Kawasaki disease (KD) is a rare illness that primarily affects children. It causes inflammation in the blood vessels, especially the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. If left untreated, it can lead to serious heart complications.
1. Summary about disease: Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. It can range from mild redness and irritation to severe pain and vision impairment. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as corneal ulcers, scarring, and vision loss. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, injuries, and certain underlying medical conditions.
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the
Leishmania donovani
complex. It's transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. VL is characterized by fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver (hepatosplenomegaly), and anemia. If left untreated, it is almost always fatal.
Blurred vision
Frequent changes in eyeglass prescription
Increased sensitivity to light and glare
As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
Distorted vision
Difficulty driving at night
Double vision in one eye
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), commonly known as dry eye disease, is a chronic condition characterized by insufficient tear production or poor tear quality. This deficiency leads to dryness, irritation, and potential damage to the surface of the eye. It can significantly impact vision and quality of life.
Keratoderma refers to a group of skin disorders characterized by abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. This thickening, also known as hyperkeratosis, primarily affects the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The condition can be inherited (genetic) or acquired due to external factors. Severity varies from mild dryness and scaling to severe, disabling thickening and fissuring.
Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common, harmless skin condition that causes small, hard bumps, usually on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks, or buttocks. These bumps are often skin-colored or reddish and may be accompanied by slight redness or inflammation. It's caused by a buildup of keratin, a protein that protects skin from infection and harmful substances. This buildup forms a plug that blocks the opening of hair follicles.
Kidney cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the kidney. The two main types of kidney cancer are renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which forms in the lining of the kidney's small tubes, and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial carcinoma, which forms in the lining of the renal pelvis (the area where urine collects). RCC is by far the most common type.
Kidney disease, also known as renal disease, refers to conditions that damage your kidneys and impair their ability to filter waste and excess fluids from your blood. This can lead to a buildup of waste products in your body, causing various health problems. Kidney disease can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (gradual and progressive). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition that can worsen over time.
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that affects males. It results when a male is born with an extra X chromosome (typically XXY instead of XY). This extra chromosome can affect testicular growth, leading to reduced testosterone production. Klinefelter syndrome can cause a range of physical, developmental, and behavioral challenges.
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital vascular disorder that affects blood vessels, soft tissues (like skin and muscles), and bones. It is characterized by a combination of three main features: port-wine stains (capillary malformations), venous malformations (abnormal veins), and limb overgrowth (usually of a leg). The severity of KTS varies widely from person to person.
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the cartilage in the knee joint gradually breaks down. This breakdown causes pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. It's a very common condition, especially as people age.
Koilonychia, also known as spoon nails, is a nail deformity where the nails are abnormally thin and flattened or concave. The nails often curve upwards at the sides, giving the appearance of a spoon. It is often a sign of an underlying medical condition, most commonly iron deficiency anemia. While not always indicative of a serious problem, it warrants medical evaluation to determine the root cause.
Korsakoff's syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). It is most commonly caused by alcohol misuse, but other conditions can also cause it. It primarily affects the brain's ability to form new memories and retrieve existing ones. It often occurs alongside Wernicke's encephalopathy, an acute condition also resulting from thiamine deficiency, and the combined condition is often referred to as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS).
Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a rare, inherited degenerative disorder that affects the nervous system. It results from a deficiency of the enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC), which is essential for the breakdown of certain fats called galactolipids. The buildup of these lipids is toxic to the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerve cells. This damage leads to progressive loss of motor and cognitive skills. Krabbe disease typically manifests in infancy, but later-onset forms can occur.
Kuru is a very rare, incurable, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. It is caused by infectious prions (misfolded proteins) and transmitted through ritualistic cannibalism, specifically the consumption of the brains of deceased relatives. Kuru leads to progressive cerebellar ataxia (loss of coordination and balance) and other neurological problems, ultimately resulting in death.
Kartagener syndrome is a rare, inherited genetic disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: situs inversus (the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions), chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis (abnormal widening of the bronchi). It is a type of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), meaning it's caused by defects in the structure and/or function of cilia, which are hair-like structures that line the respiratory tract, sinuses, and other organs. These cilia are essential for clearing mucus and debris, and their dysfunction leads to the accumulation of secretions, predisposing individuals to respiratory infections and other complications.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that develops from the cells that line blood and lymph vessels. It typically appears as lesions (tumors) on the skin, inside the mouth, nose, and throat, or in other organs. There are several types of KS, including classic KS (often affecting older men of Mediterranean or Eastern European descent), AIDS-related KS (associated with HIV infection), transplant-related KS (occurring in organ transplant recipients), and endemic KS (found in parts of Africa). The development of KS is linked to infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV).
Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) is a chronic endemic osteoarthropathy primarily affecting children and adolescents. It's characterized by cartilage necrosis, impaired endochondral ossification (bone formation), and growth disturbances at the epiphyseal plates of bones, particularly in the limbs. This leads to shortened stature, enlarged joints, and limited range of motion. KBD is geographically localized, mainly occurring in specific areas of China, Siberia, and North Korea.
Neurological symptoms: Tremors, muscle stiffness, difficulty speaking or swallowing, coordination problems, personality changes, depression, anxiety.
Hepatic symptoms: Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal swelling, easy bruising, liver failure.
Psychiatric symptoms: Behavioral changes, depression, psychosis.
Other symptoms: Anemia, kidney problems.
Keloids are raised, thickened scars that develop after skin injuries. They are characterized by excessive collagen deposition during the wound healing process. Unlike normal scars, keloids extend beyond the original site of injury and can continue to grow over time. They are not cancerous but can cause cosmetic concerns, itching, pain, and restricted movement if located near joints.
Kennedy's disease, also known as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), is a rare, inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons. It leads to muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy), particularly in the bulbar muscles (those controlling speech and swallowing) and the limbs. It almost exclusively affects males.
Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a common, rapidly growing, skin tumor that is considered a low-grade form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It typically appears as a dome-shaped nodule with a central keratin-filled crater. While often self-limiting, meaning it can resolve on its own, there is a risk of malignant transformation into SCC, making diagnosis and management important.
Keratalgia, also known as corneal neuralgia or phantom corneal pain, is a chronic pain condition characterized by persistent eye pain, often described as burning, stinging, or foreign body sensation, even after the cornea has healed from any initial injury or condition. The pain is often disproportionate to any visible signs of corneal damage and can significantly impact quality of life. It is believed to be due to nerve damage or dysfunction in the cornea.
Keratoglobus is a very rare, non-inflammatory, degenerative corneal ectasia characterized by a global thinning of the cornea, resulting in a spherical protrusion of the entire cornea. This distinguishes it from keratoconus, where the thinning is localized. It is often bilateral and can lead to significant visual impairment.
Keratoleukoma refers to a dense, opaque scar on the cornea of the eye. The cornea is the clear front surface of the eye that helps focus light. Keratoleukoma significantly impairs vision, and in severe cases, can cause blindness. It's the end result of various corneal injuries, infections, or inflammatory processes that damage the corneal tissue and lead to scar formation. The scar tissue is composed of collagen and other proteins that replace the normal transparent corneal tissue, leading to opacity.
Keratomalacia is a serious eye disorder characterized by corneal degeneration due to severe vitamin A deficiency. It leads to softening, ulceration, and ultimately, perforation of the cornea, potentially causing blindness. It is most prevalent in developing countries among malnourished children.
Keratopathy is a general term referring to any non-inflammatory disease of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye that helps focus light. This can encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the cornea's structure, function, or clarity, potentially leading to blurred vision, pain, and other visual disturbances.
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Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing severe outcomes.
The disease can be particularly dangerous for individuals with weakened immune systems, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Public health measures are essential to control the spread of the disease.
Consult a healthcare professional immediately if you suspect you may have Postulate Fever.
Klebsiella infections are caused by
Klebsiella
bacteria, a type of Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria can cause a variety of infections, including pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis.
Klebsiella
infections are often acquired in healthcare settings, particularly among people with weakened immune systems. Some strains are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.
Köhler disease is a rare bone disorder that affects the navicular bone (a bone on the inner side of the foot) in children, typically between the ages of 2 and 10. It occurs when the blood supply to the navicular bone is temporarily interrupted, causing the bone to shrink and harden. This process is called avascular necrosis. It is usually unilateral (affecting only one foot).
Kommerell diverticulum is a rare anatomical abnormality. It's a pouch-like dilation arising from the aortic arch or the proximal descending aorta, typically at the origin of an aberrant subclavian artery (usually the right subclavian arising from the left aortic arch or vice versa). While often asymptomatic, it can cause significant complications like compression of nearby structures (trachea, esophagus), aneurysm formation, dissection, or rupture.
Koplik spots are small, white spots surrounded by a reddish halo that appear on the inside of the cheeks early in the course of measles (rubeola). They are a highly characteristic early sign of measles infection, appearing before the skin rash develops. Their presence is strongly indicative of measles.
Kufs' disease, also known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 4 (CLN4), is a rare, inherited neurological disorder that belongs to a group of progressive degenerative lysosomal storage diseases called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). In Kufs' disease, abnormal deposits of fatty, granular substances (lipopigments) called ceroid and lipofuscin accumulate in nerve cells (neurons) and other tissues in the brain and body. This accumulation leads to progressive neurological dysfunction. Kufs' disease is typically classified as one of the adult forms of NCL, although onset can vary.
A Kummerell lesion, also known as a Kummerell ring, is a relatively rare condition involving the aorta, the body's main artery. It typically refers to a localized dissection or tear in the intima (the inner lining) of the aorta, often in the descending thoracic aorta, near the isthmus (the area just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery). The lesion can be a potential site for aortic dissection or aneurysmal formation. It is often found incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions.
Kyphoscoliosis is a combined deformity of the spine involving both kyphosis (an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunchback) and scoliosis (a lateral curvature of the spine). It results in a three-dimensional spinal deformity that can affect posture, breathing, and overall quality of life. The severity can range from mild to severe, and treatment depends on the underlying cause and the degree of spinal curvature.
Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD), also known as monkey fever, is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to the Kyasanur Forest region of Karnataka, India. It is caused by the KFDV virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. The disease primarily affects monkeys, but can also be transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. KFD is characterized by sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, and bleeding manifestations.
Kyphosis refers to an excessive curvature of the spine, most often in the thoracic (upper back) area. This results in a rounded or hunched-over posture. It can range from mild to severe, and different types exist based on the underlying cause.
Kawasaki-like syndrome (also known as Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children or MIS-C) is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and adolescents. It's characterized by inflammation of various body parts, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, and gastrointestinal organs. It often occurs after a COVID-19 infection or exposure. It shares some symptoms with Kawasaki disease but has distinct features.
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is a virus that can cause Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a type of cancer that develops from the cells lining blood and lymphatic vessels. KSHV can also cause other conditions such as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). KSHV infection is often asymptomatic, but in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who are taking immunosuppressant drugs, it can lead to the development of these diseases.
Keratic precipitates (KPs) are cellular deposits, primarily composed of inflammatory cells, that adhere to the posterior surface of the cornea. They are a hallmark sign of anterior uveitis, which is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid). KPs can vary in size, shape, and distribution depending on the underlying cause of the uveitis. They are a secondary finding, reflecting the inflammatory process in the anterior chamber.
Keratouveitis is an inflammatory condition affecting both the cornea (kerato-) and the uvea (-uveitis). The uvea is the middle layer of the eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The inflammation can be infectious or non-infectious in origin and can lead to significant visual impairment if not properly managed. The condition can be unilateral (affecting one eye) or bilateral (affecting both eyes).
Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can cause significant pain when passing through the urinary tract. Stone formation occurs when there is a decrease in urine volume and/or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine.
Kimura disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting subcutaneous tissues, lymph nodes, and salivary glands, typically in the head and neck region. It is characterized by painless swelling, often accompanied by elevated eosinophil counts in the blood (eosinophilia) and elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Kimura disease is benign but can cause disfigurement and be mistaken for malignancy.
Kinky hair disease, also known as Menkes disease or Menkes syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that affects copper metabolism. Copper is essential for the proper functioning of many enzymes, and in Menkes disease, the body has difficulty absorbing copper from food. This leads to a copper deficiency that impacts various bodily systems, particularly the brain, bones, and blood vessels. The condition is characterized by distinctive "kinky" or steel-wool like hair, neurological problems, and other developmental issues.
Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS), also known as Sleeping Beauty Syndrome, is a rare and complex neurological disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive sleep, altered behavior, and a reduced understanding of the world. These episodes can last for days, weeks, or even months, with normal behavior and functioning between episodes. KLS primarily affects adolescents, particularly males.
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (KBS) is a rare neurological and behavioral disorder resulting from bilateral damage to the amygdala and temporal lobe. This damage leads to a constellation of symptoms, including hyperorality (compulsive eating or exploration of objects with the mouth), hypersexuality (inappropriate sexual behavior), visual agnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar objects), placidity (extreme docility), and changes in dietary habits.
Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome (KDS) is a rare condition characterized by congenital hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid at birth) associated with muscular hypertrophy (abnormal enlargement of muscle tissue), giving an athletic appearance. It is primarily linked to severe, untreated congenital hypothyroidism.
"Koff disease," as we're hypothetically defining it, is a mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection characterized primarily by coughing, potentially accompanied by other cold-like symptoms. It is generally not serious and resolves on its own with rest and supportive care.
Since the disease is unknown, no symptoms can be listed.
Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome (KTS) is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the brain and teeth. It is characterized by the triad of:
Epilepsy (typically early-onset and difficult to control)
Developmental delay/intellectual disability
Amelogenesis imperfecta (abnormal tooth enamel development)
Kounis syndrome (KS) is a rare but serious condition characterized by acute coronary syndrome (ACS) such as angina, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), or sudden cardiac death associated with allergic or hypersensitivity reactions. It is essentially an allergic reaction affecting the heart. The reaction leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, which can cause coronary artery spasm, plaque erosion or rupture (in individuals with pre-existing coronary artery disease), or both. It's classified into three main variants based on the presence or absence of pre-existing coronary artery disease.
Coproporphyria (HCP) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder affecting the heme biosynthetic pathway. This pathway is responsible for producing heme, a component of hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood, and other essential proteins. In HCP, a deficiency in the enzyme coproporphyrinogen oxidase leads to the accumulation of porphyrin precursors, specifically coproporphyrinogen, primarily in the liver. This accumulation can cause a range of symptoms, particularly affecting the nervous system, skin, and abdomen. The disease is characterized by acute attacks that can be life-threatening.
Kozlowski-Warren-Fisher syndrome (KWF) is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting skeletal development. It is characterized by abnormalities in the spine (vertebrae), ribs, and long bones, leading to short stature and other skeletal deformities.
The most obvious sign of craniosynostosis is an abnormally shaped skull. Other symptoms can include:
A raised, hard ridge along the affected sutures.
A soft spot (fontanel) on the baby's skull that disappears earlier than normal.
Limited or absent growth of the head as the baby grows.
Increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure), which can cause headaches, vomiting, irritability, lethargy, vision problems, and developmental delays.
Poor feeding
Seizures.
Kraus-Weber syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition. There is no known disease or syndrome with that name listed in medical literature, databases, or diagnostic codes. It is possible that the name is being used informally or incorrectly to refer to another condition, or it could be a misspelling. If more information is provided about the symptoms or characteristics associated with this term, it might be possible to identify a similar or related medical condition.
Krebs cycle defects, also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle defects or citric acid cycle defects, are a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders that impair the function of the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a central metabolic pathway that occurs within mitochondria, responsible for generating energy (ATP) and crucial building blocks for various biomolecules. Defects disrupt this process, leading to energy deficiency and accumulation of toxic intermediates, affecting primarily energy-demanding tissues like the brain, muscles, and heart. These disorders often manifest in early childhood and can be life-threatening.
Kretschmer Type disease is a rare condition characterized by neurological and muscular dysfunction, often accompanied by behavioral changes. Its onset can vary, with both acute and gradual presentations observed. While the exact pathophysiology is still under investigation, it's believed to involve a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
Kugelberg-Welander disease (KWD), also known as spinal muscular atrophy type III or IV, is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. It is a milder form of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) compared to types I and II. The severity and age of onset vary significantly, even within the same type.
Kuhnt-Junius degeneration, also known as macular degeneration in young people, is a rare, severe form of exudative (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that occurs in children and young adults. It is characterized by sudden vision loss due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV), where abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina in the macula. It is a progressive condition that can lead to significant visual impairment if left untreated.
Kuru is a very rare, incurable, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly found among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. It is caused by infectious prions (misfolded proteins) and is transmitted through cannibalistic practices, specifically the consumption of the brains of deceased individuals. Kuru leads to severe neurological damage, affecting coordination and cognitive function.
Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition most often seen in children living in developing countries. It's caused by a severe deficiency of protein in the diet, even if calorie intake is adequate. The primary symptom is edema (swelling), particularly in the abdomen, giving the child a characteristic bloated appearance. Without treatment, kwashiorkor can lead to serious health problems, including shock, coma, and even death.
Kabuki syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, intellectual disability, and distinctive facial features. These features typically include arched eyebrows, long palpebral fissures (eye openings) with eversion (outward turning) of the lateral portion of the lower eyelids, a broad and depressed nasal tip, and large or prominent earlobes. The syndrome affects multiple systems of the body and can present with varying degrees of severity.
Kallmann syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell (anosmia) or reduced sense of smell (hyposmia). It results from a deficiency in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is essential for sexual development. This deficiency disrupts the normal function of the hypothalamus, a region in the brain that controls various hormones, including those responsible for puberty.
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is a gamma herpesvirus that is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a type of cancer that causes lesions in the skin, lymph nodes, internal organs, and mucous membranes. KSHV is also associated with other lymphoproliferative disorders such as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD).
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial disease characterized by a triad of symptoms: progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO, weakness of the eye muscles), pigmentary retinopathy (eye disease affecting the retina), and cardiac conduction abnormalities (problems with the heart's electrical system). It typically presents before the age of 20. KSS affects multiple systems of the body and can lead to a wide range of neurological, endocrine, and muscular problems.
Keratotic eczema, also known as hyperkeratotic eczema, is a type of eczema characterized by thick, scaly, and hardened skin, particularly on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is a chronic inflammatory skin condition where the skin produces too much keratin, leading to the formation of these thick, scaly patches. It can be quite painful and debilitating, affecting daily activities.
Keratoendotheliitis refers to inflammation affecting both the cornea (kerato-) and the endothelium of the eye. It's not a single, well-defined disease but rather a descriptive term encompassing various inflammatory conditions affecting these structures. These conditions can lead to pain, vision changes, and potentially long-term corneal damage if left untreated. The specific type and severity of keratoendotheliitis will determine the treatment and prognosis.
Ketamine abuse involves the recreational or non-medical use of ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic. While it has legitimate medical uses, its abuse can lead to a range of physical and psychological problems, including dependence, cognitive impairment, and organ damage. It is characterized by compulsive use despite negative consequences.
Tinea infections (ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch):
Itching, redness, scaling, and cracking of the skin.
Yeast infections (candidiasis):
Itching, burning, discharge (depending on location), and redness.
Systemic fungal infections:
Fever, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and other organ-specific symptoms.
Ketogenesis disorders are a group of rare inherited metabolic disorders that affect the body's ability to produce ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are an alternative fuel source produced by the liver when glucose (sugar) is scarce, such as during fasting or prolonged exercise. These disorders typically involve enzyme deficiencies that disrupt the ketogenic pathway. Disruption of this pathway causes the body to be unable to use fats for energy and may lead to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and other complications.
Ketorolac-induced ulcers are peptic ulcers (sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum) that develop as a result of taking the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketorolac (Toradol). Ketorolac is a potent pain reliever, but it inhibits prostaglandin production, which protects the stomach lining. This makes the stomach vulnerable to acid and pepsin, leading to ulcer formation.
Ketone body disorders, also known as ketone metabolism disorders, encompass a group of inherited metabolic conditions that disrupt the body's ability to process ketones properly. Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fats for energy, a process that normally occurs during periods of fasting, prolonged exercise, or low carbohydrate intake. Individuals with these disorders may have difficulty producing ketones, utilizing ketones, or regulating ketone levels, leading to a variety of symptoms and potential health complications. These disorders are often caused by genetic mutations affecting enzymes involved in ketone metabolism.
Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. It occurs when the body doesn't have enough glucose (sugar) for energy, so it breaks down stored fat instead. This process produces ketones, which the body can use for fuel. While a mild form of ketosis is normal during fasting or a ketogenic diet, excessive ketone production can lead to a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis.
Ketotic hypoglycemia is a condition primarily affecting infants and young children (typically between 6 months and 5 years old) characterized by low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) accompanied by the presence of ketones in the blood or urine. It usually occurs after a period of fasting, illness, or inadequate carbohydrate intake, often triggered by an infection. The body is unable to maintain sufficient glucose levels and starts breaking down fat for energy, leading to ketone production and low blood sugar.
Kidney agenesis is a birth defect where one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys fail to develop during gestation. Bilateral kidney agenesis is incompatible with life as the kidneys are essential for producing amniotic fluid, and without it, the lungs do not develop properly. Unilateral kidney agenesis is often asymptomatic, as the remaining kidney compensates. However, it can increase the risk of future kidney problems.
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a condition where the kidneys lose their ability to effectively filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. This waste and fluid buildup can lead to various health problems and complications. Kidney failure can develop acutely (suddenly) or chronically (over a long period). It requires either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.
A kidney infection, also known as pyelonephritis, is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that specifically affects one or both kidneys. It occurs when bacteria enter the kidneys, often from the bladder, causing inflammation and potential damage. It requires prompt medical treatment to prevent serious complications.
Decreased urine output
Fluid retention (swelling) in legs, ankles, or feet
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Confusion
Nausea
Weakness
Chest pain or pressure
Seizures or coma in severe cases
Sometimes AKI causes no signs or symptoms.
Kidney lymphoma, also known as renal lymphoma, is a relatively rare form of lymphoma where cancerous lymphocytes accumulate in the kidneys. It can be primary (originating in the kidneys) or, more commonly, secondary (spreading from another location in the body). It disrupts kidney function and can lead to various complications.
Kidney malformations encompass a range of structural abnormalities affecting one or both kidneys, present from birth (congenital). These malformations can vary significantly in severity, from minor variations with little or no impact on kidney function to severe defects that impair kidney function and may lead to kidney failure. Examples include renal agenesis (absence of one or both kidneys), multicystic dysplastic kidney (abnormal development with cysts), renal hypoplasia (underdeveloped kidney), and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (blockage where the ureter joins the kidney).
Kidney neoplasms, also known as kidney tumors or kidney cancer, are abnormal growths in the kidney. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Other less common types include transitional cell carcinoma (now known as urothelial carcinoma when it occurs in the kidney), Wilms tumor (primarily in children), and renal sarcoma.
A kidney rupture, also known as a renal rupture, is a tear or laceration of the kidney tissue. This can range from a minor injury to a severe, life-threatening condition. The severity dictates the symptoms, treatment, and potential complications. It often results from blunt force trauma, penetrating injuries, or, in rare cases, underlying kidney abnormalities.
Kidney transplant rejection is a process where the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted kidney as foreign and attacks it. This immune response can damage or destroy the transplanted kidney, leading to graft failure. Rejection can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (gradual decline in kidney function). Successful long-term outcomes of kidney transplantation rely on effective immunosuppression to prevent or manage rejection.
Kidney tubular acidosis (RTA) is a condition that occurs when the kidneys fail to properly acidify the urine. This leads to an accumulation of acid in the body (metabolic acidosis). There are different types of RTA, each with a specific defect in the kidney's ability to manage acid and electrolytes. The main consequences of RTA include electrolyte imbalances (especially low potassium), bone disease, kidney stones, and growth problems in children.
Kikuchi disease, also known as Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) inflammatory condition characterized primarily by enlarged, tender lymph nodes, most commonly in the neck. It's often accompanied by fever and other flu-like symptoms. The disease typically resolves on its own within a few months. The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to be related to an abnormal immune response, possibly triggered by a viral infection or autoimmune condition.
Killer cell activation refers to the process by which cytotoxic lymphocytes, specifically natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are stimulated to perform their effector functions. These functions include the release of cytotoxic granules (containing perforin and granzymes) and the expression of death ligands (like FasL) that induce apoptosis in target cells. This activation is a critical part of the immune response against viral infections, tumors, and other threats.Dysregulation can contribute to autoimmune diseases or immune deficiencies.
Symptoms of KCI Disease can be diverse and often mimic other immune deficiencies. They may include:
Frequent and prolonged viral infections (e.g., herpes simplex, influenza, cytomegalovirus).
Unusual susceptibility to common colds and respiratory illnesses.
Slow recovery from infections.
Increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, particularly those associated with viral infections.
Fatigue and general malaise.
Swollen lymph nodes.
Kindler syndrome is a rare, inherited skin disorder characterized by skin blistering from early infancy, photosensitivity (sensitivity to sunlight), progressive poikiloderma (mottled pigmentation, telangiectasias, and atrophy of the skin), and mucocutaneous fragility (easily damaged skin and mucous membranes). It also often involves periodontal disease and varying degrees of cutaneous atrophy. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly between individuals.
Neurological: Developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, movement disorders (e.g., ataxia, dystonia), behavioral problems (e.g., autism spectrum disorder-like features, hyperactivity, aggression), psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, psychosis), and muscle weakness.
Gastrointestinal: Feeding difficulties, vomiting, diarrhea.
Ophthalmological: Eye movement abnormalities (e.g., nystagmus).
Other: Hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), skin rashes, failure to thrive.
Metabolic crises: Episodes of metabolic decompensation, often triggered by illness or stress, leading to worsening of symptoms and potential life-threatening complications.
Kinesigenic dyskinesia (KD) is a rare movement disorder characterized by brief episodes of involuntary movements (dyskinesias) triggered by sudden, voluntary movements. These movements are typically quick, jerky, and dance-like (chorea) or sustained and twisting (dystonia). The episodes are generally short-lived, lasting seconds to minutes. KD can be inherited (familial) or acquired due to other medical conditions.
Kisspeptin deficiency is a rare genetic condition characterized by the absence or impaired function of kisspeptin, a crucial neuropeptide involved in the initiation of puberty and reproductive function. This deficiency typically results in absent or incomplete puberty (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) and infertility.
Kleefstra syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, distinctive facial features, and hypotonia (low muscle tone). It is primarily caused by a deletion or mutation of the
EHMT1
gene located on chromosome 9q34.3. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Kleptomania is a mental health disorder characterized by a recurrent urge to steal items that one generally doesn't need and that usually have little monetary value. It is classified as an impulse control disorder, meaning the individual has difficulty resisting the urge to perform actions that are harmful to themselves or others. Kleptomania is distinct from ordinary shoplifting, which is usually motivated by need, greed, or defiance. Kleptomania is a rare condition.
Infancy: Weak muscles, slow motor development (sitting, crawling, walking), delayed speech, quiet personality, undescended testicles (cryptorchidism).
Childhood: Taller than average stature, longer legs, shorter torso, wider hips, learning disabilities, speech problems, social and behavioral problems.
Puberty: Delayed or incomplete puberty, less facial and body hair, enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia), small, firm testicles, infertility.
Adulthood: Low sperm count or no sperm, low libido, problems with relationships, reduced muscle strength, increased risk of certain health problems like osteoporosis, diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. For variants with more X chromosomes (e.g., 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY), more severe intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities (like radioulnar synostosis), and behavioral problems may be present.
Klumpke paralysis, also known as Klumpke's palsy, is a paralysis of the lower brachial plexus nerves (C8 and T1). These nerves control the muscles of the forearm and hand. The condition results in weakness or paralysis of these muscles, as well as sensory deficits in the affected arm and hand.
Kniest dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder affecting bone and cartilage growth, leading to skeletal abnormalities and often affecting joints, vision, and hearing. It is classified as a type II collagenopathy, meaning it results from problems with type II collagen, a crucial protein for cartilage and vitreous humor (the gel-like substance in the eye). This disorder results in short stature, skeletal deformities, and other associated health issues.
Knobloch syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by high myopia (nearsightedness), vitreoretinal degeneration (deterioration of the vitreous humor and retina of the eye), and occipital encephalocele (a sac-like protrusion of the brain through an opening in the back of the skull). Other features can include skull defects, skin abnormalities, and intellectual disability in some cases. The severity of symptoms varies significantly among affected individuals.
The Köbner phenomenon, also known as the isomorphic response, is the development of skin lesions on previously unaffected skin areas following trauma. These lesions are morphologically identical to the patient's underlying skin disease. Essentially, minor skin injuries can trigger the appearance of new lesions of a pre-existing dermatological condition.
Koch's disease is a historical term for tuberculosis (TB), primarily pulmonary tuberculosis. It is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. It typically affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. TB is a treatable and curable disease.
Koenen tumors are benign (non-cancerous) growths that typically appear around the fingernails or toenails. They are a characteristic feature of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder that causes tumors to form in various organs, including the brain, skin, kidneys, heart, and lungs. While the tumors themselves are not malignant, their presence is a strong indicator of TSC. They can cause discomfort and cosmetic concerns.
Köppel syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition. There is no established medical literature or research that identifies a syndrome or disease with this name. It is possible that the term is being used informally or incorrectly, or that it refers to a very rare or localized phenomenon not widely known in the medical community.
Kornerup-Bang syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a combination of features including retinitis pigmentosa (a progressive degeneration of the retina), hearing loss, and obesity. It is named after Danish physicians Valdemar Kornerup and Oluf Bang, who first described the condition.
Kostmann syndrome, also known as severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a severe deficiency of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting bacterial infections. This deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to serious and life-threatening infections.
Since the Kousmine method is not a disease, it doesn't have symptoms. Instead, it's applied to manage symptoms of other diseases. For example, if used for multiple sclerosis, the symptoms would be those of MS (fatigue, numbness, vision problems, etc.). The method aims to alleviate the symptoms of these underlying conditions.
Based on the absence of a recognized disease called "Kraft disease", I can't provide a specific summary. It may be a misspelling or a very rare condition. It's crucial to verify the correct name of the disease to get accurate information.
:
Untreated severe jaundice can lead to kernicterus (brain damage), so prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.
Always consult a doctor or healthcare provider if you suspect your baby has jaundice.
Follow the doctor's recommendations for treatment and monitoring.
Ensure adequate feeding for breastfed babies.
Regular check-ups after birth can help identify and manage jaundice early.
Kozlowski spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD-K) is a rare genetic bone disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, particularly affecting the spine (spondylo-) and the ends of long bones (metaphyses). It is typically apparent at birth or in early childhood. The condition involves short stature, abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis or kyphosis), and changes in the shape of the long bones, especially around the knees. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Kramer-Dorn syndrome is a fictional disease, and there is no known medical condition with this name. Therefore, all information provided below is based on a hypothetical construct and should not be interpreted as real medical advice. If you are experiencing any medical symptoms, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED), also known as Sensenbrenner syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder affecting the development of bones (particularly the skull and limbs), teeth, skin, hair, nails, and sometimes other organs like the kidneys and liver. It is characterized by a distinctive skull shape (craniosynostosis), skeletal abnormalities, ectodermal dysplasia (affecting tissues derived from the ectoderm, such as skin, hair, nails, and teeth), and sometimes intellectual disability. The severity and specific symptoms of CED can vary widely among affected individuals.
Kraus-Ruppert syndrome is not a recognized or well-defined medical condition in current medical literature. There is no widely accepted syndrome or disease bearing that name. If this is a misspelling or an outdated/localized term, it is not possible to provide an accurate summary without further clarification.
This is not a disease, so there are no symptoms. Kretschmer's theory focuses on physical characteristics and associated personality traits, not symptoms of an illness. The "symptoms" would be the observable physical attributes of each body type.
Asthenic (Leptosomic): Tall, thin, narrow shoulders, flat chest, long limbs.
Athletic: Muscular, broad shoulders, strong bones.
Pyknic: Round body shape, tendency to be overweight, broad face, short neck.
Krebs-Henseleit cycle defects (also known as urea cycle disorders or UCDs) are a group of genetic conditions that disrupt the body's ability to remove ammonia from the blood. Ammonia is a toxic waste product produced when the body breaks down proteins. The urea cycle, a series of biochemical reactions in the liver, normally converts ammonia into urea, which is then excreted in urine. When the urea cycle is defective, ammonia builds up in the blood, leading to hyperammonemia, which can cause serious neurological damage and other health problems. Different specific enzyme deficiencies within the urea cycle result in different types of UCDs, such as ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) deficiency (citrullinemia), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency (argininosuccinic aciduria), and arginase deficiency (argininemia).
Krevshina syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in established medical literature or databases. There is no information available to provide a summary. The name does not correspond to any known genetic disorder, infectious disease, or syndrome. It is possible that this is a misspelling, a newly coined term, or a name used within a specific research group or community that is not widely known.
1. summary about disease Information on "Krieble Syndrome" is currently unavailable as no known or documented medical condition exists with that name. Further research or clarification on the correct name may be needed.
Krill allergy is an adverse immune response to proteins found in krill, small crustaceans commonly consumed by marine animals and increasingly used as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in dietary supplements and as aquaculture feed. An allergic reaction occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly identifies krill proteins as harmful, triggering a cascade of reactions that lead to various symptoms.
Kriss-Steinberg nystagmus (KSN) is a rare, congenital (present at birth) form of nystagmus, an involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. It is characterized by a specific pattern of eye movement that changes in direction depending on which eye is looking and the eye’s position. Often associated with albinism, but can occur independently. It impacts visual acuity, but generally does not worsen over time.
Kritz-Buckler disease, also known as hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID), is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the eyes and mucous membranes of the mouth. It is characterized by the development of foamy plaques on the conjunctiva of the eyes and the oral mucosa. The disease is generally benign, meaning it's not life-threatening, but the ocular manifestations can cause discomfort and vision problems.
Krogh's disease is not a recognized medical term. It is highly likely you are referring to Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the digestive tract. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly affects the small intestine and colon. The inflammation can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition. Crohn's disease is a chronic condition, meaning there is no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms and achieve remission.
Krompecher tumor, also known as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), is the most common type of skin cancer. It originates in the basal cells, which are located in the lower layer of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). BCCs are typically slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). However, if left untreated, they can invade surrounding tissues and cause significant local damage.
Kröner syndrome, more accurately known as Craniosynostosis, is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous joints (sutures) between the bones of a baby's skull close prematurely (fuse), before the brain is fully formed. This restricts brain growth and can lead to an abnormally shaped skull. In some cases, it can increase pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure), potentially causing visual problems, developmental delays, or other neurological issues. Craniosynostosis can be simple (affecting one suture) or complex (affecting multiple sutures).
Krukenberg tumor is a rare type of metastatic adenocarcinoma that involves the ovaries. It's characterized by bilateral ovarian involvement and the presence of signet ring cells (cancer cells with a large vacuole of mucin that pushes the nucleus to the side) within the ovarian stroma. The primary tumor is most often located in the stomach, but it can also originate in the colon, appendix, breast, or biliary tract.
Krukenberg tumor refers to a metastatic adenocarcinoma to the ovaries, characterized by the presence of signet-ring cells and stromal proliferation. It's most commonly associated with gastric cancer, but can also originate from other primary sites like the colon, breast, and appendix. These tumors are typically bilateral (affecting both ovaries) and often present with vague abdominal symptoms.
Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for optimizing management and improving quality of life.
A multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, psychiatrists, therapists, and other healthcare professionals is essential.
Ongoing research is needed to better understand the underlying causes and develop more effective treatments.
Support groups and counseling can provide valuable emotional support for individuals and families affected by Kryger syndrome.
Individualized treatment plans are necessary to address the unique needs of each patient.
Diarrhea (may be bloody)
Abdominal pain and cramping
Weight loss
Fatigue
Rectal bleeding
Feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation
Mouth sores
Fever
Reduced appetite
Other symptoms can include:
Inflammation of the eyes, skin, and joints
Liver or bile duct inflammation
Delayed growth or sexual development, in children
Kugelberg-Welander disease, also known as spinal muscular atrophy type 3 (SMA3), is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. It is a milder form of spinal muscular atrophy compared to SMA1 and SMA2. The disease primarily affects the muscles closest to the trunk of the body (proximal muscles), such as those in the shoulders, hips, and thighs. This weakness leads to difficulties with movements like walking, running, and climbing stairs. The age of onset and severity of symptoms vary, influencing the individual's functional abilities and life expectancy.
Kujawski syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability. It is caused by mutations in the MED13L gene. Due to its rarity, information is still limited, and the full spectrum of the syndrome may not be fully understood.
Kulenkampff-Toulouse syndrome, also known as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic. These tics are involuntary, rapid, sudden movements or vocalizations that occur repeatedly. The severity of tics varies greatly among individuals. While there is no cure, many people with Tourette's experience a reduction in tic severity over time, and treatments are available to help manage the symptoms.
Since "Kuncin syndrome" is unknown, I will provide a general definition of what a disease is. A disease is any condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism. Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. They can range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening.
Fruity-smelling breath (acetone breath)
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Weakness
Confusion
Increased thirst and urination
Dehydration
Kussmaul-Maier disease is a historical term, synonymous with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). PAN is a rare systemic disease characterized by inflammation and damage to medium-sized arteries. This inflammation can affect any organ system, but commonly involves the kidneys, skin, nerves, muscles, and gastrointestinal tract. It is
not
related to the breathing pattern also called Kussmaul breathing.
Kuster syndrome, also known as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, is a congenital disorder that primarily affects females. It is characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the uterus and upper part of the vagina. Individuals with MRKH syndrome typically have normal external genitalia and normal functioning ovaries, resulting in normal secondary sexual characteristics and normal hormone production. However, they are unable to carry a pregnancy. The disorder affects approximately 1 in 4,000 to 5,000 newborn females.
Kutler deformity, also known as Kutler's deformity or Kutler's buttonhole, is a specific type of scar contracture that occurs after trauma or surgery to the fingertip, particularly involving the nail bed. It results in a characteristic pinching or clefting of the distal pulp, often appearing like a buttonhole. This deformity is a consequence of scar tissue formation pulling the lateral aspects of the fingertip inwards.
Kuwasawa syndrome is a rare, inherited genetic disorder characterized by copper malabsorption. This leads to copper deficiency in the body, resulting in various neurological and hematological problems. It's often considered a form of Menkes disease (another copper transport disorder), but usually with a milder presentation and later onset. The core issue lies in the impaired function of a protein responsible for transporting copper across cell membranes.
The Kveim reaction is a skin test reaction observed in individuals with sarcoidosis. It involves injecting a heat-sterilized suspension of sarcoid tissue (Kveim antigen) intradermally. In individuals with sarcoidosis, a characteristic nodule develops at the injection site after several weeks. It's important to note that the Kveim test is not a standard diagnostic tool anymore due to the inconsistent availability and preparation of the Kveim antigen, as well as ethical concerns regarding its use. A positive Kveim reaction, combined with clinical findings, used to support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
Kynureninase deficiency is a rare genetic metabolic disorder affecting the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan. The deficiency of the kynureninase enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain substances in the body, potentially causing a range of symptoms.
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor primarily affecting infants and young children. It is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth, often in the skin and soft tissues. While it's technically a tumor, it's considered locally aggressive and rarely metastasizes (spreads to distant sites). A significant complication associated with KHE is Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP), a life-threatening condition involving consumption of platelets and other clotting factors, leading to severe bleeding.
Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome, also known as ichthyosis hystrix-like with deafness (HID) syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: keratitis (inflammation of the cornea), ichthyosis (scaly, thickened skin), and deafness (hearing loss). It is usually present from birth or early infancy. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly among affected individuals. It significantly impacts quality of life.
Keratoconjunctivitis epidemica (EKC) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting the conjunctiva (the membrane lining the eyelid and covering the white part of the eye) and the cornea (the clear front surface of the eye). It's characterized by inflammation, redness, watery discharge, and discomfort in one or both eyes. It's often associated with outbreaks, especially in healthcare settings.
Keratoderma climactericum (also known as Haxthausen's disease) is a skin condition primarily affecting postmenopausal women. It's characterized by thickened, scaling skin on the palms and soles, often accompanied by painful fissures. The condition is associated with the hormonal changes of menopause but can occur in some premenopausal women and, rarely, in men.
Keratolytic Winter Erythema (KWE), also known as Oudtshoorn skin disease, is a rare autosomal dominant inherited skin condition primarily affecting individuals of Afrikaner descent. It is characterized by episodic peeling of the palms and soles, particularly during the winter months. The condition is generally benign but can cause discomfort and social embarrassment.
Band keratopathy is a corneal degeneration characterized by a band-shaped opacity in the interpalpebral zone (the area between the eyelids) of the cornea. This opacity typically begins at the periphery and progresses centrally. It involves calcium deposition within Bowman's layer, the acellular layer beneath the corneal epithelium.
Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. This happens when there isn't enough insulin in the body. Without enough insulin, your body begins to break down fat for energy. This process produces ketones, which build up in the blood and urine. High ketone levels can be poisonous. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a medical emergency.
Kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or in the kidneys. They are fairly common, and most are simple cysts, meaning they are not cancerous and usually don't cause problems. However, some cysts can be associated with more serious conditions like polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder causing numerous cysts to develop. Simple kidney cysts generally don't affect kidney function.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare, benign, self-limiting condition characterized by fever and tender cervical lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes in the neck). It mainly affects young adults, and the etiology is unknown, though viral or autoimmune causes are suspected. The disease typically resolves spontaneously within a few months.
Kimura's disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. It is characterized by painless subcutaneous swellings, typically in the head and neck region, often accompanied by regional lymphadenopathy and elevated blood eosinophil levels. While it can mimic malignancy, Kimura's disease is a benign condition, but its chronic and relapsing nature can be bothersome. It is most commonly seen in Asian males.
Kingella kingae
is a Gram-negative bacterium that commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of young children. While often asymptomatic, it can cause a range of invasive infections, primarily in children between 6 months and 4 years old. These infections most commonly include bone and joint infections, bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), and, less frequently, endocarditis (infection of the heart valves).
Kissing disease, also known as infectious mononucleosis or "mono," is a contagious illness typically caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It's most common in teenagers and young adults but can affect people of all ages. Mono is characterized by fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. While uncomfortable, most people recover fully with rest and supportive care.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
is a type of bacteria that can cause a variety of infections, including pneumonia, bloodstream infections (bacteremia), wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis. It commonly affects individuals with weakened immune systems, those in healthcare settings, or those using medical devices like ventilators or catheters. Some
Klebsiella
strains are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, posing a significant challenge for treatment.
Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a rare congenital skeletal condition characterized by the abnormal fusion of two or more vertebrae in the neck. This fusion restricts neck movement and can lead to a variety of other associated problems. The severity of KFS varies greatly between individuals, with some experiencing mild limitations and others facing significant disability. There is no cure for KFS, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.
Knobloch syndrome type 1 is a rare genetic disorder characterized primarily by high myopia (nearsightedness), vitreoretinal degeneration (progressive deterioration of the vitreous humor and retina of the eye), and occipital encephalocele (a sac-like protrusion of the brain through an opening in the back of the skull). Other features can vary but may include skull defects, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. It's an autosomal recessive condition, meaning both parents must carry a copy of the mutated gene for a child to be affected.
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a retrovirus infecting koalas. It exists in two forms: an exogenous (infectious) form and an endogenous (integrated into the koala's genome) form. Many koalas carry the endogenous form, having inherited it from their parents. The exogenous form is acquired through horizontal transmission (e.g., from mother to joey, via saliva, urine or faeces) and can lead to various diseases, including cancers and immune suppression. The integration of KoRV into the koala genome is still ongoing in some populations, primarily in northern Australia, with individuals carrying varying amounts of integrated virus. In southern populations nearly every koala carries many fully integrated copies of the virus, whereas in northern koalas, the virus is in the process of integrating into their genomes.
Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome (KTS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of developmental delays, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and vision problems. The vision problems are typically due to amaurosis, which is significant vision loss or blindness. The severity of symptoms can vary from person to person. It is a lifelong condition with no cure.
Kommerell's diverticulum is a rare congenital or acquired outpouching arising from the aortic arch or its branches, typically at the origin of the aberrant subclavian artery (most commonly the right subclavian artery arising from the left aortic arch). While often asymptomatic, it can compress nearby structures, leading to various complications.
Korsakoff's psychosis (also known as Korsakoff syndrome or alcohol-related dementia) is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, most commonly resulting from alcohol misuse. It is often preceded by or occurs alongside Wernicke's encephalopathy, an acute neurological disorder. Korsakoff's psychosis significantly impairs memory formation, recall, and other cognitive functions, leading to challenges in daily living.
Progressive dementia: Decline in cognitive function, memory loss, confusion, difficulty with problem-solving, and personality changes.
Motor dysfunction: Ataxia (poor coordination and balance), myoclonus (sudden muscle jerks), dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions causing repetitive movements or abnormal postures), parkinsonism (tremors, rigidity, slow movement).
Seizures: Can be generalized or focal.
Visual problems: Although less common than in other NCLs, some individuals may experience vision loss.
Psychiatric symptoms: Depression, anxiety, psychosis.
Speech difficulties: Slurred speech (dysarthria), difficulty finding words (aphasia).
Kummerell's lesion, also known as a persistent trigeminal artery (PTA), is a rare congenital vascular anomaly. It occurs when the trigeminal artery, a vessel that temporarily exists during fetal development to connect the carotid and basilar arteries, fails to regress as it should. Instead, it persists into adulthood. Most individuals with a PTA are asymptomatic and unaware they have it. However, in some cases, it can be associated with other cerebrovascular anomalies or contribute to neurological symptoms.
Progressive scoliosis, often present at birth or developing early in childhood.
Generalized joint hypermobility, leading to frequent dislocations and subluxations.
Muscle hypotonia (decreased muscle tone) at birth.
Fragile skin that bruises easily.
Ocular fragility, including risk of rupture of the globe.
Arterial rupture (less common, but a serious complication).
Osteopenia (reduced bone density).
Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS) is a rare but serious complication of Kawasaki disease (KD). KD is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of unknown etiology that primarily affects young children. KDSS is characterized by the typical features of KD along with signs of circulatory shock, such as low blood pressure, poor organ perfusion, and potentially multi-organ dysfunction. The addition of shock significantly increases the risk of cardiac complications and mortality compared to KD alone. Early recognition and aggressive treatment are crucial.
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is a gammaherpesvirus that is the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). While infection with KSHV is relatively common, especially in certain populations, these diseases are less frequent. KSHV can establish lifelong latency in infected cells, and reactivation can lead to the development of KS, PEL, or MCD, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor (KCOT), formerly known as odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), is a benign but locally aggressive cystic neoplasm arising from odontogenic (tooth-forming) epithelium. It is characterized by its unique lining and a propensity for recurrence. While benign, its aggressive growth can lead to significant bone destruction and displacement of adjacent structures.
1. Summary about disease: Keratoconus associated with ectopia lentis is a rare condition characterized by the combination of two distinct eye disorders. Keratoconus involves a progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, resulting in a cone-like shape. Ectopia lentis refers to the dislocation or displacement of the eye's natural lens from its normal position. The combination of these conditions can lead to significant visual impairment.
Fatigue is a very common and often debilitating symptom experienced by individuals with kidney cancer. It can be described as persistent tiredness, weakness, and a lack of energy that interferes with daily activities. This fatigue can be caused by the cancer itself, the treatments used to combat it (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy), or related medical conditions. It's different from ordinary tiredness and doesn't get better with rest. Management often involves addressing the underlying causes and employing strategies to alleviate the symptoms.
Kidney transplant-associated polyomavirus nephropathy (PVAN) is a significant cause of kidney allograft dysfunction and failure. It's primarily caused by the reactivation of the polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) in immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients. PVAN leads to inflammation and damage within the transplanted kidney, potentially resulting in graft loss. Early detection and management are crucial to preserving kidney function.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare, benign, self-limiting inflammatory disorder that primarily affects cervical (neck) lymph nodes. It is often characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes), and sometimes skin rash. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues and organs. The coexistence of KFD and SLE is rare but reported. The combination poses diagnostic challenges as their symptoms can overlap, and KFD can sometimes be mistaken for lupus or lupus flare.
Kimura's disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymph nodes, typically in the head and neck region. It's often associated with elevated levels of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood and increased serum IgE levels. Nephrotic syndrome, a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol, and swelling, can occur as a complication of Kimura's disease, though it's not a typical or defining feature. The exact cause is unknown.
The ketogenic diet, or keto diet, is a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that forces the body to enter a metabolic state called ketosis. While it can be effective for weight loss and managing certain medical conditions, it can also lead to various side effects, often referred to as the "keto flu" during the initial adaptation phase. These side effects arise from the body adjusting to using fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. Long-term effects are also possible and need careful consideration.
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition that occurs in males when they are born with an extra X chromosome. Instead of the typical XY chromosome pattern, they have XXY, or, in rarer cases, XXXY or XXXXY. Mosaic Klinefelter syndrome is a variation where some cells in the body have the typical XY chromosome pattern, while others have XXY. This mosaicism often leads to milder symptoms than the full XXY form. The syndrome can affect sexual development, fertility, and physical characteristics.
Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a rare skeletal disorder characterized by the congenital fusion of two or more vertebrae in the neck. This fusion can restrict neck movement and cause other related health problems. When KFS is associated with hearing loss, it signifies the presence of inner ear or auditory nerve abnormalities alongside the skeletal issues.
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare congenital vascular disorder characterized by the classic triad of port-wine stain (capillary malformation), venous malformations and/or lymphatic malformations, and bony and/or soft tissue hypertrophy (overgrowth) of an affected limb. The syndrome can vary significantly in severity from mild to debilitating.
Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome (KDS), also known as congenital hypothyroidism with muscular hypertrophy, is a rare condition characterized by the combination of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and muscle hypertrophy (enlargement). It primarily affects infants and children. The underlying mechanism involves the impact of insufficient thyroid hormone on muscle development and metabolism.
Koolen-de Vries syndrome (KdVS), also known as 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, hypotonia (low muscle tone), and often, heart defects. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a rare, inherited disorder that damages the protective myelin sheath that covers nerve cells in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. This damage leads to severe neurological problems. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). Krabbe disease typically manifests in infancy, but can occur later in life (late-onset).
Cognitive decline: Memory loss, confusion, difficulty with problem-solving and decision-making.
Motor problems: Ataxia (loss of coordination), myoclonus (sudden muscle jerks), dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions), parkinsonism (tremors, rigidity, slow movement).
Seizures: Can be generalized or focal.
Behavioral and psychiatric changes: Depression, anxiety, psychosis, personality changes.
Visual disturbances: Although less common than in other NCLs, vision problems can occur.
Speech difficulties: Dysarthria (slurred speech).
Kumamoto disease, also known as Minamata disease, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. It was first discovered in Minamata city, Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in 1956. The disease resulted from the discharge of industrial wastewater containing methylmercury from the Chisso Corporation's chemical factory into Minamata Bay. This mercury accumulated in shellfish and fish, which were then consumed by the local population, leading to widespread mercury poisoning.
Kwashiorkor-like syndrome is a condition that resembles kwashiorkor, a severe form of malnutrition primarily caused by protein deficiency. However, kwashiorkor-like syndrome can arise in individuals who are not necessarily protein deficient but experience systemic inflammation and other underlying health issues, such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. It's characterized by edema (swelling), skin changes, and growth impairment, mirroring the symptoms of classic kwashiorkor.
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