yellow pigment, in the blood. Bilirubin is a waste product formed from the breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice can indicate an underlying problem with the liver, gallbladder, or red blood cells. It is more common in newborns, but can affect people of all ages.
Jaw cancer refers to cancer that develops in the bones of the jaw (mandible or maxilla) or in the soft tissues of the mouth surrounding the jaw. It is often a type of oral cancer or head and neck cancer. It can range in severity depending on the type of cancer cell, stage at diagnosis, and overall health of the individual. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ), often referred to as osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), is a condition characterized by the progressive destruction and death (necrosis) of jawbone. This occurs primarily in people exposed to certain medications that reduce bone turnover. The most common medications associated with MRONJ are bisphosphonates and denosumab, which are used to treat osteoporosis, cancer-related bone problems, and other conditions.
1. Summary about disease Jejunitis is an inflammation of the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and certain medications. The inflammation can lead to a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms and can potentially disrupt nutrient absorption.
Jersild syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition. There is no information available in medical literature or databases to suggest that such a syndrome exists. If this is a misspelling or a reference to an informal term, more information is needed to provide an accurate summary. It is possible this is a fabricated or extremely rare condition. Without a clear definition, a summary is not possible.
Jet lag, also known as jet lag disorder or desynchronosis, is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across multiple time zones. Your body has its own internal clock (circadian rhythm) that signals when to stay awake and when to sleep. Jet lag occurs because your body's clock is still synced to your original time zone, instead of to the time zone where you've traveled.
Jigger infestation, also known as tungiasis, is a parasitic skin disease caused by the female sand flea
Tunga penetrans
. These fleas burrow into the skin, typically on the feet, causing inflammation, pain, and itching. Left untreated, tungiasis can lead to secondary infections and other complications. It's prevalent in impoverished communities in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and the Caribbean.
Joint cancer, also known as primary bone cancer affecting the joints, is a rare type of cancer that originates in the bone cells within or near a joint. It is distinct from cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the bone from another location. Primary bone cancers near joints can disrupt normal joint function, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility. Common types include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
Jock itch (tinea cruris) is a fungal infection that causes a red, itchy rash in warm, moist areas of the body. The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may extend to the buttocks. It's most common in men and adolescent boys. It's related to other fungal infections like athlete's foot and ringworm.
1. Summary about disease: Joint hyperlaxity, also known as joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) or benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS), is a condition characterized by joints that stretch farther than normal. This can affect just a few joints or many joints throughout the body. While some people with hypermobile joints experience no symptoms, others may experience a range of problems.
Jugular paragangliomas are rare, slow-growing tumors that develop in the jugular foramen, an opening at the base of the skull through which major nerves and blood vessels pass. These tumors arise from paraganglion cells, specialized neural crest cells found near nerves and blood vessels. Jugular paragangliomas are typically benign (non-cancerous) but can cause significant problems due to their location and potential to compress cranial nerves, leading to neurological deficits. They are often vascular, meaning they have a rich blood supply.
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a severe and often life-threatening genetic skin disorder characterized by blistering and erosion of the skin and mucous membranes. The blisters occur due to a defect in the proteins that hold the layers of the skin together, specifically at the junction between the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer). There are different subtypes of JEB, varying in severity and prognosis. In severe forms, blistering can be widespread, affecting internal organs, and leading to significant complications.
Juvenile angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, benign but locally aggressive vascular tumor that almost exclusively occurs in adolescent males. It originates in the nasopharynx, near the sphenopalatine foramen, and tends to spread to surrounding structures such as the nasal cavity, sinuses, orbit, and even the intracranial space. Because of its high vascularity, it can cause significant nosebleeds and other complications.
Juvenile cataracts are opacities of the lens of the eye that occur in children, as opposed to age-related cataracts which occur in older adults. They can be congenital (present at birth) or develop during childhood. Depending on the size and density of the cataract, they can interfere with vision and, if left untreated, can lead to amblyopia (lazy eye) and other vision problems. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for optimal visual development.
Juvenile cellulitis, also known as puppy strangles, is a nodular and pustular skin disease that primarily affects puppies, typically between 3 weeks and 6 months of age. It is an uncommon, idiopathic inflammatory disorder that affects the skin and sometimes other organs. It is not contagious.
Juvenile colloid milium (JCM) is a rare skin condition primarily affecting children and young adults. It is characterized by the appearance of small, yellowish-tan, dome-shaped papules (small, raised bumps) on the face, particularly around the eyes, and sometimes on the neck and upper trunk. These papules are filled with a gelatinous substance called colloid. JCM is generally considered a benign (non-cancerous) condition, and while it can be cosmetically concerning, it does not usually cause any other health problems.
Juvenile convulsions, also sometimes referred to as febrile seizures in the context of high fever, are seizures that occur in young children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. They are often triggered by a fever, usually from an infection. While generally harmless and brief, they can be frightening for parents and caregivers.
Juvenile glaucoma is a rare type of glaucoma that occurs in children and young adults, typically between the ages of 3 and 16, but can present up to age 40. It is characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve, potentially leading to vision loss. Unlike adult-onset glaucoma, juvenile glaucoma often has a stronger genetic component. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent significant vision impairment.
Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare, benign skin condition that primarily affects infants and young children, although it can occur in adults. It is characterized by the presence of yellow-orange or reddish-brown papules or nodules on the skin. JXG is a type of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, meaning it involves an abnormal accumulation of certain types of immune cells (histiocytes). In most cases, JXG is self-limiting and resolves spontaneously without treatment.
Juvenile hemangiomas, also known as infantile hemangiomas or strawberry marks, are common benign (non-cancerous) vascular tumors that appear in the first few weeks of life. They are characterized by rapid growth in the first few months followed by slow involution (shrinking) over several years. Most hemangiomas do not require treatment and resolve on their own.
Juvenile melanoma, also referred to as pediatric melanoma, is a rare form of skin cancer that occurs in children and adolescents. While melanoma is more common in adults, it can occur in younger individuals, though it is less frequent. It's important to note that many moles and pigmented lesions in children are benign. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment (melanin) in the skin. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome.
Juvenile muscular atrophy (JMA), also known as Hirayama disease or monomelic amyotrophy, is a rare, benign, self-limiting neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles in the distal upper limb. It typically affects adolescents and young adults, predominantly males. The weakness primarily affects the hands and forearms, leading to difficulty with fine motor skills. The condition usually stabilizes after a few years, leaving patients with residual weakness.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, benign but locally aggressive vascular tumor that occurs almost exclusively in adolescent males. It originates in the nasopharynx, the space behind the nasal cavity, and can extend into the nasal cavity, sinuses, orbit (eye socket), and even the brain. JNAs are characterized by a rich network of blood vessels, which can cause significant bleeding.
Juvenile non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that starts in lymphocytes, which are cells of the immune system. It affects children and adolescents. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL involves different types of lymphocytes and often spreads differently. It is a relatively rare disease in children, but it is aggressive, meaning it can grow and spread quickly. However, with modern treatments, many children with NHL can be cured.
Juvenile obesity, also known as childhood obesity, is a condition where a child or adolescent has excessive body fat that negatively affects their health. It's determined by a Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. It significantly increases the risk of various health problems, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers, later in life.
Juvenile osteomalacia is a condition that affects children and adolescents, characterized by softening of the bones due to impaired bone mineralization. This usually results from vitamin D deficiency, leading to insufficient calcium and phosphate absorption, which are crucial for building strong bones. Unlike rickets, which affects growing bones at the growth plates, osteomalacia affects bones that have already formed.
Juvenile periodontitis (JP), also known as aggressive periodontitis, is a rare and rapidly progressing form of periodontal disease that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. It's characterized by severe bone loss around specific teeth, particularly incisors and first molars, often with minimal inflammation.
Juvenile polyarteritis nodosa (jPAN) is a rare, systemic, necrotizing vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) affecting medium-sized arteries in children. It can affect various organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms. Unlike the adult form of polyarteritis nodosa, jPAN is more often associated with fever, skin involvement, and gastrointestinal problems. It is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term complications.
Juvenile polyps are benign (non-cancerous) growths that occur in the colon or rectum, primarily in children and adolescents, though they can rarely occur in adults. These polyps are typically smooth, reddish, and pedunculated (attached to the intestinal wall by a stalk). They are hamartomatous, meaning they are composed of tissue elements normally found at that site, but disorganized. Although usually benign, they can cause bleeding and other gastrointestinal issues.
"Juvenile porphyria" is not a specific, recognized medical term. The porphyrias are a group of rare, inherited genetic disorders affecting the body's ability to make heme, a component of hemoglobin. These disorders result from deficiencies in certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway, leading to a build-up of specific porphyrins and/or porphyrin precursors in the body. While porphyrias can manifest in childhood (hence the association with "juvenile"), the specific type of porphyria (e.g., Acute Intermittent Porphyria, Erythropoietic Protoporphyria, etc.) dictates the symptoms, causes, and treatment. These disorders are usually genetic.
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), commonly known as progeria, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder that causes children to age rapidly. While children with progeria typically appear normal at birth, they begin to display many characteristics of accelerated aging within the first two years of life. These include slowed growth, hair loss, a distinctive facial appearance, and cardiovascular problems. Progeria is not preventable or curable, and there is no treatment proven to reverse the aging process.
Juvenile psoriatic arthritis (JPsA) is a type of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) that affects children and adolescents. It's characterized by joint inflammation (arthritis) along with psoriasis, a skin condition causing scaly, itchy rashes. In some cases, arthritis may appear before psoriasis. JPsA can affect any joint and cause eye inflammation (uveitis), finger or toe swelling (dactylitis), and pain where tendons and ligaments attach to bone (enthesitis). It is an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.
Juvenile scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that develops in children between the ages of 3 and 10. It's a type of early-onset scoliosis, meaning it occurs before the typical adolescent growth spurt. The cause is often unknown (idiopathic), but it can sometimes be associated with underlying neuromuscular or congenital conditions. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent the curvature from progressing and causing complications.
Juvenile seborrheic dermatitis (also known as cradle cap in infants) is a common, inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects infants and young children. It manifests as scaly, greasy patches, often on the scalp. While it can be unsightly, it's generally harmless and usually resolves on its own. It's related to an overgrowth of a yeast called Malassezia and/or overactive sebaceous glands in the skin.
Juvenile Spinal Amyotrophy (JSA), also known as distal spinal muscular atrophy (dSMA), is a group of rare genetic neuromuscular disorders that primarily affect the motor neurons in the spinal cord. These motor neurons control voluntary muscle movement. The condition typically manifests in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, primarily in the distal muscles of the limbs (hands and feet). JSA generally progresses more slowly than other forms of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and does not affect cognitive function.
Juvenile spondyloarthropathy (JSpA) encompasses a group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases affecting children and adolescents, primarily involving the joints and entheses (points where tendons and ligaments attach to bone). It's characterized by inflammation of the spine (spondylo-) and joints (arthropathy). JSpA differs from other forms of juvenile arthritis, often involving the sacroiliac joints (where the spine connects to the pelvis), the spine, and peripheral joints. It's often associated with genetic factors, particularly the HLA-B27 gene.
Juvenile Systemic Arthritis (JIA) is a type of childhood arthritis that affects the entire body (systemic). It's characterized by arthritis (joint inflammation) along with systemic features like fever, rash, and internal organ involvement. It's an autoimmune condition, meaning the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues.
Jaundice is a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes (sclera), and mucous membranes. This yellow discoloration is due to a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment, in the blood. It's not a disease in itself, but rather a sign of an underlying problem with the liver, gallbladder, or red blood cells.
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (sclera)
Pale stools
Dark urine
Itching (pruritus)
Fatigue
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Fever (depending on the underlying cause)
Jejunitis refers to inflammation of the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. Inflammation can disrupt the normal function of the jejunum, leading to problems with nutrient absorption and digestion. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, reactions to medications, or injury.
Job's syndrome, also known as Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome (HIES), is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a combination of immune system dysfunction and connective tissue abnormalities. Key features include recurrent skin and lung infections, eczema, and elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood. There are two main forms: autosomal dominant HIES (AD-HIES), most commonly caused by mutations in the STAT3 gene, and autosomal recessive HIES (AR-HIES).
Joint aspiration, also known as arthrocentesis, is a procedure where fluid is removed from a joint using a needle. While generally safe, complications can occur. These range from mild and temporary to rare but serious infections or nerve damage. Complications are relatively uncommon, but awareness and proper technique are essential for prevention.
A joint capsule rupture refers to a tear or break in the fibrous capsule that surrounds a joint. This capsule helps to stabilize the joint, provide support, and contain synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint. Ruptures can range from small tears to complete disruptions of the capsule, leading to pain, instability, and impaired joint function.
Joint effusion, often referred to as "water on the knee" or "fluid on the joint," is the accumulation of excessive fluid within a joint space. This fluid buildup can cause swelling, pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. It can affect any joint, but is most common in the knee. Joint effusion is usually a symptom of an underlying problem, such as injury, arthritis, or infection, rather than a disease itself.
Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS), now often referred to as hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) or hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD), is a condition characterized by unusually flexible joints. This excessive joint mobility can lead to a variety of musculoskeletal symptoms, including pain, stiffness, and fatigue. The severity of symptoms varies greatly from person to person. It's considered a connective tissue disorder, affecting collagen, the protein that provides structure and support to joints and other tissues.
A joint infection, also known as septic arthritis, is a painful infection in a joint. It's often caused by bacteria, but can also be caused by viruses or fungi. The infection can damage the cartilage and bone within the joint, potentially leading to chronic arthritis if not treated promptly.
Joint pain
Joint stiffness, especially in the morning or after inactivity
Swelling
Redness
Warmth to the touch
Decreased range of motion
Fatigue
In some cases, fever
Joint laxity, also known as joint hypermobility or loose joints, refers to a condition where joints are more flexible and have a greater range of motion than normal. It can range from mild to severe. Some people experience no symptoms, while others suffer from pain, instability, and other complications. Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is diagnosed when hypermobility causes musculoskeletal symptoms.
Symptoms of joint pain can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:
Aching
Soreness
Stiffness
Swelling
Warmth
Redness
Pain that worsens with movement
Tenderness to the touch
Clicking, popping, or grinding sensations in the joint
Limited range of motion
A Jones fracture is a break in the bone (the fifth metatarsal) on the outside of your foot, near the little toe. This specific type of fracture occurs in a small area that receives less blood supply, which can make it difficult to heal. Jones fractures are often caused by repetitive stress or a sudden injury, and they are more prone to non-union (failure to heal) compared to other foot fractures.
Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) are a group of rare genetic conditions characterized by malformation of the brain, specifically affecting the cerebellum and brainstem. This malformation is often visible on brain imaging as the "molar tooth sign," which is a key diagnostic feature. JSRD affects many parts of the body and can cause intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, and difficulties with breathing, vision, and kidney function. The severity of symptoms varies significantly among individuals.
Jugular vein thrombosis (JVT) is a condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot within one or both of the jugular veins, which are major veins located in the neck. These veins are responsible for draining blood from the brain, face, and neck back to the heart. JVT can be classified as either internal jugular vein thrombosis (IJVT) or external jugular vein thrombosis (EJVT), with IJVT being more common and often associated with more serious complications. The clot obstructs blood flow, potentially leading to pain, swelling, and other complications.
Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that occurs when an abnormal electrical impulse originates in the atrioventricular (AV) junction, the area between the atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart. This impulse overrides the heart's normal pacemaker, causing a rapid heart rate. JET can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired, often occurring after heart surgery.
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a rare, severe genetic skin disorder characterized by blistering and skin erosion, primarily affecting the junction between the epidermis (outer skin layer) and the dermis (inner skin layer). It is one of the major types of epidermolysis bullosa. The severity can range from mild to lethal, with more severe forms having significant complications and shortened lifespans.
Juvenile Absence Epilepsy (JAE) is a type of generalized epilepsy characterized by brief, sudden lapses of awareness. These "absence" seizures typically begin around puberty and are often mistaken for daydreaming or inattentiveness. Individuals with JAE may also experience other seizure types, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal seizures).
Juvenile arthritis (JA) is an umbrella term for several types of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions that develop in children aged 16 or younger. It causes joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of motion. While there's no cure, treatment aims to control symptoms, prevent joint damage, and improve quality of life. The most common type is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), meaning arthritis of unknown cause that begins in childhood.
Juvenile cataracts are clouding of the lens of the eye that occur in children. Cataracts prevent light from passing clearly through the lens, resulting in blurry vision. They can affect one or both eyes and may be present at birth (congenital cataracts) or develop during childhood (acquired juvenile cataracts). If left untreated, juvenile cataracts can lead to amblyopia ("lazy eye") and permanent vision loss.
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the muscles (myositis) and skin (dermatomyositis). It primarily affects children, typically between the ages of 5 and 15, but can occur at any age. In JDM, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, leading to muscle weakness, skin rashes, and other complications. While there is no cure for JDM, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and help manage the disease.
Juvenile fibroadenomas are benign (non-cancerous) breast lumps that are most common in adolescent and young women, typically between the ages of 10 and 25. They are similar to fibroadenomas found in older women but tend to grow more rapidly and can become quite large. They are characterized by an overgrowth of glandular and stromal (connective) tissue within the breast.
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) is a rare type of ovarian tumor that occurs primarily in young girls and adolescents, although it can occur in women of any age. It is a sex cord-stromal tumor, meaning it arises from the cells that support the developing egg cells in the ovary. JGCTs typically produce estrogen, which can lead to precocious puberty (early onset of puberty) in young girls. While often benign, JGCTs can sometimes be malignant and require treatment.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes inflammation and stiffness in the joints of children aged 16 and younger. It is considered "idiopathic" because the exact cause is unknown. "Juvenile" means it starts in childhood. JIA is not a single disease, but rather a group of related arthritic conditions. The main goal of treatment is to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and maintain joint function to prevent long-term damage.
Juvenile melanoma, also referred to as childhood melanoma, is a rare form of skin cancer that occurs in children and adolescents. Melanoma is a type of cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin (skin pigment). While less common than in adults, juvenile melanoma can be aggressive and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), also known as Janz syndrome, is a common type of idiopathic generalized epilepsy that typically begins in adolescence. It is characterized by myoclonic jerks (sudden, brief muscle twitches), often occurring shortly after waking up. Individuals with JME may also experience absence seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is a lifelong condition, but seizures can usually be well-controlled with medication.
Juvenile nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a genetic kidney disease that primarily affects children and adolescents, leading to progressive kidney failure. It is characterized by the formation of cysts and scarring in the kidneys, particularly at the junction between the cortex and medulla. NPHP is a leading cause of kidney failure in children and young adults.
Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is a joint condition that occurs when a small segment of bone and its surrounding cartilage lose blood supply, leading to the separation of this fragment from the underlying bone. It primarily affects children and adolescents, typically between the ages of 10 and 20. The knee is the most commonly affected joint, but it can also occur in the ankle, elbow, and other joints.
Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by the development of multiple noncancerous (benign) growths called polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the colon and rectum, but also potentially in the stomach and small intestine. These polyps, called juvenile polyps, are different from adenomatous polyps, which are more commonly associated with colorectal cancer. While the polyps themselves are benign, individuals with JPS have a significantly increased risk of developing colorectal and gastric cancer.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), now more commonly known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is a type of arthritis that affects children and adolescents under the age of 16. It is an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. JIA causes inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function. It can affect single or multiple joints, and the severity of the disease varies widely from child to child.
1. Summary about disease: Juvenile spondyloarthropathy (JSpA) is a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases that affect children and adolescents, primarily involving the joints, entheses (where tendons and ligaments attach to bone), and spine. It is characterized by inflammation and pain, often leading to stiffness and limited movement. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, JSpA is often seronegative, meaning blood tests for rheumatoid factor are typically negative. It encompasses various subtypes, including enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), psoriatic arthritis, arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy.
Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) skin condition that primarily affects infants and young children, but can occur in older individuals. It is characterized by the presence of single or multiple yellowish-orange to brownish papules or nodules on the skin. While most commonly found on the skin, JXG can, in rare cases, affect internal organs, particularly the eyes. The condition is generally self-limiting, meaning it tends to resolve on its own without treatment.
Jumps is a viral infection characterized by a distinctive jumping or twitching movement, fever, fatigue, and a rash. It is generally mild to moderate in severity but can cause complications in certain populations. The incubation period is relatively short, and the disease typically resolves within a week to ten days.
Jaw stiffness, also known as trismus or lockjaw, refers to the reduced range of motion of the jaw, making it difficult to open the mouth fully. It can range from mild discomfort to a severe inability to open the mouth. It is not a disease in itself but a symptom of various underlying conditions.
Jaw swelling, also known as jaw enlargement or distention, refers to an abnormal increase in the size of the jaw, either on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). It can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions ranging from relatively benign issues like dental problems to more serious conditions like infections, cysts, tumors, or trauma. The swelling can be painful or painless, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are important to prevent complications.
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