Labyrinthitis is an inner ear disorder that occurs when the labyrinth, a delicate structure within the inner ear responsible for balance and hearing, becomes inflamed. This inflammation disrupts the transmission of sensory information to the brain, leading to vertigo (a sensation of spinning), dizziness, hearing loss, and balance problems. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, or in rare cases, autoimmune disorders.
Visible tear or cut in the skin.
Bleeding (can range from minor to severe).
Pain at the site of the wound.
Possible swelling and redness around the wound.
In deeper lacerations, possible loss of function or sensation.
Visible underlying tissue or bone in severe cases.
Lacrimal duct obstruction, also known as nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or blocked tear duct, occurs when the tear drainage system of the eye is partially or completely blocked. Tears cannot drain normally, leading to excessive tearing and other eye problems. The condition can affect people of all ages, from newborns to adults.
Lactase deficiency (also known as lactose intolerance) is a condition where the body doesn't produce enough lactase, an enzyme needed to digest lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. This deficiency results in the undigested lactose moving into the colon, where it is fermented by bacteria, causing gas, bloating, and diarrhea. Lactase deficiency is not the same as a milk allergy.
Lactic acidosis is a condition characterized by a buildup of lactic acid in the bloodstream. Lactic acid is produced when the body breaks down carbohydrates for energy, especially during periods of intense exercise or when oxygen levels are low. Normally, the body can clear lactic acid quickly. However, when production exceeds clearance, lactic acidosis occurs. It's a serious condition that can lead to organ damage and even death if left untreated. There are several types of lactic acidosis, each with different underlying causes.
Lactose intolerance is the inability to fully digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. This results in digestive symptoms such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea after consuming dairy. It's a common condition, and the severity of symptoms varies from person to person. It is not an allergy.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. This leads to muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and sometimes paralysis. GBS can range from mild weakness lasting a few weeks to a life-threatening paralysis.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder that can damage tissue and organs. It occurs when there's an overproduction of abnormal Langerhans cells (a type of dendritic cell, which is part of the immune system). These abnormal cells can accumulate in various parts of the body, forming tumors (granulomas) and causing a range of symptoms. LCH can affect a single organ system (single-system LCH) or multiple organ systems (multi-system LCH). The severity and prognosis vary widely, depending on the extent of the disease and the organs involved. It is not considered cancer but shares some characteristics with it.
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx, or voice box. This inflammation causes swelling and distortion of the vocal cords, which affects the sounds produced by air passing over them. As a result, the voice sounds hoarse, raspy, or even disappears entirely. Laryngitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Laryngomalacia is a congenital (present at birth) condition where the soft tissues of the larynx (voice box) collapse inward during inhalation, obstructing the airway. It's the most common cause of noisy breathing (stridor) in infants. In most cases, it resolves on its own as the child grows.
Laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is an infection of the upper airways that causes swelling around the voice box (larynx), trachea (windpipe), and bronchi (large airways leading to the lungs). This swelling narrows the airway, making it difficult to breathe and causing a characteristic "barking" cough. It primarily affects young children, usually between 6 months and 3 years of age.
Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow, is a painful condition affecting the tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the bony bump on the outside of the elbow (lateral epicondyle). It's characterized by pain and tenderness on the outer side of the elbow, often radiating down the forearm. Despite its name, it's not exclusive to tennis players and can result from repetitive motions or overuse of the forearm muscles.
Ipsilateral (same side as the lesion):
Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the face
Horner's syndrome (drooping eyelid, constricted pupil, decreased sweating)
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Hoarseness
Ataxia (loss of coordination)
Vertigo
Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
Contralateral (opposite side of the lesion):
Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the body (below the head)
Other possible symptoms: nausea, vomiting, hiccups, dizziness, impaired speech (dysarthria), and altered taste sensation.
Latex allergy is a reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex, a substance made from the sap of the rubber tree. This allergy can manifest in a range of symptoms, from mild skin irritation to severe, life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). The severity of the reaction depends on the individual's sensitivity and the extent of exposure to latex.
Lathyrism is a neurotoxic disease caused by eating excessive amounts of legumes of the genus
Lathyrus
, particularly
Lathyrus sativus
(grass pea), which contains the neurotoxic amino acid β-ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid). This toxin affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to progressive spastic paraparesis and other neurological symptoms. It historically occurs in regions with famine or drought, where grass pea is consumed as a staple food due to its drought resistance.
Symptoms of lead poisoning can vary widely and may be subtle, especially at low levels of exposure. Symptoms can also develop slowly over time.
Children:
Developmental delays
Learning difficulties
Irritability
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Sluggishness and fatigue
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Constipation
Seizures
Hearing loss
Adults:
High blood pressure
Joint and muscle pain
Headaches
Abdominal pain
Mood disorders
Reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm
Miscarriage, stillbirth or premature birth in pregnant women
Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a rare, inherited eye disorder that causes severe vision loss beginning in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized by nystagmus (involuntary rapid eye movements), extreme light sensitivity (photophobia), and sluggish or absent pupillary responses. LCA is one of the most common causes of congenital blindness or severe visual impairment in infants and young children.
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial genetic disease that primarily affects the optic nerve, leading to acute or subacute central vision loss. It predominantly affects young adult males, although females can also be affected, typically with a later onset and lower penetrance. LHON is characterized by a painless, sequential loss of vision in both eyes.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD) is a rare childhood condition that affects the hip. It occurs when the blood supply to the femoral head (the ball of the hip joint) is temporarily interrupted. Without adequate blood flow, the bone tissue dies (avascular necrosis). The body eventually revascularizes the femoral head, but during this process, the bone can weaken and fracture easily. The femoral head can then collapse, leading to deformity and potential long-term hip problems like arthritis.
Legionellosis is a respiratory infection caused by Legionella bacteria. It exists in two main forms: Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia, and Pontiac fever, a milder, flu-like illness. Legionnaires' disease can be life-threatening, while Pontiac fever typically resolves on its own.
Leiomyomas are benign (non-cancerous) smooth muscle tumors that can occur in various parts of the body. The most common location is the uterus, where they are often referred to as uterine fibroids. However, they can also occur in other locations, such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. These tumors are generally slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms, depending on their size and location.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease exists in several forms, the most common being cutaneous leishmaniasis (skin sores) and visceral leishmaniasis (affects internal organs). Leishmaniasis is endemic in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe.
Lelong Syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in standard medical literature or databases. It's possible this is a newly identified condition, a very rare condition not yet widely documented, a colloquial term, a misspelling, or a fictional disease. Therefore, providing a summary based on established medical knowledge is impossible. If you believe this is a real condition, further context or clarification on the name or associated features is needed.
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of epilepsy that begins in childhood, typically between the ages of 3 and 5 years, but can occur anytime between 1 and 10 years. It is characterized by multiple types of seizures, cognitive impairment, and a slow or stalled psychomotor development. LGS is often resistant to treatment and requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage.
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium leprae
. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testes. It is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT). Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing disability.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus
Leptospira
. Humans can become infected through contact with the urine of infected animals or contaminated water/soil. The disease can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it can be fatal.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). This deficiency leads to a build-up of uric acid in the body, and to severe neurological and behavioral problems. It primarily affects males.
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). These abnormal cells crowd out healthy blood cells, disrupting their normal function and leading to various complications. Leukemia is classified based on how quickly it progresses (acute or chronic) and the type of blood cell affected (myeloid or lymphocytic). The main types include Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
Leukocoria, often referred to as a white pupil, is an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye. It is not a disease itself, but rather a sign of an underlying medical condition. It is most often detected in childhood and can be a sign of serious eye conditions, the most critical being retinoblastoma (a childhood cancer of the retina). Early detection and diagnosis are vital for proper treatment and preservation of vision and even life.
Leukodystrophies are a group of rare, progressive, genetic disorders that affect the white matter (myelin) of the brain and spinal cord. Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers and helps transmit nerve impulses quickly and efficiently. In leukodystrophies, this myelin is either not formed properly or is destroyed, disrupting nerve function. This can lead to a wide range of neurological problems.
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a type of brain injury that primarily affects premature infants. It involves damage to the white matter (leuko-) surrounding the ventricles (peri-) of the brain, leading to softening (-malacia) or death of this tissue. This damage can disrupt the transmission of nerve signals in the brain, potentially leading to long-term neurological problems.
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. White blood cells are a crucial part of the immune system, defending the body against infection and disease. A decrease in these cells can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. The severity of leukopenia can vary, and the potential consequences depend on the degree of white blood cell deficiency and the specific type of white blood cell affected.
Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by thick, white or gray patches that develop on the inside of the cheeks, gums, tongue, and sometimes on the floor of the mouth. These patches are slightly raised and have a hardened surface. It is considered a precancerous lesion, meaning it has the potential to develop into oral cancer, although most cases do not.
Levator ani syndrome (LAS), also known as levator ani spasm or chronic pelvic pain, is a condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the rectum, perineum, or buttocks. It is thought to be caused by spasm or tension in the levator ani muscles, which support the pelvic floor. This pain can be debilitating and interfere with daily activities. It is considered a functional anorectal pain disorder, meaning there are no identifiable structural or organic causes for the pain.
Lice infestations, also known as pediculosis, are a common parasitic infestation caused by tiny, wingless insects that feed on human blood. There are three types of lice that affect humans: head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus), and pubic lice (Pthirus pubis). Head lice are most common in school-aged children. Lice are highly contagious and spread through close personal contact or by sharing infested belongings.
Lichen planus is an inflammatory condition that can affect the skin, mouth, nails, and genitals. It's characterized by small, flat-topped, itchy bumps (papules) on the skin. In the mouth, it appears as white, lacy patches, red swollen tissues, or open sores. It is not contagious.
Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects the genital and anal areas. It can cause thin, white patches of skin, most commonly on the vulva in women and the foreskin in uncircumcised men. The condition can cause discomfort, itching, pain, and changes in the appearance of the affected skin.
Lichen Simplex Chronicus (LSC) is a skin condition characterized by chronic itching and scratching. This repetitive scratching leads to thickened, leathery, and often hyperpigmented (darkened) skin. It is not contagious but can be a frustrating and difficult condition to manage. It's a reactive process, not a primary disease.
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and wasting (atrophy) of muscles in the shoulders and hips (the limb girdles). The severity, onset, and progression of muscle weakness can vary considerably depending on the specific type of LGMD.
Chronic Limb Ischemia:
Claudication (pain in the leg brought on by exercise and relieved by rest)
Rest pain (pain in the foot or lower leg that occurs at rest, often at night)
Non-healing ulcers or sores on the feet or toes
Coldness or numbness in the feet or toes
Changes in skin color (pale, bluish, or mottled)
Hair loss on the legs and feet
Slow toenail growth
Lipedema is a chronic condition primarily affecting women, characterized by the abnormal buildup of fat in the legs and sometimes arms, leading to disproportionate body shape and swelling. It is not caused by obesity and often resists diet and exercise. Lipedema can cause pain, tenderness, and easy bruising in affected areas.
Lipoid proteinosis (LP), also known as Urbach-Wiethe disease, is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the deposition of hyaline-like material in various tissues, particularly the skin, mucosa, and internal organs. This deposition leads to thickening and scarring, causing a range of symptoms affecting the voice, skin, and other body systems. The disease is progressive and can impact quality of life, but it is not fatal in most cases.
A lipoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor composed of fatty tissue. It is slow-growing and usually located between the skin and the underlying muscle layer. Lipomas are generally harmless and often don't require treatment unless they cause pain, restrict movement, or are cosmetically bothersome.
Liposarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in fat cells. It's a soft tissue sarcoma, meaning it arises in the connective tissues of the body, such as fat, muscle, blood vessels, and nerves. Liposarcomas most commonly occur in the limbs (thigh) or abdomen. They can range from slow-growing, less aggressive tumors to rapidly growing, aggressive cancers.
Listeriosis is a serious infection usually caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes
. It primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. While relatively rare, listeriosis can be fatal, particularly in high-risk groups.
Little League Elbow, also known as medial epicondyle apophysitis, is an overuse injury affecting the inner (medial) aspect of the elbow, specifically the growth plate (apophysis) of the medial epicondyle in young, throwing athletes. It's commonly seen in baseball pitchers, but can occur in any sport involving repetitive overhead throwing motions.
A liver abscess is a pus-filled mass within the liver. It's typically caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection. It can be a serious condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening complications.
Liver cancer is a cancer that begins in the cells of the liver. The liver is a vital organ located in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach. Several types of cancer can occur in the liver. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Other types of liver cancer, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma, are much less common. Liver cancer can also occur when cancer spreads to the liver from another organ. This is called metastatic cancer rather than liver cancer, because it begins in another organ and only later spreads to the liver.
Liver cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis). This scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and slows down its ability to process nutrients, hormones, drugs, and toxins. Ultimately, it can lead to liver failure. Cirrhosis is a progressive disease, meaning it gets worse over time.
Liver failure is a severe condition in which the liver loses its ability to perform its vital functions, such as filtering toxins from the blood, producing clotting factors, and metabolizing drugs. It can occur suddenly (acute liver failure) or gradually over months or years (chronic liver failure). Liver failure is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical attention.
A liver hemangioma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor made up of a tangle of blood vessels in the liver. It is the most common type of benign liver tumor. Most people with liver hemangiomas never experience any symptoms and may not even know they have one. These tumors are usually discovered incidentally during imaging tests performed for other reasons. Liver hemangiomas do not typically require treatment unless they cause symptoms or grow very large.
Lobar pneumonia is an acute bacterial infection of the lung affecting one or more lobes of the lung. It is characterized by consolidation, meaning the air spaces are filled with inflammatory exudate, making the affected lobe(s) solid. It typically progresses through distinct stages: congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution. While less common now due to antibiotics, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles in the body except for those that control eye movement and, in some cases, blinking. Individuals with LIS are conscious and aware of their surroundings, but they cannot move, speak, or communicate except through eye movements or blinking. Cognitive function is typically preserved.
Loiasis, also known as African eye worm, is a parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm
Loa loa
. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected deerflies or mango flies (genus
Chrysops
). The disease is endemic to rainforest areas of West and Central Africa. The adult worms migrate through subcutaneous tissues, sometimes visibly crossing the conjunctiva of the eye.
Liver steatosis, also known as fatty liver disease, is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat within the liver cells. It can range from a benign condition to a more serious one that can lead to liver damage, inflammation, and eventually, cirrhosis or liver failure. There are two main types: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD). NAFLD is not caused by excessive alcohol consumption, while ALD is directly related to it.
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a heart condition affecting the heart's electrical system, specifically how it recharges after each heartbeat. This irregularity can lead to a fast, chaotic heartbeat (arrhythmia), potentially causing sudden fainting, seizures, or even sudden cardiac arrest and death. It can be congenital (inherited) or acquired (caused by certain medications or medical conditions).
Lordosis, also known as swayback, is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back (lumbar spine). A small degree of lordosis is normal and healthy, but when the curve is exaggerated, it can cause pain and discomfort.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), often referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurons, which control voluntary muscle movement such as walking, talking, chewing, and breathing, degenerate and die. This leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis. There is currently no cure for ALS, and it is ultimately fatal.
Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Borrelia recurrentis
and transmitted to humans through the bite of the human body louse (
Pediculus humanus corporis
). It's characterized by recurring episodes of fever separated by periods without symptoms.
Lowe syndrome, also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting males. It's characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual disability, and kidney dysfunction (renal tubular acidosis). The condition results from a defect in a gene responsible for producing an enzyme involved in Golgi protein processing.
Lower back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting the lumbar region of the spine. It can range from a mild ache to a sharp, debilitating pain. It is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a frequent reason for seeking medical care. LBP can be acute (lasting less than six weeks), subacute (lasting between six weeks and three months), or chronic (lasting longer than three months). The pain can be localized to the back or radiate to other areas like the buttocks, legs, and feet.
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are infections of the airways and lungs. They include conditions like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and influenza when it affects the lower respiratory tract. LRTIs are a significant cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in young children and the elderly. They typically involve inflammation and/or infection of the lower airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) and lung tissue.
Loxoscelism is a condition caused by the venom of recluse spiders (particularly the brown recluse,
Loxosceles reclusa
, in North America). It's characterized by a range of symptoms from mild skin irritation to severe systemic effects. The severity depends on the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the individual's sensitivity.
Ludwig's Angina is a rapidly progressing bacterial infection of the floor of the mouth, specifically involving the submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces. It is characterized by severe swelling under the tongue, pushing it upwards and backwards, potentially obstructing the airway. It's considered a medical emergency due to the risk of airway compromise.
Lumbar spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back (lumbar spine). This narrowing can compress the spinal cord and the nerves that travel through the spine to the legs and feet. The compression can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the legs and feet, sometimes radiating into the buttocks. It typically develops gradually over time.
Lumbar spondylosis is a degenerative condition affecting the lumbar spine (lower back). It's essentially a form of osteoarthritis in the spine, characterized by wear and tear of the spinal discs, vertebrae, and ligaments. This can lead to pain, stiffness, and other neurological symptoms if the spinal cord or nerve roots are compressed. It is a common condition that worsens with age.
A lung abscess is a localized area of pus and dead tissue within the lung. It's usually caused by an infection, leading to inflammation and destruction of lung tissue.
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs. These abnormal cells can form tumors and interfere with the normal functioning of the lungs. If left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body. There are two main types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with NSCLC being the more common type.
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. This blockage is most often caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from deep veins in the legs or, rarely, from veins in other parts of the body (deep vein thrombosis or DVT). PE can damage the lung and other organs and cause low oxygen levels in the blood. Large or multiple PEs can be fatal.
Lung fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disease characterized by the scarring and thickening of lung tissue. This scarring, known as fibrosis, makes it difficult for the lungs to function properly, reducing their ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. The term "pulmonary fibrosis" is often used, with "pulmonary" referring to the lungs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and severe form, where the cause is unknown.
Lung nodules are small, abnormal growths in the lungs, usually less than 3 centimeters in diameter. They are often discovered incidentally during a chest X-ray or CT scan performed for other reasons. Most lung nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous) or pre-cancerous. The primary concern with lung nodules is to determine whether they represent early-stage lung cancer. Management depends on the nodule's size, shape, location, growth rate, and the patient's risk factors for lung cancer.
Lupus symptoms can vary widely from person to person and can come and go. Common symptoms include:
Fatigue
Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
Skin rashes, including a butterfly-shaped rash on the face
Fever
Sensitivity to sunlight
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Headaches
Confusion
Memory loss
Dry eyes
Mouth ulcers
Hair loss
Swollen lymph nodes
Lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling, most often in the arms or legs, that is caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and helps remove waste and toxins from the body. The blockage prevents lymph fluid from draining properly, leading to fluid buildup. It can be primary (caused by a genetic condition) or secondary (caused by damage to the lymphatic system).
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks (also known as deer ticks). The bacterium responsible for Lyme disease in North America is
Borrelia burgdorferi
. If left untreated, the infection can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system.
Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that primarily affects T-lymphocytes (T-cells), a type of white blood cell. It's closely related to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with the key difference being that LBL primarily involves the lymph nodes and other tissues, while ALL primarily affects the bone marrow and blood. LBL can occur in both children and adults, but is more common in adolescents and young adults. It is an aggressive lymphoma, meaning it grows and spreads quickly.
Lymphocytic leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. These abnormal lymphocytes crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to various complications. There are different types of lymphocytic leukemia, classified as acute (progressing rapidly) or chronic (progressing slowly). The most common type is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), primarily affecting older adults. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is more common in children but can also occur in adults.
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a chronic sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by specific serovars (L1, L2, L3) of
Chlamydia trachomatis
. It primarily affects the lymph nodes in the groin and can cause systemic symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications.
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow. Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow out of control. There are two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Neurological problems: Developmental delays, seizures, intellectual disability, movement disorders, speech difficulties, behavioral problems, dementia.
Organomegaly: Enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly).
Skeletal abnormalities: Bone pain, joint stiffness, short stature, skeletal deformities.
Cardiovascular problems: Heart valve abnormalities, cardiomyopathy.
Respiratory problems: Breathing difficulties, frequent respiratory infections.
Vision and hearing problems: Vision loss, hearing loss.
Skin abnormalities: Skin rashes, angiodema, or other unusual skin changes.
Gastrointestinal problems: Difficulty swallowing, feeding problems, abdominal pain.
Lymphopenia, also known as lymphocytopenia, is a condition characterized by an abnormally low number of lymphocytes in the blood. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system, defending the body against infections and other diseases. When lymphocyte levels are low, the body's ability to fight off infections is compromised, making individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infections. The severity of lymphopenia can vary, and in some cases, it may be mild and cause no noticeable symptoms, while in others, it can be severe and life-threatening.
Lymphedema praecox, also known as Meige disease, is a type of primary lymphedema that typically appears around puberty or in young adulthood (usually before age 35). It is characterized by swelling, most commonly in the lower extremities, due to an abnormal lymphatic system's inability to adequately drain lymph fluid.
Lymphedema tarda, also known as late-onset lymphedema, is a chronic condition characterized by swelling, usually in the limbs, due to a disruption of the lymphatic system. Unlike congenital lymphedema present at birth or primary lymphedema developing in childhood or adolescence, lymphedema tarda appears later in life, typically after the age of 35. It occurs when the lymphatic system, responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues, becomes impaired, leading to fluid accumulation and swelling.
Lacunar stroke is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a small artery deep within the brain becomes blocked. These small arteries supply blood to the basal ganglia, thalamus, internal capsule, and pons. The resulting stroke is typically small, often less than 15 millimeters in diameter, hence the name "lacuna" (meaning "small cavity" or "lake"). Although small, lacunar strokes can cause significant neurological deficits.
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the connection between nerves and muscles. It is characterized by muscle weakness, primarily affecting the limbs, and often associated with small cell lung cancer. In LEMS, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) on nerve endings at the neuromuscular junction, disrupting the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for muscle contraction.
Lamellar ichthyosis is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by large, dark, plate-like scales covering the entire body. These scales are often separated by deep cracks (fissures). Infants are often born encased in a collodion membrane, which is a shiny, translucent layer of skin that sheds within a few weeks. After the collodion membrane sheds, the characteristic scales of lamellar ichthyosis become apparent. The condition is lifelong and can cause discomfort, limited movement, and increased risk of infection.
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) is a rare childhood neurological disorder characterized by the gradual or sudden loss of the ability to understand and use language (aphasia). This loss is often accompanied by abnormal brain wave activity, particularly during sleep, and often seizures. LKS typically affects children between the ages of 3 and 7.
Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) Leukemia is a rare type of chronic leukemia characterized by an abnormal increase in large granular lymphocytes in the blood. It is generally a slow-progressing disease. There are two main subtypes: T-LGL leukemia (the more common type) and NK-LGL leukemia. The abnormal LGLs can infiltrate various organs, leading to a range of symptoms.
Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the larynx (voice box). The larynx is a part of the throat located at the top of the trachea (windpipe). It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound when air is forced over them. Cancer in this area can affect speech, breathing, and swallowing. Laryngeal cancer is often squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the flat cells lining the larynx.
Laurence-Moon syndrome (LMS), sometimes referred to as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple systems in the body. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms that can include vision loss (retinal dystrophy), obesity, intellectual disability, extra fingers and/or toes (polydactyly), and hypogonadism (underdeveloped or nonfunctioning sexual organs). Historically, the term LMS and BBS were used somewhat interchangeably, but now BBS is the preferred and more accurate term.
Laryngeal papillomatosis (LP), also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), is a rare condition characterized by the growth of benign tumors (papillomas) in the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and other parts of the respiratory tract. These papillomas are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly types 6 and 11. RRP can cause significant airway obstruction, voice changes, and breathing difficulties, and often requires repeated surgical removal of the papillomas.
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome, also known as Neutrophil Dysfunction Syndrome, is a group of rare disorders characterized by impaired neutrophil (a type of white blood cell) function. Neutrophils are crucial for fighting infection. In this syndrome, neutrophils may have difficulty migrating to sites of infection, engulfing pathogens (phagocytosis), or killing pathogens effectively. This leads to increased susceptibility to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections.
Symptoms of learning disabilities vary greatly depending on the specific type and the individual. Common symptoms include:
Difficulty reading (dyslexia): Problems with decoding words, reading fluency, and comprehension.
Difficulty with writing (dysgraphia): Problems with handwriting, spelling, and organizing thoughts on paper.
Difficulty with math (dyscalculia): Problems with understanding number concepts, mathematical operations, and problem-solving.
Difficulty with language: Problems with understanding spoken language, expressing thoughts verbally, and following directions.
Difficulty with memory: Problems remembering information, both short-term and long-term.
Difficulty with attention: Problems focusing, staying organized, and completing tasks.
Difficulty with motor skills: Problems with fine motor skills (e.g., writing, buttoning clothes) or gross motor skills (e.g., running, jumping).
Social skill deficits: Challenges understanding social cues, interacting with peers, and maintaining relationships.
Leg ulcers are open sores that develop on the leg, typically below the knee. They are often a chronic condition, meaning they can persist for weeks, months, or even years if left untreated. They usually result from underlying medical conditions, most commonly problems with blood circulation.
Leiner disease, also known as erythroderma desquamativum, is a rare, severe inflammatory skin condition primarily affecting infants. It's characterized by generalized scaling, redness (erythema), and inflammation, often with associated diarrhea and failure to thrive. It is not always a primary disease, and can sometimes be a symptom of another underlying health condition.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) is a condition where the muscle of the left ventricle, the heart's main pumping chamber, becomes thickened. This thickening can occur due to the heart working harder than normal to pump blood to the body. It's often a response to high blood pressure but can also be caused by other heart conditions. While the heart might initially pump more forcefully, over time, the thickened muscle can become stiff, less efficient, and prone to developing arrhythmias or heart failure.
Lentigines, commonly known as liver spots or age spots, are small, sharply circumscribed, pigmented macules (flat spots) on the skin. They are benign (non-cancerous) lesions that typically appear in areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders, and upper back. While they are often associated with aging and sun exposure, they can occur in younger individuals as well. There are different types of lentigines, including solar lentigines (caused by sun exposure) and simple lentigines (which can appear at any age and may not be related to sun exposure).
Lentigo maligna is a type of melanoma in situ (stage 0 melanoma) that develops in sun-exposed skin, most commonly on the face, ears, or arms of older individuals. It is characterized by slow growth and a flat, irregularly shaped patch of discolored skin. While not initially invasive, lentigo maligna can eventually progress to invasive melanoma, called lentigo maligna melanoma, if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent this progression.
Leprechaunism, also known as Donohue syndrome, is an extremely rare, severe genetic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and growth abnormalities. It typically becomes apparent shortly after birth. Individuals with leprechaunism exhibit unusual facial features, skin abnormalities, and endocrine dysfunction. It is usually fatal in infancy or early childhood.
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC), also known as neoplastic meningitis, is a rare complication of cancer in which cancer cells spread to the leptomeninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This leads to inflammation and disruption of the normal function of the central nervous system. It's a serious condition with a typically poor prognosis.
Lentivirus infections, in the context of human health, primarily refer to infections caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Lentiviruses are a subclass of retroviruses characterized by a long incubation period and the ability to infect non-dividing cells. HIV attacks the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells (helper T cells), weakening the body's ability to fight off infections and certain cancers.
Lethal Midline Granuloma (LMG) is an outdated and inaccurate term. The term historically referred to a destructive process affecting the nose, sinuses, and palate. The condition that was previously referred to as LMG is currently understood to encompass various conditions, including Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and other inflammatory and infectious diseases. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is characterized by the destruction of tissues in the upper respiratory tract, particularly the nose, sinuses, and palate. Due to its aggressive nature and potential for significant morbidity and mortality, prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial.
Letterer-Siwe disease is a rare, severe form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). LCH is a condition where abnormal Langerhans cells (a type of immune cell) accumulate and damage tissues and organs. Letterer-Siwe disease primarily affects infants and young children and is characterized by rapid progression, involving multiple organ systems.
Leukemia cutis (LC) is the infiltration of the skin by leukemic cells, resulting in clinically diverse cutaneous lesions. It can occur at any stage of leukemia, including before, during, or after the diagnosis of systemic leukemia. LC is most commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). The lesions can vary greatly in appearance, making diagnosis challenging. While it's a skin manifestation of leukemia, it's not a primary skin cancer.
Leukonychia is a condition that causes white lines or spots to appear on the fingernails or toenails. It is generally harmless and quite common. There are different types, including leukonychia punctata (small white spots), leukonychia striata (horizontal white bands), and total leukonychia (entire nail turns white). It is usually not a sign of serious illness.
Leukotrichia refers to the whitening of hair. It's not a disease in itself but rather a symptom indicating a lack of pigment in the hair shafts. This can occur in patches or affect all the hair. It's often associated with various underlying conditions or external factors that disrupt melanin production.
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by the inability of white blood cells (leukocytes) to properly migrate from the bloodstream to sites of infection. This defect impairs the body's ability to fight off bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens, leading to recurrent and life-threatening infections. There are three main types of LAD: LAD-I, LAD-II, and LAD-III, each caused by a different genetic defect. LAD-I is the most common form.
Levocardia is the normal positioning of the heart in the left side of the chest. As such, it is not a disease but rather the typical, healthy anatomical location of the heart. Describing "levocardia" as a disease is a misnomer. If you are concerned about the heart's position, it's possible you're thinking about conditions where the heart is NOT in the normal position, like dextrocardia or heterotaxy syndrome. However, in itself, levocardia represents the absence of such conditions.
Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that involves abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain. These deposits, called Lewy bodies, affect chemicals in the brain that control thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. LBD encompasses two related conditions: dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). The main difference is the timing of cognitive and motor symptoms.
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis (LSE), also known as verrucous endocarditis, is a non-infectious form of endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves). Unlike most forms of endocarditis which are caused by infections, LSE is associated with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It is characterized by the presence of sterile vegetations (growths) on the heart valves, most commonly the mitral and aortic valves. These vegetations can lead to valve dysfunction, thromboembolic events (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and other cardiac complications.
Lichen nitidus is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by tiny, shiny, flesh-colored or slightly pinkish bumps (papules). These papules are typically 1-2 millimeters in diameter and can appear in clusters or lines, often affecting the skin of the genitals, arms, chest, and abdomen. It's generally harmless and often resolves on its own, but treatment can help manage symptoms and speed up resolution.
Lichen planopilaris (LPP) is a rare inflammatory condition that affects the hair follicles of the scalp, leading to scarring alopecia (permanent hair loss). It's a variant of lichen planus, a skin disease that can affect various parts of the body. LPP specifically targets the hair follicles, causing inflammation and eventually destroying them. This results in patchy hair loss that can be progressive. There is no cure for LPP, and treatment focuses on managing the inflammation to slow down hair loss and relieve symptoms.
Lichen striatus is a rare, self-limiting inflammatory skin condition characterized by a linear eruption of small, flesh-colored, pink, or tan papules (small, raised bumps). It primarily affects children, but can occur in adults. The condition typically resolves on its own without specific treatment, although symptoms can be managed.
Liddle syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by early-onset, severe hypertension (high blood pressure) often beginning in childhood or young adulthood. It results from increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron of the kidney, leading to increased blood volume and subsequent hypertension. The syndrome mimics hyperaldosteronism (excess aldosterone), but aldosterone levels are low.
Ligament injuries involve damage to the tough, fibrous tissues that connect bones to each other at joints. These injuries range from mild sprains (overstretching) to complete tears. They commonly occur in the knees, ankles, wrists, and shoulders. Severity varies based on the extent of the ligament damage.
Light sensitivity, also known as photosensitivity or photophobia, is an extreme sensitivity to light. It can cause discomfort or pain when exposed to relatively normal levels of illumination. It's not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of various underlying conditions.
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a rare autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by a linear deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies along the basement membrane zone of the skin. This leads to the formation of blisters, often in a ring-like or arc-shaped (annular) pattern. LABD can affect both children and adults, but there are some differences in presentation between the two groups. It is
not
the same as IgA nephropathy.
Linear scleroderma is a localized form of scleroderma, a rare autoimmune disease that affects the skin and underlying tissues. Unlike systemic sclerosis, which affects internal organs, linear scleroderma primarily impacts the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle or bone. It is characterized by thickened, hardened skin that appears in a line or band, often on an arm, leg, or forehead. The condition is more common in children than adults.
Lingual thyroid is a rare congenital anomaly where thyroid tissue is located at the base of the tongue instead of its normal position in the neck. It results from the failure of the thyroid gland to descend properly during embryonic development. The lingual thyroid may be the only functioning thyroid tissue in the body for some individuals.
Lipid storage myopathies (LSMs) are a group of inherited metabolic disorders that affect the muscles. These disorders are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipids (fats) within muscle fibers. This accumulation interferes with the muscle's ability to function properly, leading to muscle weakness and other related symptoms. LSMs are typically caused by genetic defects that disrupt the normal breakdown or utilization of fats for energy within muscle cells.
Lipogranulomatosis (also known as Farber disease or Farber lipogranulomatosis) is a very rare, inherited metabolic disorder. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid ceramidase, which leads to the abnormal accumulation of fatty substances called ceramides in various tissues throughout the body, including the joints, skin, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. This accumulation results in the formation of granulomas (small masses of immune cells) and leads to a range of symptoms. It is a lysosomal storage disorder.
Lipodermatosclerosis (LDS) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower legs, usually around the ankles. It is often associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Over time, the inflammation can lead to thickening, hardening, and discoloration of the skin, giving the leg an "inverted champagne bottle" or "bowling pin" appearance.
Lipomatosis refers to a group of conditions characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat tissue in the body. This can manifest as multiple lipomas (benign fatty tumors) or diffuse fatty infiltration of tissues. The specific type of lipomatosis dictates the presentation and potential complications.
Lipoma arborescens (LA) is a rare, benign intra-articular lesion characterized by the replacement of the synovial lining with mature fat cells. It typically affects the knee joint, but can also occur in other joints like the hip, shoulder, elbow, and ankle. It's usually unilateral (affecting one joint only).
Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency (LPLD), also known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) or hyperlipoproteinemia type I, is a rare, inherited genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency or absence of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity. This enzyme is crucial for breaking down triglycerides in chylomicrons (fat particles from the diet) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the bloodstream. The deficiency leads to a severe buildup of triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia).
Liver cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form in the liver. They are relatively common and are usually benign (non-cancerous). Most liver cysts are simple cysts, meaning they have thin walls and contain only fluid. In most cases, they don't cause any symptoms and are discovered incidentally during imaging tests performed for other reasons. However, larger cysts can sometimes cause discomfort or other complications.
Liver fluke infection (also known as fascioliasis) is a parasitic infection caused by the liver flukes
Fasciola hepatica
and
Fasciola gigantica
. These parasites infect the liver and bile ducts of humans and various grazing animals. Humans typically acquire the infection by consuming raw or undercooked freshwater plants, such as watercress, that are contaminated with fluke larvae. While treatable, chronic infections can lead to serious liver and biliary complications.
Lissencephaly, meaning "smooth brain," is a rare brain malformation characterized by the absence of normal folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci) in the cerebral cortex. This abnormal brain development occurs during gestation and can result in significant developmental delays, intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological problems. There are various genetic causes and syndromes associated with lissencephaly.
Liver granulomas are microscopic nodules of inflammatory cells that form within the liver tissue. They are not a disease themselves, but rather a reaction to an underlying condition. The presence of granulomas indicates that the liver is attempting to wall off or contain a foreign substance, infection, or other irritant. Identifying the cause of liver granulomas is crucial for appropriate treatment. Granulomas can be solitary or multiple, and their presence may or may not cause liver dysfunction.
1. Summary About Disease: Liver metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary cancer site (like the colon, breast, lung, etc.) to the liver. It is a secondary liver cancer, meaning it originated elsewhere in the body. Because the liver filters blood from many areas, it's a common site for cancer to spread. Liver metastases are generally more common than primary liver cancers. The prognosis and treatment options depend heavily on the primary cancer type, the extent of metastasis, and the overall health of the individual.
Livedo reticularis is a skin condition characterized by a net-like, mottled, purplish discoloration of the skin. It is caused by abnormal blood flow in the small blood vessels of the skin, leading to areas of reduced oxygen. It is important to distinguish between physiological livedo reticularis, which is a normal response to cold, and pathological livedo reticularis, which can be associated with underlying medical conditions.
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition where abnormal cells form in the lobules (milk-producing glands) of the breast. While LCIS isn't considered a true cancer, it indicates an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the future, in either breast. It is considered a marker of increased risk, rather than a cancer in itself.
Localized scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the skin and underlying tissues. It causes hardening and tightening of the skin in localized areas, but unlike systemic sclerosis, it typically does not affect internal organs. There are two main types: morphea, which presents as patches of discolored, hardened skin, and linear scleroderma, which appears as lines or bands of thickened skin, often on the limbs or forehead.
Löfgren's syndrome is an acute form of sarcoidosis characterized by a specific triad of symptoms: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes in the chest), erythema nodosum (painful red nodules on the skin, typically on the shins), and joint pain (arthritis). It typically has a good prognosis and often resolves on its own.
Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy (LTNP) is a condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. This muscle is responsible for protracting the scapula (shoulder blade) and rotating it upwards, allowing for overhead arm movements. Damage to the long thoracic nerve, which innervates the serratus anterior, results in winging of the scapula, impaired shoulder function, and potential pain.
Loose bodies, also known as joint mice or osteochondral fragments, are small pieces of cartilage or bone that have broken off inside a joint. These fragments float freely within the joint space and can cause pain, catching, locking, and limited range of motion. They can form due to various reasons, including injury, osteoarthritis, and osteochondritis dissecans.
Brief unresponsiveness
Falling down
Jerky movements (sometimes, mimicking a seizure)
Pale face
Sweating
Lightheadedness or dizziness prior to LOC
Nausea prior to LOC
Blurred vision prior to LOC
Low blood pressure (hypotension) is a condition where blood pressure is lower than normal. This means the heart, brain, and other vital organs may not receive enough blood. While a blood pressure reading slightly below the standard 120/80 mm Hg isn't always a cause for concern, consistently low blood pressure that causes symptoms can indicate an underlying problem that needs medical attention.
Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LCOS) refers to the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This results in inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues and organs, leading to various symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications. It's not a specific disease itself, but rather a physiological state resulting from various underlying cardiac conditions.
Low testosterone (Low T), also known as hypogonadism, is a condition in which the testicles do not produce enough testosterone. Testosterone is a crucial hormone for male development and maintaining various bodily functions, including muscle mass, bone density, libido, energy levels, and red blood cell production. While testosterone levels naturally decline with age, low T can also result from other medical conditions or treatments.
Lower extremity edema refers to swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet due to fluid accumulation in the tissues. It is not a disease in itself but a symptom of an underlying condition. The swelling can be mild or severe and may be accompanied by discomfort or pain. While often a sign of a relatively minor issue, it can sometimes indicate a more serious health problem.
Lung agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the complete absence of lung tissue, including the bronchus, lung parenchyma, and associated vasculature. It can occur on one side (unilateral) or, very rarely, on both sides (bilateral), which is incompatible with life. Unilateral lung agenesis can be asymptomatic or present with various respiratory complications depending on the severity and presence of other congenital anomalies.
Lower motor neuron (LMN) diseases are a group of neurological disorders that affect the lower motor neurons. These neurons originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly control voluntary muscle movement. Damage to these neurons leads to muscle weakness, atrophy (muscle wasting), and fasciculations (muscle twitching). LMN diseases can result from various causes, including genetic mutations, infections, toxins, or autoimmune disorders. The specific symptoms and progression vary depending on the underlying cause and the specific lower motor neurons affected. Examples of LMN diseases include spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), poliomyelitis, and some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
A lung contusion is a bruise on the lung tissue. It is typically caused by blunt force trauma to the chest and results in bleeding and fluid accumulation within the lung. This can impair gas exchange and lead to respiratory distress.
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. In PH, the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs become narrowed, blocked or destroyed. This makes it harder for blood to flow through the lungs, and raises the pressure within the lungs' arteries. As the pressure increases, the heart's right ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the lungs, eventually weakening and failing. This can lead to heart failure. There are several types of pulmonary hypertension, each with different causes and treatment approaches.
Shortness of breath
Cough (which may be dry or produce mucus)
Chest pain or discomfort
Rapid breathing
Wheezing
Fatigue
Fever
Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin or lips, indicating low oxygen levels)
Confusion (in severe cases)
Lung infarction refers to the death of lung tissue due to a lack of blood supply. It typically occurs as a consequence of pulmonary embolism, where a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery or its branches, depriving the lung tissue of oxygen. Lung infarction can lead to pain, difficulty breathing, and other respiratory complications.
Lung lesions are areas of abnormal tissue found in the lung. They can be caused by a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer. The size, shape, and location of lung lesions can vary significantly. Some lesions are benign (non-cancerous), while others are malignant (cancerous). Further investigation is usually needed to determine the underlying cause of a lung lesion and guide appropriate treatment.
1. Summary about disease: Lupus nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. SLE can affect many different organs in the body, including the skin, joints, and kidneys. When lupus affects the kidneys, it's called lupus nephritis. This inflammation can impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood, potentially leading to kidney damage and even kidney failure.
Luteal phase defect (LPD), also known as luteal phase deficiency or inadequate luteal phase, is a condition where the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the time between ovulation and menstruation) is shorter than normal or the uterine lining (endometrium) doesn't develop properly to support implantation of a fertilized egg. This can lead to difficulty conceiving or recurrent early miscarriages.
Luxatio Erecta Humeri, also known as inferior shoulder dislocation, is a rare and dramatic type of shoulder dislocation where the arm is fixed in an overhead position. The humeral head (the ball of the shoulder joint) dislocates inferiorly (downward) relative to the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint). It accounts for less than 1% of all shoulder dislocations.
Lymphangiectasis is a condition characterized by the dilation (widening) of lymphatic vessels. These vessels are part of the lymphatic system, which plays a crucial role in fluid balance, immune function, and the absorption of fats from the intestine. When lymphatic vessels become dilated, they can leak fluid and protein into surrounding tissues, leading to various health problems. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. Intestinal lymphangiectasis specifically affects the lymphatic vessels in the small intestine, leading to malabsorption and protein loss.
Lyme arthritis is a late-stage manifestation of Lyme disease, an infection caused by the bacterium
Borrelia burgdorferi
. It typically develops months or even years after an initial tick bite that transmits the bacteria. Lyme arthritis is characterized by joint pain, swelling, and inflammation, primarily affecting large joints like the knees. If left untreated, it can lead to chronic joint damage.
Lymphangiomas are rare, benign malformations of the lymphatic system, characterized by fluid-filled cysts or channels arising from abnormal lymphatic vessels. They can occur anywhere in the body, but are most commonly found in the head and neck region in children. While usually benign, they can cause complications due to their size and location, impacting surrounding tissues and organs.
Lymphangiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that arises from the endothelial lining of lymphatic vessels. It is most commonly associated with chronic lymphedema, a condition characterized by swelling due to impaired lymphatic drainage. The disease typically manifests in the affected limb as bluish or purplish nodules or plaques on the skin. Prognosis is generally poor due to its aggressive nature and tendency for early metastasis.
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms called filariae. These worms are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. The infection damages the lymphatic system, which can lead to abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability, and social stigma.
Lymphocytopenia, also known as lymphopenia, is a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system, defending the body against infections, cancer, and other foreign invaders. When lymphocyte counts are low, the body's ability to fight off infections is compromised, leading to increased susceptibility to various illnesses. The severity of lymphocytopenia can vary, with some individuals experiencing only mild symptoms while others may face more serious complications.
Lymphoid hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissues. It's not a disease in itself but rather a reaction to an underlying condition like an infection, inflammation, or, less commonly, a malignancy. It often presents as enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).
Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of conditions in which lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) proliferate excessively. This uncontrolled growth can be benign or malignant (cancerous). LPDs can affect various parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, and blood. They encompass a wide range of conditions, including certain types of leukemia, lymphoma, and some immune disorders. The nature of the disorder, its aggressiveness, and the affected cell type determine the clinical presentation and treatment approach.
Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency (LAL-D) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly break down fats and cholesterol due to a deficiency of the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) enzyme. This leads to a buildup of fats in the liver, spleen, and other organs, causing a range of health problems. There are two main forms of LAL-D: Wolman disease, which is the severe, early-onset form, and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), which is a milder, later-onset form.
Lymphocytic vasculitis (LV) is a type of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the skin, specifically involving lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). It primarily affects the small vessels in the dermis. This inflammation leads to damage of the blood vessel walls, causing a range of skin manifestations.
Anosmia is the complete loss of the sense of smell. It can be temporary, often caused by a cold or allergy, or permanent, resulting from injury, infection, or other medical conditions. The inability to smell can affect a person's ability to taste food, detect dangers like gas leaks or spoiled food, and impact their overall quality of life.
Leg cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms of muscles in the leg, most commonly occurring in the calf. They can be very painful and debilitating, lasting from a few seconds to several minutes. While generally harmless, frequent or severe leg cramps can disrupt sleep and daily activities.
Ageusia is the complete loss of taste function. It's a relatively rare condition, often confused with a reduced sense of taste (hypogeusia) or a distortion of taste (dysgeusia). The sense of taste is complex, involving taste buds on the tongue, palate, and throat, as well as olfactory (smell) receptors. Loss of taste can significantly impact appetite, nutrition, and overall quality of life. While complete ageusia is rare, milder taste disturbances are much more common.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood drops below normal. Glucose is the body's main source of energy. While often associated with diabetes treatment (specifically insulin or certain oral medications), hypoglycemia can also occur in people without diabetes due to various factors. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to serious health problems if left untreated.
Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including nerve and muscle function, heart rhythm regulation, and fluid balance. When potassium levels drop too low, it can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild muscle weakness to life-threatening heart problems.
Liver spots, more accurately called solar lentigines (or sometimes "age spots"), are flat, darkened patches of skin that appear due to sun exposure over time. They are a common and harmless condition, most often found on areas frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. They are not related to the liver and are not cancerous.
Lumbago, commonly known as lower back pain, is a musculoskeletal disorder affecting the lumbar region of the back. It's characterized by pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the lower back. Lumbago is a symptom rather than a disease itself, often arising from various underlying causes. It can range from mild, acute discomfort to chronic, debilitating pain.
Loose teeth, or tooth mobility, refers to the condition where a tooth feels unstable and moves more than it should within its socket. It can range from a slight wiggle to significant movement and is often a sign of an underlying problem affecting the supporting structures of the tooth. In severe cases, it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.
1. Summary about disease: Locked knee, also known as a knee joint locking, is a condition where the knee joint becomes stuck in a bent or straight position, making it difficult or impossible to move. This can be a painful and debilitating condition that limits mobility. True locking prevents any movement, while pseudo-locking involves pain or the sensation of catching that limits motion.
Loss of appetite, also known as anorexia or decreased appetite, refers to a reduced desire to eat. It's a common symptom with a wide range of potential causes, from minor illnesses to serious medical conditions. It can lead to weight loss, malnutrition, and other health problems if prolonged.
Poor coordination
Unsteady gait (difficulty walking)
Tendency to stumble
Difficulty with fine motor tasks (e.g., writing, buttoning clothes)
Changes in speech (slurred or slow speech)
Difficulty swallowing
Involuntary back-and-forth eye movements (nystagmus)
Tremor
Loss of balance
Dysmetria (inability to judge distances)
Late effects of polio, also known as post-polio syndrome (PPS), is a condition that affects polio survivors, typically 15 to 40 years after the initial polio infection. It is characterized by new weakening in muscles that were previously affected by the poliovirus, as well as other symptoms such as fatigue and pain. PPS is not a recurrence of the original polio infection, but rather a consequence of the long-term strain on the body caused by the initial illness and the subsequent compensatory mechanisms.
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common form of Alzheimer's, typically developing after age 65. It's a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that gradually impairs memory, thinking, and behavior. The exact cause is complex and likely involves a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. It's characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which disrupt neuronal function and lead to cell death.
Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease) characterized by prominent trabeculations (spongy appearance) and deep intertrabecular recesses within the left ventricle. It results from a disruption in the normal process of myocardial compaction during embryonic development. This can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and thromboembolic events (blood clots).
Leg length discrepancy (LLD), also known as limb length inequality, refers to a difference in the length of the legs. This difference can be minimal (less than 1 cm) or quite significant. LLD can be congenital (present at birth), developmental (arising during growth), or acquired (due to trauma or disease). It can lead to a variety of musculoskeletal problems if untreated, including back pain, hip pain, knee pain, and altered gait.
Leaky gut syndrome, also known as increased intestinal permeability, is a condition where the lining of the small intestine becomes damaged, allowing undigested food particles, bacteria, and toxins to leak into the bloodstream. This leakage can trigger inflammation and immune reactions throughout the body. Leaky gut is not a universally recognized or well-defined medical condition by all healthcare professionals, and further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and implications.
Leukocyte Telomere Disorders (LTDs) are a group of genetic conditions characterized by abnormally short telomeres in leukocytes (white blood cells). Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. In LTDs, this shortening occurs prematurely and excessively, leading to impaired cellular function, particularly in rapidly dividing tissues like the bone marrow and lungs. This can result in bone marrow failure, pulmonary fibrosis, liver disease, and increased risk of certain cancers. The severity and specific manifestations of LTDs vary widely depending on the specific gene affected and other genetic and environmental factors.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare, inherited disorder that significantly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, often at a younger age than usual. It's characterized by a mutation in the
TP53
gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene. This mutation disrupts the body's ability to regulate cell growth and repair DNA damage, leading to a higher likelihood of cancer development. The most common cancers associated with LFS include soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas (bone cancers), breast cancer, brain tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, and leukemia.
Lipoid pneumonia is a rare lung condition characterized by the accumulation of lipids (fats) in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. It can be classified as either exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous lipoid pneumonia results from the inhalation or aspiration of oily substances, while endogenous lipoid pneumonia arises from lipid accumulation due to underlying lung disease or metabolic disorders. It can present with varying degrees of severity, ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
Liver adenomas are benign (noncancerous) tumors that develop in the liver. They are composed of hepatocytes, the main type of liver cell. While usually harmless, they can sometimes cause complications such as bleeding or, rarely, transformation into liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).
Liver hemangiomatosis is a rare condition characterized by the presence of multiple hemangiomas (benign tumors composed of blood vessels) in the liver. While a single hemangioma in the liver is relatively common and usually harmless, hemangiomatosis involves numerous lesions spread throughout the organ. It is more common in infants and young children but can occur in adults as well. The severity varies; some individuals remain asymptomatic, while others experience complications due to the size and number of hemangiomas.
Liver infarction is a relatively rare condition characterized by the death of liver tissue (necrosis) due to a lack of blood supply. This can occur due to blockage or obstruction of the hepatic artery or its branches. The severity can range from small, localized areas of damage to more extensive tissue loss. While often asymptomatic, it can lead to liver dysfunction and complications in severe cases.
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast. It's called "invasive" because the cancer cells have spread from the lobules to surrounding breast tissue. ILC is the second most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 10-15% of invasive breast cancers. It often presents differently than the more common ductal carcinoma, sometimes being harder to detect on mammograms.
Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) is a rare genetic disorder that prevents the body from properly breaking down certain fats (long-chain fatty acids) to produce energy. This can lead to a shortage of energy, particularly during periods of fasting or illness. The body relies on fat metabolism for energy, especially when glucose stores are depleted. LCHAD specifically impacts the enzyme long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is crucial for a specific step in this fat breakdown process within mitochondria.
Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system, specifically in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. When neutrophil levels are low, the body is more susceptible to infections. The severity of neutropenia can vary, with mild cases often causing no noticeable symptoms, while severe cases can lead to life-threatening infections.
Lumbar radiculopathy refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves in the lumbar spine are irritated or compressed. This irritation or compression can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness that radiates from the lower back down the leg. Commonly referred to as sciatica, it can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.
Lung bullae are air-filled spaces in the lung parenchyma that are larger than 1 cm in diameter. They are essentially enlarged airspaces that result from the destruction of alveolar tissue. Bullae are a form of emphysema and can sometimes be a complication of other lung diseases. Large bullae can compress surrounding healthy lung tissue, impairing respiratory function.
Lymphadenopathy, also known as lymph node enlargement or swollen glands, refers to the swelling of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body that filter lymph fluid, which contains immune cells. Enlargement typically occurs as a response to infection, inflammation, or, less commonly, cancer. The location of the enlarged lymph nodes can often provide clues to the underlying cause.
Lymphatic obstruction, also known as lymphedema, is a condition where the lymphatic system is blocked, preventing lymph fluid from draining properly. This leads to a build-up of fluid, typically in the arms or legs, causing swelling. It can be primary (due to congenital lymphatic defects) or secondary (caused by other conditions or treatments).
Lymphocystis is a viral disease primarily affecting freshwater and marine fish. It is characterized by the development of cauliflower-like nodules or tumors on the skin, fins, and sometimes internal organs. These nodules are actually enlarged, hypertrophied cells. The disease is generally not fatal but can be unsightly and may affect the fish's ability to swim, feed, or breed.
Pompe disease, also known as acid maltase deficiency or glycogen storage disease type II, is a rare, inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). This enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycogen, a complex sugar, within lysosomes (cellular compartments that break down and recycle materials). When GAA is deficient, glycogen accumulates in various tissues, particularly muscles, leading to progressive muscle weakness. Pompe disease can manifest at any age, ranging from infancy to adulthood, with varying degrees of severity.
Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the sodium level in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. In hyponatremia, one or more factors — ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much water — cause sodium to become diluted. When sodium levels in the blood are too low, excess water moves into cells, causing them to swell. This swelling can lead to serious health problems, especially in the brain.
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