Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (clumps of inflammatory cells) in one or more organs of the body. While it can affect any organ, it most commonly affects the lungs and lymph nodes. The cause is unknown, and the disease course can vary widely from spontaneous remission to chronic and progressive disease.
Salmonellosis is a common bacterial infection that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through feces. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. Symptoms often include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Most people recover without treatment, but severe cases may require hospitalization.
Salpingitis is an infection and inflammation of the fallopian tubes. It's a type of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is an infection of the female reproductive organs. If left untreated, salpingitis can lead to serious complications, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Sandfly fever, also known as phlebotomus fever or pappataci fever, is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies (primarily
Phlebotomus
and
Lutzomyia
species). It's a self-limiting, acute febrile illness characterized by flu-like symptoms. While generally not life-threatening, it can cause significant discomfort and temporary disability. The disease is prevalent in regions with warm climates, especially around the Mediterranean, Middle East, Asia, and parts of Central and South America.
Scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the microscopic human itch mite
Sarcoptes scabiei
. The mites burrow into the upper layer of the skin where they live and lay their eggs. This causes intense itching and a pimple-like skin rash. Scabies can affect people of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds worldwide.
Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep throat. It's characterized by a bright red rash that covers most of the body. Scarlet fever is almost always accompanied by a sore throat and high fever. It's most common in children between 5 and 15 years old. While it used to be a serious childhood illness, scarlet fever is now easily treated with antibiotics.
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus
Schistosoma
. Humans become infected when larval forms of the parasite, released by freshwater snails, penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. The parasites then migrate through the body, maturing and residing in blood vessels of the intestines or bladder. The eggs produced by adult worms are released in feces or urine, completing the parasite's life cycle if they reach freshwater. Schistosomiasis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation.
Schizophrenia symptoms are typically categorized as positive, negative, and cognitive:
Positive Symptoms: These are psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there), delusions (false beliefs that are firmly held even when presented with evidence to the contrary), disorganized thinking (difficulty organizing thoughts and speech), and unusual movements or postures.
Negative Symptoms: These symptoms disrupt normal emotions and behaviors. They include flat affect (reduced expression of emotions), avolition (lack of motivation or ability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities), alogia (reduced speech output), anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure), and social withdrawal.
Cognitive Symptoms: These symptoms affect thinking processes. They include problems with memory, attention, executive function (planning, problem-solving), and processing speed. These can be subtle but significantly impact daily functioning.
Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of the body. It often occurs when a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine, or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of the nerve. This causes inflammation, pain, and often some numbness in the affected leg.
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissue. It's characterized by the hardening and thickening of the skin. In some forms, it also affects internal organs and blood vessels. The severity and progression of scleroderma vary greatly among individuals.
Sclerosis refers to a hardening of tissue or body part. There are many types of sclerosis, each affecting different areas of the body and having different causes and prognoses. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) are two well-known and distinct examples. This information aims to cover sclerosis in a general context, but keep in mind that specifics will vary significantly depending on the specific type of sclerosis being discussed.
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. While scoliosis can occur in people with conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown. Most cases of scoliosis are mild, but some spinal curves worsen as children grow. Severe scoliosis can be disabling.
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a severe and prolonged deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet. It leads to collagen synthesis impairment, affecting connective tissues throughout the body. Historically, it was common among sailors and others with limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin condition that mainly affects the scalp and areas with many oil glands (sebaceous glands) like the face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, and chest. It causes scaly patches, red skin, and stubborn dandruff. It's a chronic condition, meaning it can be long-lasting, and requires repeated treatments. In infants, it's known as cradle cap.
Seizures are disturbances in brain activity that cause changes in attention or behavior. They can manifest in many ways, from brief staring spells to convulsions with loss of consciousness. Seizures are a symptom of an underlying brain condition, not a disease in themselves. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures.
Septicemia, often referred to as sepsis or blood poisoning, is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection spirals out of control. Instead of being localized, the infection triggers a chain reaction throughout the body. This leads to widespread inflammation, potentially causing tissue damage, organ failure, and death. Sepsis is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It was first identified in 2003 after an outbreak that began in Asia and spread to other parts of the world. SARS is characterized by flu-like symptoms and can progress to severe pneumonia and respiratory distress.
Genital sores, bumps, or blisters
Painful urination
Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
Itching in the genital area
Pain during intercourse
Lower abdominal pain (especially in women)
Flu-like symptoms (fever, fatigue, swollen glands)
Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. It causes diarrhea, fever, stomach pain, and a frequent urge to pass stool (even when the bowels are empty). Shigellosis is very contagious and is spread through contact with infected stool.
Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), is pain along the shinbone (tibia) resulting from exercise. It is an overuse injury common in runners, dancers, and athletes involved in high-impact activities. It is characterized by inflammation of the muscles, tendons, and bone tissue around the tibia.
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a painful rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus lies dormant in nerve tissue near the spinal cord and brain. Shingles occurs when the virus reactivates. It typically presents as a single stripe of blisters around either the left or the right side of the torso.
Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is a malabsorption disorder that occurs when the small intestine doesn't have enough functional surface area to absorb sufficient nutrients and fluids from digested food. This can happen due to surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine, congenital defects, or diseases that damage the intestinal lining. It leads to diarrhea, malnutrition, and dehydration.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells. Normally, red blood cells are disc-shaped and flexible, allowing them to move easily through blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells become rigid and crescent-shaped (like a sickle). These sickle cells can get stuck in small blood vessels, blocking blood flow and oxygen to organs and tissues. This can lead to pain, organ damage, and other serious complications.
Shoulder impingement syndrome, also known as subacromial impingement, occurs when tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become compressed or irritated as they pass through the subacromial space (the space between the acromion and the humerus). This compression can lead to pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder. It's a common cause of shoulder pain, particularly in athletes involved in overhead activities and individuals with certain shoulder abnormalities.
Sideroblastic anemia is a group of blood disorders characterized by the body's inability to correctly incorporate iron into hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. This leads to the accumulation of iron in the mitochondria of developing red blood cells in the bone marrow, forming ringed sideroblasts (abnormal nucleated red blood cells with iron granules arranged in a ring around the nucleus). Consequently, there is a decrease in the production of normal red blood cells, causing anemia. Sideroblastic anemia can be inherited or acquired.
Shortness of breath, initially with exertion
Persistent cough
Fatigue
Chest pain
Weakness
Weight loss
Eventually, respiratory failure may occur.
Sinusitis is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. Sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces within the skull that are connected to the nasal passages. Sinusitis can be caused by infection, allergies, or other conditions, and can lead to pain, pressure, and congestion in the face and nasal passages. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, such as the salivary and tear glands. This leads to dryness of the eyes and mouth, and can also affect other organs.
1. Summary about disease: Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breaths during sleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes and can occur many times per hour. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), where the upper airway becomes blocked during sleep. This disrupts sleep, leading to daytime sleepiness and other health problems.
Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells. It most often develops on skin exposed to the sun, but it can also occur on areas of your skin not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. There are several types, with the most common being basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Melanoma is the most dangerous due to its ability to spread rapidly. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) is a hip condition that occurs in adolescents, where the ball (femoral head) at the upper end of the thighbone (femur) slips off the neck of the femur at the growth plate. This results in pain, stiffness, and altered gait. It's most common during the growth spurt years, and can affect one or both hips.
1. Summary about disease: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive type of lung cancer that accounts for about 10-15% of all lung cancers. It is characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis (spread) to other parts of the body. SCLC is strongly associated with cigarette smoking.
Smallpox was a highly contagious and often fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It was characterized by a distinctive skin rash with fluid-filled blisters (pustules) all over the body. Through successful global vaccination efforts, smallpox was eradicated worldwide, with the last naturally occurring case in 1977. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. While eradicated, concerns remain about potential re-emergence from stored virus samples.
Snakebite envenomation is a traumatic injury caused by the bite of a venomous snake. It is a significant public health problem, particularly in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries. The severity of a snakebite depends on factors such as the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the victim's size and health. It can cause a range of symptoms from local pain and swelling to systemic effects like bleeding disorders, paralysis, and kidney failure.
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is a mental health condition characterized by an intense fear of social situations. This fear stems from a concern about being judged, negatively evaluated, or embarrassed in public. It goes beyond typical shyness and can significantly interfere with daily life, including work, school, and relationships.
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare type of cancer that develops in the soft tissues of the body. These tissues include muscles, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons, and tissues around joints. STS can occur anywhere in the body but is most common in the arms, legs, and abdomen. There are many different types of STS, each with its own characteristics.
Symptoms can vary widely from person to person and can affect any part of the body. Common symptoms include:
Pain (e.g., back pain, headache, chest pain)
Fatigue or weakness
Gastrointestinal problems (e.g., nausea, bloating, constipation, diarrhea)
Neurological symptoms (e.g., dizziness, numbness, tingling, paralysis)
Sexual dysfunction
Psychological distress related to the symptoms
Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms (e.g., persistent worrying about health, constantly seeking medical care, magnifying the severity of symptoms)
Spasmodic torticollis, also known as cervical dystonia, is a painful neurological movement disorder that causes the neck muscles to contract involuntarily, resulting in the head twisting or turning to one side, or tilting forward or backward. It can range in severity from mild to severe, impacting daily activities and quality of life. The condition is chronic, meaning it's long-lasting.
Spina Bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spinal cord doesn't close completely during pregnancy. This can result in a range of disabilities, from mild to severe, depending on the type and location of the opening in the spine. The severity of the condition is usually determined by the size and location of the opening and whether or not the spinal cord and nerves are affected.
Loss of motor function (paralysis)
Loss of sensation (touch, pain, temperature)
Loss of bowel or bladder control
Muscle spasms
Pain
Difficulty breathing
Changes in sexual function
Autonomic dysreflexia (sudden increase in blood pressure)
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spaces within your spine, which can put pressure on the nerves that travel through the spinal cord. This compression can cause pain, numbness, weakness, and in severe cases, loss of bladder or bowel control. It most commonly occurs in the lower back (lumbar stenosis) and the neck (cervical stenosis).
Splenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left abdomen, under the rib cage. It plays a role in filtering the blood, storing blood cells, and fighting infection. Splenomegaly itself is not a disease, but rather a sign of an underlying condition. It can be caused by infections, blood disorders, liver disease, cancers, and other problems. In some cases, the enlarged spleen may function normally, while in other cases it may become overactive and remove too many blood cells from the circulation, leading to anemia, leukopenia (low white blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
Spondylitis refers to inflammation of the vertebrae (bones of the spine). While the term can generally refer to any inflammation of the spine, it is often used to describe a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases that cause arthritis. The most common type is ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Other types include non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis (associated with inflammatory bowel disease). Spondylitis can lead to pain, stiffness, and, in severe cases, fusion of the vertebrae.
Spondylolisthesis is a condition where one of the vertebrae in your spine slips out of position onto the vertebra below it. This slippage can cause pain, numbness, and weakness. It most commonly occurs in the lower back (lumbar spine). The severity can range from mild to severe, impacting daily activities.
1. Summary about disease: Spontaneous pneumothorax is a condition where air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse partially or completely. This occurs without any external injury or trauma. It's categorized as primary (occurring in individuals without known lung disease) or secondary (occurring in individuals with underlying lung disease).
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that arises from the squamous cells, which are flat cells that make up the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It is the second most common form of skin cancer. SCC can also occur in other areas of the body, such as the mouth, throat, lungs, esophagus, and cervix. While often curable when detected early, SCC can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize) if left untreated.
Staphylococcal infections are caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, commonly found on the skin or in the nose of healthy individuals. Most of the time, these bacteria cause no problems or result in relatively minor skin infections. However, staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart.
Stasis dermatitis, also known as gravitational dermatitis or venous eczema, is a common inflammatory skin condition that occurs on the lower legs as a result of chronic venous insufficiency. This condition develops when the veins in the legs have trouble sending blood back to the heart, leading to blood pooling in the lower legs. This pooling causes increased pressure in the veins, which damages the capillaries and allows fluid and blood cells to leak into the skin, causing inflammation, itching, and skin changes.
Steatohepatitis is a type of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by inflammation of the liver, along with fat accumulation. It can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. There are two main types: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which occurs in people who drink little to no alcohol, and Alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is caused by heavy alcohol use. NASH is frequently associated with obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure.
Women: Irregular menstrual cycles, painful periods, absence of menstruation, hormonal imbalances (indicated by skin problems, facial hair growth), pain during intercourse.
Men: Problems with sexual function (erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation), pain, swelling or a lump in the testicles, decreased sexual desire, problems with ejaculation.
Still's disease is a rare type of inflammatory arthritis. There are two main types: systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), affecting children, and adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), affecting adults. It's characterized by a high spiking fever, salmon-colored rash, and joint pain. The disease is systemic, meaning it can affect multiple organs.
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a disease in which malignant cells form in the lining of the stomach. It can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread to other organs such as the esophagus, liver, and pancreas. Different types of stomach cancer exist, with adenocarcinoma being the most common. Early detection and treatment are crucial for better outcomes.
Stomatitis is a general term for inflammation and sores inside the mouth. It can affect the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and palate. There are various types of stomatitis, including canker sores (aphthous stomatitis), cold sores (herpes simplex stomatitis), and denture stomatitis. The severity can range from mild discomfort to significant pain that interferes with eating, talking, and sleeping.
Strabismus, commonly known as crossed eyes or walleye, is a condition where the eyes do not align properly and point in different directions. One eye may look straight ahead, while the other eye turns inward (esotropia), outward (exotropia), upward (hypertropia), or downward (hypotropia). This misalignment can be constant or intermittent. Strabismus can affect depth perception and, if left untreated, can lead to amblyopia (lazy eye) in children.
Pain that gradually worsens with activity.
Pain that decreases during rest.
Tenderness to the touch at a specific spot on the bone.
Swelling around the area of pain.
Pain that may be more intense at night.
Streptococcal infections are a group of illnesses caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These bacteria are common and can cause a wide range of infections, from mild throat infections (strep throat) to more serious conditions like skin infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. Severity depends on the specific type of Streptococcus bacteria involved and the location of the infection.
: Stress incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine when pressure is exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy. It's a common type of urinary incontinence, particularly in women, but can also affect men. It's not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of weakened pelvic floor muscles and/or a weakened urinary sphincter.
Stroke symptoms appear suddenly. Common signs include:
Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body
Sudden trouble speaking or understanding speech
Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Sudden dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination
Sudden severe headache with no known cause
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS) is a rare congenital neurocutaneous disorder characterized by a facial port-wine stain (a birthmark), neurological abnormalities (usually seizures and intellectual disability), and glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye). It's caused by a somatic mutation, meaning it's not inherited. The severity of SWS varies greatly from person to person.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane (the subarachnoid space). It's a serious condition that can lead to brain damage, stroke, and even death. Most commonly, it's caused by a ruptured aneurysm, but other causes exist. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial.
A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood between the dura mater (the tough outer membrane covering the brain) and the arachnoid mater (the next membrane layer covering the brain). It is usually caused by a head injury, where small veins that bridge the subdural space tear and bleed. SDHs can be acute (developing rapidly after a severe injury), subacute (developing over days or weeks), or chronic (developing over weeks or months after a relatively minor injury). They can put pressure on the brain, leading to neurological symptoms. SDHs are a serious condition and can be life-threatening.
Subfertility, also known as reduced fertility, is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects both men and women and can be caused by a variety of factors related to reproductive health. It differs from infertility which refers to the complete inability to conceive.
A subungual hematoma is a collection of blood under the fingernail or toenail. It typically results from trauma to the nail, such as stubbing a toe or hitting a finger. The pressure from the blood accumulation causes pain and may eventually lead to nail detachment.
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart abruptly stops beating effectively, leading to a cessation of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. It's a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate intervention. Unlike a heart attack, which involves a blockage in a coronary artery, SCA is primarily an electrical problem that disrupts the heart's rhythm. Without rapid treatment, SCA can lead to death within minutes.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden, unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby less than 1 year old, usually during sleep. It is sometimes called crib death because babies often die in their cribs. The cause of SIDS is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of factors, including problems with the baby's ability to wake up from sleep, brain defects, infections, heart problems, problems with metabolism, breathing problems, being born prematurely or having a low birth weight, and environmental factors.
Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome occurs when the superior vena cava, a large vein that carries blood from the upper body to the heart, is blocked or compressed. This obstruction restricts blood flow, leading to a buildup of blood in the upper body. It's often associated with underlying medical conditions, most commonly cancer.
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a type of abnormally fast heart rate that originates from above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). It involves the upper chambers (atria) or the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node acts as an electrical relay station between the atria and ventricles. SVT is characterized by a sudden onset and termination of rapid heartbeats, often significantly faster than the normal resting heart rate. While SVT can be frightening, it's usually not life-threatening, especially in individuals with otherwise healthy hearts.
Sunburn is an inflammatory skin condition caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. It is characterized by red, painful skin that is warm to the touch. Repeated sunburns increase the risk of skin cancer and premature aging.
Swimmer's ear, also known as otitis externa, is an infection of the outer ear canal, the tube that runs from the eardrum to the outside of the head. It's often caused by bacteria or fungi that thrive in moist environments. While anyone can get it, it's particularly common in swimmers because water trapped in the ear canal creates a breeding ground for these microorganisms.
Sydenham's Chorea (SC), also known as St. Vitus' dance, is a neurological disorder characterized by rapid, jerky, and involuntary movements affecting primarily the face, hands, and feet. It is a major manifestation of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), a delayed autoimmune reaction to a Group A streptococcal infection (like strep throat or scarlet fever). SC typically affects children and adolescents, primarily between the ages of 5 and 15. While it can be a self-limiting condition, it can cause significant disruption in daily life and, in rare cases, can lead to long-term neurological complications.
Synechiae refers to adhesions or scar tissue that cause the iris (the colored part of the eye) to stick to either the lens of the eye (posterior synechiae) or the cornea (anterior synechiae). These adhesions can distort the pupil shape, impede fluid flow within the eye, and potentially lead to glaucoma or vision loss.
Syncope, commonly known as fainting or passing out, is a temporary loss of consciousness usually related to insufficient blood flow to the brain. It is often brief, and recovery is typically rapid and complete. While often benign, syncope can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying medical condition.
Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by
Treponema pallidum
. It's typically spread through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected person. The disease progresses in stages, with different signs and symptoms associated with each stage. If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious health problems, including damage to the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, and other organs.
Syringomyelia is a rare disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) forms within the spinal cord. Over time, this cyst can enlarge and compress or damage the spinal cord, leading to a range of neurological problems.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), often referred to simply as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs. This can cause inflammation and damage in various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus is a systemic disease, meaning it can affect many different organ systems. The severity and specific symptoms of lupus vary widely from person to person. There is currently no cure for lupus, but treatment can help control symptoms and minimize damage.
Sacroiliitis is an inflammation of one or both of the sacroiliac (SI) joints, which are located where the lower spine (sacrum) connects to the pelvis (ilium). This inflammation can cause pain in the buttocks, lower back, groin, and even down the legs. Sacroiliitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, arthritis, infection, and pregnancy. The severity and duration of symptoms vary widely.
Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the salivary glands. These glands produce saliva, which helps with digestion, keeps the mouth moist, and supports healthy teeth. Most salivary gland tumors are benign (noncancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous). There are various types of salivary gland cancers, categorized by the specific cells involved. Treatment depends on the type, location, stage, and grade of the cancer.
SAPHO syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by a combination of skin (dermatological) and bone (skeletal) manifestations. The acronym SAPHO stands for:
Synovitis (inflammation of the joint lining)
Acne (severe acne, often palmoplantar pustulosis or acne conglobata)
Pustulosis (pustules, especially on the palms and soles)
Hyperostosis (abnormal thickening of bone)
Osteitis (inflammation of the bone)
SAPHO syndrome is considered an autoinflammatory condition, meaning the immune system inappropriately attacks the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. Its features can overlap with other inflammatory conditions, making diagnosis challenging.
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues. It can affect various internal organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. The severity and progression of SSc vary widely among individuals.
A palpable lump or swelling, which may or may not be painful.
Pain, especially if the sarcoma is pressing on nerves or other structures.
Limited range of motion, especially if the sarcoma is near a joint.
Fatigue.
Unexplained weight loss.
Scapholunate dissociation is a wrist injury involving a disruption of the ligaments connecting the scaphoid and lunate bones. This instability can lead to pain, clicking, and eventual arthritis if left untreated. The scapholunate ligament is the primary stabilizer between these two bones, and when it tears, the normal mechanics of the wrist are disrupted. This alters carpal alignment and load distribution.
Scheuermann's disease, also known as Scheuermann's kyphosis, is a structural deformity of the spine, typically developing during adolescence. It results in an exaggerated rounding of the upper back (kyphosis) and can also affect the lower back (lumbar spine), sometimes causing lordosis (excessive inward curve of the lower spine). The condition occurs because the vertebrae develop abnormally, becoming wedge-shaped rather than rectangular.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized primarily by a combination of symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania. Individuals experience periods of psychosis alongside periods of mood disturbance. It is a complex illness that requires ongoing treatment and management.
Schwannomas are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that develop from Schwann cells, which are responsible for producing the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers. They most commonly occur on cranial nerves (especially the vestibulocochlear nerve, leading to acoustic neuromas) and peripheral nerves. While typically slow-growing, they can cause problems by compressing nerves or surrounding tissues.
A sebaceous cyst is a common, slow-growing, noncancerous bump under the skin. It arises from a sebaceous gland, which produces sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin and hair. Although often called sebaceous cysts, many are actually epidermal cysts arising from hair follicles. They are typically painless but can become inflamed, infected, or enlarge enough to cause discomfort.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels in the blood, become overactive due to another underlying condition, most commonly chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD, the kidneys are unable to activate vitamin D and remove phosphorus effectively. Low vitamin D and high phosphorus levels lead to low calcium levels, which triggers the parathyroid glands to produce more parathyroid hormone (PTH) in an attempt to raise calcium levels. Over time, this chronic stimulation causes the parathyroid glands to enlarge and produce excessive PTH, even if calcium levels normalize.
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It's often permanent and can range from mild to profound. SNHL affects the ability to hear faint sounds and can also affect the clarity of speech.
Selective Mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations where there is an expectation to speak (e.g., school) despite speaking in other situations (e.g., at home with close family). It significantly interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. It's not simply shyness or refusal to speak; it's a genuine inability driven by anxiety.
Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. It typically occurs when two or more drugs that affect serotonin levels are used together. The excess serotonin leads to a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, affecting mental status, autonomic nervous system function, and neuromuscular activity. Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial.
Septic arthritis, also known as infectious arthritis, is a painful infection in a joint. It's caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi entering a joint, most often through the bloodstream, but sometimes through direct injury or surgery. The infection leads to inflammation and destruction of the joint cartilage and bone. It requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent joint damage and systemic complications.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare group of inherited disorders that cause severe defects in the immune system. Infants with SCID lack functional T cells and B cells, which are crucial for fighting off infections. This makes them highly susceptible to life-threatening infections that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. SCID is considered a pediatric emergency, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Sexual dysfunction encompasses a range of problems that prevent an individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from sexual activity. These problems can involve desire, arousal, orgasm, or pain. It affects both men and women and can be caused by physical, psychological, or relationship factors.
Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), is pain along the shinbone (tibia) caused by overuse. It's common in runners, dancers, and other athletes. The pain results from inflammation where muscles, tendons, and bone tissue connect to the tibia.
Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) refers to a group of heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) caused by malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's natural pacemaker. This malfunction can result in a heart rate that is too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or an irregular combination of both. It can also cause pauses in heart rhythm. SSS is more common in older adults and may require treatment with a pacemaker.
Short stature is a condition where a person's height is significantly below the average height for their age and sex. While genetics play a significant role, hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, certain medical conditions, and skeletal disorders can also contribute to reduced growth. It's important to differentiate between normal variations in height and true short stature, which may require medical intervention.
Sigmoid volvulus is a condition where the sigmoid colon, a part of the large intestine, twists around itself and its mesentery (the tissue that supports it), causing bowel obstruction. This can lead to a buildup of pressure and potential loss of blood supply to the affected section of the colon. It's a serious condition that requires prompt medical intervention.
Sideropenia, commonly known as iron deficiency, is a condition where the body doesn't have enough iron. Iron is essential for producing hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. This deficiency can lead to a variety of health problems.
Silent myocardial infarction (SMI), also known as a silent heart attack, is a heart attack that occurs without the typical symptoms of chest pain. It damages the heart muscle but may go unnoticed or be mistaken for another less serious condition. Because it lacks prominent symptoms, SMI is often diagnosed later, usually during a routine examination or after a more significant cardiac event.
Simple febrile seizures are seizures (convulsions) that occur in young children, usually between 6 months and 5 years old, and are triggered by a fever. These seizures are brief (lasting less than 15 minutes), generalized (involving the whole body), and do not recur within a 24-hour period. They are generally considered harmless and do not cause brain damage.
Single ventricle defect is a congenital heart defect where a baby is born with only one functioning ventricle (pumping chamber) in the heart, instead of two. This means the single ventricle must pump blood to both the lungs and the body, resulting in mixed oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood being circulated. This places extra strain on the heart and can lead to various complications. Survival depends on surgical interventions.
Sinus tachycardia is a type of abnormally fast heart rate. It is a normal increase in heart rate due to exercise, stress, excitement, or illness. However, when the elevated heart rate is inappropriate for the situation or caused by an underlying medical condition, it may require further evaluation. In sinus tachycardia, the heart's natural pacemaker (the sinus node) is firing electrical signals faster than usual, leading to a heart rate above 100 beats per minute (bpm) in adults at rest. It's important to distinguish this from other types of tachycardia, which originate from different parts of the heart.
Situs inversus is a rare congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are mirrored or reversed from their normal positions. This means that organs normally found on the left side of the body are on the right, and vice versa. It can occur with or without other congenital anomalies. Situs inversus totalis is where all organs are reversed, while situs inversus with levocardia involves only the abdominal organs being reversed, leaving the heart in the normal left-sided position, which is typically more problematic.
A skin abscess is a collection of pus within the skin. It's usually caused by a bacterial infection, often involving Staphylococcus aureus ("staph"). Abscesses can occur anywhere on the body but are most common in areas with hair follicles (like the armpits, groin, and buttocks) or where there has been a break in the skin.
Skin tags (acrochordons) are small, soft, benign skin growths that typically appear on the neck, armpits, groin, and eyelids. They are very common and usually harmless.
A slipped disc, also known as a herniated or prolapsed disc, occurs when the soft cushion of tissue between the bones in your spine pushes out. This can irritate nearby nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in an arm or leg. Most slipped discs occur in the lower back (lumbar spine), but they can also occur in the neck (cervical spine).
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) occurs when there's an excessive amount of bacteria in the small intestine. Normally, the small intestine has relatively few bacteria compared to the colon. SIBO can interfere with nutrient absorption, leading to various symptoms.
Smell disorders, also known as olfactory dysfunction, involve a diminished or distorted ability to perceive odors. These disorders can range from a decreased sensitivity to smells (hyposmia) to a complete loss of smell (anosmia), or even a distorted sense of smell (parosmia) or the perception of smells when none are present (phantosmia). Smell disorders can significantly impact quality of life, affecting appetite, nutrition, and the ability to detect environmental hazards like gas leaks or spoiled food.
Smoking-related diseases encompass a wide range of illnesses caused or exacerbated by tobacco smoking. These diseases affect nearly every organ in the body and are a leading cause of preventable death. They range from cardiovascular diseases and respiratory illnesses to various cancers.
Snapping hip syndrome refers to a condition where you feel a snapping sensation or hear a popping sound in your hip when you walk, get up from a chair, swing your leg, or during exercise. It's often painless and harmless but can sometimes be accompanied by pain and weakness. There are three types: external (most common), internal, and intra-articular.
Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a mental health condition characterized by intense fear and anxiety in social situations. This fear stems from the belief that one will be negatively judged, humiliated, or embarrassed by others. It goes beyond simple shyness and can significantly interfere with daily life, affecting relationships, work, and other activities.
Solar urticaria is a rare, chronic inducible urticaria (hives) triggered by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) and/or visible light. The reaction typically appears within minutes of exposure and resolves within a few hours after cessation of exposure. It significantly impacts quality of life due to the need for strict sun avoidance.
Somatization Disorder, now primarily referred to as Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) in the DSM-5, is a mental health condition characterized by a person having a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, to the point that it causes major emotional distress and problems functioning. The individual may experience distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to these symptoms, even when medical testing reveals no apparent cause or the symptoms are not proportional to any underlying medical condition. The disorder is not about faking illness; the distress and symptoms are real to the person.
Spastic diplegia is a form of cerebral palsy that primarily affects the legs. It's characterized by increased muscle tone (spasticity) in the lower limbs, leading to stiffness and difficulty with movement. While the legs are most affected, the arms may also be mildly involved in some cases. It's a non-progressive condition, meaning the brain damage that causes it doesn't worsen over time, but the symptoms can change or improve with therapy and management.
Speech delay, also known as language delay, refers to a condition in which a child's speech and language skills develop at a slower rate than typically expected for their age. This delay can affect different aspects of communication, including understanding spoken language (receptive language) and expressing oneself (expressive language). It's important to note that a speech delay is not the same as a speech disorder, which involves difficulties with the mechanics of producing speech sounds.
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormally shaped, spherical red blood cells (spherocytes). These spherocytes are more fragile than normal red blood cells and are prematurely destroyed in the spleen, leading to hemolytic anemia.
Visible clusters of small, thin blood vessels near the skin's surface.
They can be red, blue, or purple.
Spider-web like pattern.
Generally painless, but some people may experience mild aching, burning, or itching in the affected area.
May worsen with prolonged standing or sitting.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons (nerve cells) in the spinal cord and brainstem. These motor neurons control voluntary muscle movements, such as crawling, walking, head and neck control, and swallowing. The loss of these neurons leads to muscle weakness and atrophy (wasting). SMA is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The severity of SMA varies depending on the type and age of onset.
Spinal tumors are abnormal growths that develop within the spinal cord or surrounding structures (vertebrae, meninges, nerve roots). They can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can cause a variety of neurological problems depending on their size, location, and growth rate. They can be classified as intramedullary (within the spinal cord itself) or extramedullary (outside the spinal cord).
Spondyloarthropathy (SpA), also known as spondyloarthritis, is a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases that cause arthritis. It primarily affects the spine, but can also involve other joints, entheses (where tendons and ligaments attach to bone), and organs. Common conditions within the SpA spectrum include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, enteropathic arthritis (associated with inflammatory bowel disease), and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis.
Spondylosis is a general term for age-related degeneration of the spine. It most commonly affects the neck (cervical spondylosis) and lower back (lumbar spondylosis). The degeneration can involve the discs, vertebrae, and associated ligaments and joints. It often leads to pain, stiffness, and potentially nerve compression.
: Sports injuries encompass a wide range of injuries that occur during athletic activities or exercise. These injuries can affect muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, and other tissues. The severity can range from minor sprains and strains to fractures and dislocations. Proper prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial for athletes to return to their sport safely and effectively.
Common symptoms of soft tissue injuries include:
Pain (ranging from mild to severe)
Swelling
Bruising
Stiffness
Weakness
Limited range of motion
Muscle spasms
Stammering (also known as stuttering) is a speech disorder characterized by disruptions in the flow of speech. These disruptions may include repetitions of sounds, syllables, or words; prolongations of sounds; or blocks (silent pauses or hesitations in speech). Stammering can vary in severity and frequency. While its precise cause is not fully understood, it is believed to be a combination of genetic, neurological, and developmental factors. It is not a sign of low intelligence or psychological distress, although it can lead to feelings of frustration, anxiety, and social isolation.
1. Summary about disease: Squint, also known as strabismus, is a condition where the eyes don't look in the same direction at the same time. One eye may look straight ahead, while the other eye turns inward (esotropia or "cross-eyed"), outward (exotropia or "wall-eyed"), upward (hypertropia), or downward (hypotropia). It can affect people of all ages but is more common in children. If left untreated, it can lead to amblyopia ("lazy eye") and permanent vision problems.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) is a severe skin infection, primarily affecting infants and young children, caused by toxins produced by certain strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteria. These toxins cause the outer layer of skin (epidermis) to separate from the underlying layers, resulting in a scalded appearance.
Stargardt disease, also known as Stargardt macular dystrophy or fundus flavimaculatus, is an inherited form of macular degeneration that causes progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood or adolescence. It primarily affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision needed for tasks like reading and recognizing faces.
1. Summary about disease: Static encephalopathy refers to permanent, non-progressive brain damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after birth or in early childhood. It results in a fixed neurological deficit, meaning the underlying cause of the damage is no longer active, but the effects remain. It's not a specific disease but rather a term describing the lasting consequences of various brain insults. The impact varies significantly depending on the location and extent of the brain damage, affecting motor skills, cognitive abilities, sensory perception, and behavior.
Bulky stools
Foul-smelling stools
Greasy stools (may appear oily)
Stools that float
Light-colored stools
Diarrhea or loose stools
Abdominal cramping or pain
Weight loss (due to malabsorption)
Gas and bloating
Stein-Leventhal Syndrome, now more commonly known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and/or polycystic ovaries (ovaries that contain many small follicles). The syndrome can lead to infertility and increases the risk of other health problems like diabetes and heart disease.
Stenosis refers to the abnormal narrowing of a body channel. It can occur in various parts of the body, but it most commonly affects the spine (spinal stenosis) and blood vessels (vascular stenosis). Spinal stenosis narrows the spinal canal, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. Vascular stenosis narrows blood vessels, reducing blood flow. This information will primarily focus on spinal stenosis.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare, serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. It's usually a reaction to medication or an infection. SJS causes a painful rash, blisters, and detachment of the top layer of skin. It's considered a medical emergency requiring hospitalization.
Stickler syndrome is a group of genetic disorders that affect connective tissue, particularly collagen. This can lead to a variety of problems affecting the eyes, ears, bones, joints, and face. The severity and specific symptoms vary widely among affected individuals.
Decreased fetal movement: A noticeable reduction or absence of fetal movement as perceived by the mother.
Vaginal bleeding: Any bleeding during the later stages of pregnancy.
Abdominal pain or cramping: Persistent or severe abdominal pain.
Absence of fetal heartbeat: If the mother has a fetal Doppler monitor at home and cannot detect a heartbeat.
Sudden decrease in pregnancy symptoms: A sudden and unexplained lessening of typical pregnancy symptoms.
Skin Irritation: Redness, itching, soreness, or broken skin around the stoma.
Leakage: Stool or urine leaking from under the ostomy appliance.
Stoma Retraction: The stoma pulling inward or sinking below the skin level.
Stoma Prolapse: The stoma telescoping outward and becoming longer than usual.
Stoma Stenosis: Narrowing of the stoma opening.
Stoma Necrosis: Darkening or blackening of the stoma, indicating tissue death.
Parastomal Hernia: A bulge or swelling around the stoma.
Bleeding: Excessive bleeding from the stoma or peristomal skin.
Changes in Output: Significant changes in the amount, consistency, or color of stoma output.
Pain: Abdominal pain or pain at the stoma site.
A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach. It's a type of peptic ulcer, which can also occur in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Stomach ulcers are often caused by bacterial infection with
Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Stomatocytosis is a rare inherited disorder affecting the red blood cells. The red blood cells appear mouth-like (stoma) when viewed under a microscope. This is due to an abnormality in the cell membrane that causes an imbalance in sodium and potassium levels inside the cell, leading to excessive water influx and cell swelling. This can lead to hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. There are several types of stomatocytosis, each with varying degrees of severity.
Strawberry tongue is a condition characterized by a swollen, bumpy, red tongue that resembles the surface of a strawberry. It is often associated with scarlet fever, but can also occur with other infections and medical conditions. The appearance is due to inflammation of the taste buds (papillae).
Stress cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, broken heart syndrome, or apical ballooning syndrome, is a temporary heart condition that is often triggered by stressful situations, such as the death of a loved one, a serious accident, or a natural disaster. The condition causes a sudden weakening of the heart muscle, leading to symptoms that mimic a heart attack. The left ventricle, the heart's main pumping chamber, changes shape and balloons out at the bottom, resembling a Japanese octopus trap called a "takotsubo." While symptoms can be severe, stress cardiomyopathy is usually reversible, and most people recover fully within weeks or months.
Stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) refers to elevated blood glucose levels that occur in response to physiological stress. This stress can be due to acute illness, trauma, surgery, or severe psychological stress. While not necessarily indicative of diabetes, it is often observed in hospitalized patients, especially those in intensive care units. SIH can negatively impact patient outcomes, increasing the risk of complications such as infections, delayed wound healing, and prolonged hospital stays. The condition typically resolves once the underlying stressor is removed.
Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode worm
Strongyloides stercoralis
. It's prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. The unique aspect of this infection is its ability to persist within the host for decades through autoinfection, where larvae mature internally and re-infect the host. This can lead to chronic infection and, in immunocompromised individuals, a life-threatening disseminated disease called hyperinfection syndrome.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. It primarily affects children and young adults who had measles, typically before the age of two, even if they received the measles vaccine. SSPE is characterized by cognitive decline, behavioral changes, myoclonic seizures, and motor dysfunction. It's a slowly progressing encephalitis caused by a persistent infection with a mutated measles virus.
A subconjunctival hemorrhage occurs when a small blood vessel breaks underneath the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye (sclera). Blood gets trapped beneath the conjunctiva, causing a bright red patch to appear on the eye. It often looks alarming but is usually harmless and resolves on its own. It's akin to a bruise on the eye.
Subcutaneous emphysema (SCE), also known as surgical emphysema, is a condition where air becomes trapped under the skin. This usually occurs in the chest, neck, and face, but can spread to other parts of the body. The presence of air under the skin produces a characteristic crackling sensation when palpated (felt), often described as "crepitus." While not usually life-threatening on its own, its presence often indicates an underlying medical issue that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Subdural effusion refers to a collection of fluid in the subdural space, which is the area between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, the membranes covering the brain. This fluid can be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, or inflammatory fluid. Subdural effusions are more common in infants, but can occur in adults as well. They can be benign and resolve on their own, or they can be a sign of an underlying condition that requires medical intervention.
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by prolonged seizure activity or recurrent seizures without recovery between them, lasting for 5 minutes or more. It's a neurological emergency that requires immediate medical intervention to prevent brain damage and systemic complications.
Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords (in the subglottic region). This narrowing obstructs airflow, leading to difficulty breathing. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed later in life). The severity can range from mild, causing only exertional dyspnea, to severe, causing life-threatening airway obstruction.
Subluxation, in the context of musculoskeletal health, generally refers to a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint or vertebra. It implies a misalignment that's less severe than a complete dislocation. While the term is used across different healthcare disciplines, its definition and significance vary, particularly between conventional medicine and chiropractic. Chiropractors often use the term "vertebral subluxation complex" (VSC) to describe a complex of functional and/or structural and/or pathological articular changes that compromise neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general health. Mainstream medicine typically focuses on demonstrable instability on imaging studies.
Submandibular gland swelling refers to the enlargement of one or both of the submandibular glands, which are located beneath the jaw on either side of the neck. This swelling can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, inflammation, salivary stones, or, less commonly, tumors. The swelling can be painful or painless, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms like difficulty swallowing or dry mouth. Accurate diagnosis is important to determine the underlying cause and implement appropriate treatment.
Submucosal cleft palate (SMCP) is a type of cleft palate where the palate appears intact, but there is an underlying defect in the muscles of the soft palate and/or the bony hard palate. This means the roof of the mouth looks normal, but the muscles responsible for speech and swallowing don't function correctly. It's often discovered later in life than overt cleft palates, frequently presenting with speech problems or feeding difficulties.
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder is characterized by the presence of psychosis (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking) that is directly caused by the physiological effects of a substance, such as drugs of abuse, medications, or toxins. The psychosis is not better explained by a primary psychotic disorder like schizophrenia. The symptoms typically resolve once the substance is removed from the body.
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome is a rare digestive condition where the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) becomes compressed between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the aorta. This compression causes partial or complete blockage of the duodenum, leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms. It's sometimes called Wilkie's Syndrome or cast syndrome.
A subphrenic abscess is a collection of pus located between the diaphragm and the abdominal organs, most commonly the liver, spleen, or stomach. It is usually a complication of abdominal surgery, trauma, or infection, such as a perforated viscus or pancreatitis. Because of its location, it can be difficult to diagnose and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated.
Supraspinatus tendonitis (also sometimes called supraspinatus tendinopathy) is an inflammation or irritation of the supraspinatus tendon, one of the four tendons that make up the rotator cuff in the shoulder. This tendon helps you lift and rotate your arm. Overuse, injury, or age-related degeneration can lead to this condition, causing pain and limiting shoulder movement.
Suppurative hidradenitis (HS), also known as acne inversa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by painful, recurring boils and nodules, often accompanied by scarring, primarily in areas where skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks, and under the breasts. It is a long-term condition with periods of flare-ups and remission.
Sweet syndrome, also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by the sudden appearance of painful, red or purplish bumps or plaques on the skin, often accompanied by fever, and an elevated white blood cell count (neutrophilia). It can occur in association with various underlying conditions, including infections, cancers, and inflammatory diseases, or can be drug-induced or idiopathic (cause unknown).
Synovitis is inflammation of the synovial membrane, which is the tissue lining the joints. This membrane produces synovial fluid, a lubricant that helps joints move smoothly. When the synovium becomes inflamed, it can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint. Synovitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, overuse, infection, and underlying conditions like arthritis. It can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Swollen lymph nodes, also known as lymphadenopathy, indicate that your lymph nodes are enlarged. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph fluid, which contains white blood cells to help fight infection. Swelling is often a sign that your body is fighting an infection or other illness. They are part of your immune system and can be found throughout your body, including in your neck, armpits, and groin.
Synthetic cannabinoid-related illnesses encompass a range of adverse health effects resulting from the use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), which are human-made chemicals that mimic the effects of THC, the psychoactive component of marijuana. SCs bind to the same receptors in the brain as THC but often with much greater potency, leading to unpredictable and potentially severe consequences. These substances are often marketed as "synthetic marijuana" or "herbal incense" under various brand names, but their composition and effects can vary widely and are often unknown. These illnesses can range from mild psychological effects to severe physical symptoms and even death.
Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (SCLS), also known as Clarkson's disease, is a very rare disorder characterized by episodes of severe hypotension (low blood pressure) and edema (swelling) caused by plasma leaking from blood vessels into surrounding tissues. This leakage leads to hemoconcentration (increased concentration of blood cells) and can cause life-threatening organ damage.
Scombroid poisoning, also known as histamine poisoning, is a foodborne illness that results from eating spoiled fish. Certain fish species, when not properly refrigerated, can develop high levels of histamine due to bacterial growth. This histamine, when ingested, causes an allergic-like reaction.
Seborrheic keratoses are common, benign (non-cancerous) skin growths that typically appear as waxy, brown, black, or tan growths. They often look like they are "stuck on" the skin. They are not contagious or harmful but can be cosmetically bothersome. They tend to increase in number with age.
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies are a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases that primarily affect the spine (spondylo-) and joints (-arthropathy). The term "seronegative" refers to the fact that blood tests for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA), which are typically positive in rheumatoid arthritis, are negative in these conditions. Common examples include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis (associated with inflammatory bowel disease). These diseases share genetic predispositions, overlapping clinical features, and often involve inflammation at entheses (sites where tendons and ligaments attach to bone).
Severe aplastic anemia is a rare and serious condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells. This can lead to a deficiency of red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). This deficiency results in fatigue, increased risk of infections, and uncontrolled bleeding. It's a life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS) is a rare inherited disorder that primarily affects the bone marrow, pancreas, and skeletal system. It leads to problems with blood cell production, digestion, and bone development. The severity of symptoms varies widely among affected individuals.
Silent thyroiditis is a painless inflammation of the thyroid gland. It's often considered a variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but without the goiter (enlarged thyroid) or pain. It typically presents in three phases: hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), and a return to normal thyroid function (euthyroidism). It's called "silent" because it's not usually associated with pain or tenderness of the thyroid, unlike subacute thyroiditis.
Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and postnatal growth failure, leading to short stature. Other common features include a triangular-shaped face, a prominent forehead, body asymmetry (hemihypertrophy), and feeding difficulties in infancy. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Sinus bradycardia is a type of slow heart rate, specifically a sinus rhythm with a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). It originates from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the heart's natural pacemaker. While it can be a normal finding in healthy, athletic individuals, it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition or medication side effect.
Sipple's Syndrome, also known as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A), is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by the development of tumors in multiple endocrine glands. The most common manifestations are medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal glands), and hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands). The disease is caused by mutations in the
RET
proto-oncogene. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: ichthyosis (scaly skin), spastic diplegia or tetraplegia (muscle stiffness and paralysis affecting the legs and sometimes arms), and intellectual disability. It results from a deficiency of the enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), leading to accumulation of fatty alcohols and aldehydes in tissues.
Graft Failure: Lack of blood supply, indicated by paleness, coolness, or darkening of the graft.
Infection: Redness, swelling, pain, pus or drainage from the graft site or donor site. Fever may also occur.
Bleeding: Excessive bleeding from the graft or donor site.
Hematoma: Collection of blood under the graft.
Seroma: Collection of fluid under the graft.
Hypertrophic Scarring: Raised, thickened scar at the graft or donor site.
Contracture: Tightening of the skin around the graft, limiting movement.
Pigmentary Changes: Altered skin color (lighter or darker) at the graft site.
Poor Sensation: Numbness or altered sensation in the grafted area.
Wound Dehiscence: Separation of the wound edges at the graft or donor site.
Small airway disease (SAD), also known as small airways dysfunction, involves inflammation, obstruction, or damage to the small airways in the lungs. These airways, less than 2mm in diameter, are crucial for efficient gas exchange. SAD can significantly impact lung function, leading to various respiratory symptoms.
Soft tissue calcification refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in body tissues other than bone and teeth. While calcification is normal in bones and teeth for strengthening, it's problematic in soft tissues, potentially leading to organ dysfunction, pain, and a variety of other health issues. Calcification can occur in muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and even organs like the kidneys, heart, and brain. The severity of the condition depends on the location and extent of calcification.
A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN), also known as a coin lesion, is a single, well-defined round or oval opacity in the lung that is less than 3 cm in diameter. It is surrounded by normal lung tissue and is not associated with other abnormalities like enlarged lymph nodes. SPNs are often discovered incidentally on chest X-rays or CT scans performed for other reasons. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The primary concern with SPNs is to differentiate between benign and malignant nodules to determine the need for further intervention.
Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, is a sleep disorder in which a person gets out of bed and walks around or performs other complex behaviors while still asleep. It typically occurs during deep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, most often in the first few hours of sleep. Individuals are usually unaware of their actions and have little or no memory of the episode upon waking. It is more common in children than adults.
Physical: Small head size (microcephaly), distinctive facial features (e.g., droopy eyelids, broad nasal tip, small jaw), cleft palate, webbing of toes, extra fingers or toes (polydactyly), ambiguous genitalia in males, heart defects, kidney abnormalities, growth retardation.
Neurological: Intellectual disability, developmental delays, behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity, aggression, autism spectrum disorder), seizures, hypotonia (low muscle tone).
Feeding difficulties: Difficulty feeding or swallowing, failure to thrive.
Spermatic cord torsion is a painful condition that occurs when the spermatic cord, which provides blood flow to the testicle, twists. This twisting cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding tissues. Spermatic cord torsion is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment to save the testicle. If blood flow is cut off for too long, the testicle can be damaged and may need to be removed. It is most common in males between the ages of 12 and 18, but it can occur at any age, even before birth.
Spastic quadriplegia is a form of cerebral palsy (CP) that affects all four limbs (quadriplegia). "Spastic" refers to the type of muscle tone disturbance, characterized by increased muscle tone and stiffness, leading to difficulty with movement. It is the most severe form of cerebral palsy, often resulting in significant physical disabilities.
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD) is a condition in which the sphincter of Oddi, a muscle valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine, does not function properly. This can lead to a backup of these digestive fluids, causing abdominal pain and other digestive problems. The condition is relatively rare and can be challenging to diagnose.
Spinal cord compression occurs when the spinal cord is squeezed or pinched. This pressure can disrupt the spinal cord's function, leading to pain, numbness, weakness, and, in severe cases, loss of bowel or bladder control. It can develop gradually or suddenly, depending on the cause.
Spinal arachnoiditis is an inflammation of the arachnoid membrane, one of the membranes (meninges) that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. This inflammation can cause chronic and severe pain, and neurological problems. The inflammation leads to scarring, clumping, and thickening of the arachnoid membrane, potentially causing nerve roots to stick together and malfunction.
Stasis ulcers, also known as venous leg ulcers, are open sores that develop on the skin, usually on the lower legs, due to poor blood circulation. They are a chronic condition often associated with venous insufficiency, where the veins in the legs have difficulty returning blood to the heart. This leads to blood pooling in the legs, increased pressure, and eventual tissue damage, resulting in ulcer formation.
1. Summary about disease: Spondyloptosis is the most severe grade of spondylolisthesis, where the vertebral body has completely slipped off the vertebral body below. It represents a complete dislocation of one vertebra over another.
Steatosis, also known as fatty liver disease, is a condition characterized by the excessive buildup of fat in the liver. While a small amount of fat is normal, steatosis occurs when fat makes up more than 5-10% of the liver's weight. It can range from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, to alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), caused by excessive alcohol consumption. In many cases, steatosis causes no symptoms, but it can progress to more severe liver damage, including inflammation (steatohepatitis), fibrosis, and cirrhosis.
: Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS) is a rare, progressive neurological disorder characterized by muscle rigidity, stiffness, and painful spasms that can be triggered by noise, touch, and emotional distress. The rigidity typically affects the trunk and abdomen, but can also involve the limbs. SPS is often associated with other autoimmune diseases.
Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland, typically causing neck pain and tenderness along with symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), followed by hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) before usually recovering to normal thyroid function. It's often preceded by a viral upper respiratory infection. It's also known as De Quervain's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, or giant cell thyroiditis.
A high-pitched, whistling or squeaking sound when breathing, especially when inhaling.
Difficulty breathing.
Retractions (pulling in of the skin around the ribs or neck with each breath).
Hoarseness.
Coughing.
Bluish skin color (cyanosis) if oxygen levels are low.
Nasal flaring.
Anxiety or agitation due to difficulty breathing.
A subperiosteal hematoma is a collection of blood between the periosteum (the membrane covering the bone) and the bone itself. It most commonly occurs in children, particularly infants, and often results from birth trauma or accidental injury. It can occur in any bone but is more frequently seen on the skull, specifically the parietal bone. While generally benign, it can cause visible swelling and, in rare cases, may require medical intervention.
A subdural hygroma is a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or less commonly, blood breakdown products, located in the subdural space. The subdural space is the area between the dura mater (the outermost membrane covering the brain) and the arachnoid mater (the next layer inward). Subdural hygromas are often caused by head trauma but can also occur spontaneously or as a complication of other conditions. They can be asymptomatic, especially if small, or can cause symptoms due to pressure on the brain.
Suicide attempt is a non-fatal act of self-harm with the intent to end one's life. It's a serious indicator of severe emotional distress, mental health problems, and a significant risk factor for future suicide. It is not a disease in itself but rather a manifestation of underlying issues.
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