Eales' disease is an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammatory condition affecting the peripheral retina. It primarily affects young, healthy adults, typically between the ages of 20 and 40. The disease is characterized by retinal vasculitis (inflammation of retinal blood vessels), retinal ischemia (lack of blood flow), and neovascularization (abnormal new blood vessel growth), which can lead to vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding in the gel-like substance of the eye) and vision loss.
Eagle-Barrett Syndrome, also known as Prune Belly Syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder primarily affecting males. It is characterized by a triad of features: deficient abdominal wall muscles (leading to a wrinkled or "prune-like" appearance of the abdomen), cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), and urinary tract abnormalities (typically enlarged bladder, hydroureter, and hydronephrosis). The severity of each of these features can vary widely.
An ear infection, also known as otitis media, is an inflammation and infection of the middle ear. It commonly occurs when fluid builds up behind the eardrum, often due to a bacterial or viral infection. Ear infections are particularly common in children, but adults can also be affected. They can cause pain, hearing problems, and other complications if left untreated.
Memory loss that disrupts daily life
Challenges in planning or solving problems
Difficulty completing familiar tasks
Confusion with time or place
Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships
Problems with words in speaking or writing
Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
Decreased or poor judgment
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Changes in mood and personality
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus species. It causes fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and hemorrhage (bleeding). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g., bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.
Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease or hydatidosis, is a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus
Echinococcus
. The two main forms affecting humans are cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by
Echinococcus granulosus
, and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by
Echinococcus multilocularis
. CE results in slow-growing cysts primarily in the liver and lungs, while AE causes tumor-like lesions mainly in the liver and can metastasize to other organs.
Eclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures (fits) in a pregnant woman, usually associated with high blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). It's a more serious form of pre-eclampsia and requires immediate medical attention as it can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby.
Ecthyma is a severe skin infection that's a deeper form of impetigo. It's characterized by ulcerative sores with a thick, crusted surface, often on the lower extremities (legs, ankles, feet). These sores penetrate deeper into the dermis than impetigo, leading to scarring upon healing.
Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a group of inherited disorders that affect the development of ectodermal tissues. These tissues include the skin, hair, teeth, and sweat glands. Because these structures are affected, individuals with ectodermal dysplasia may have absent or poorly formed teeth, sparse hair, and an inability to sweat. There are many different types of ectodermal dysplasia, with varying degrees of severity.
Ectopia cordis is a rare congenital malformation in which the heart is located partially or completely outside the chest. It results from failure of the sternum to fuse or develop properly during embryonic development. The heart may be located in the neck (ectopia cordis cervicalis), chest (ectopia cordis thoracalis), or abdomen (ectopia cordis abdominis), or even outside the body entirely.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. It's a life-threatening condition for the mother because the pregnancy cannot proceed to term and can cause internal bleeding.
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It's a common condition that often starts in childhood but can affect people of all ages. Eczema is not contagious.
Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a rare but serious skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually HSV-1. It occurs in individuals with pre-existing skin conditions, particularly atopic dermatitis (eczema). EH is characterized by a widespread, painful rash consisting of clusters of small, itchy blisters or punched-out erosions. It can be life-threatening, especially in infants and young children, due to potential systemic complications.
Edwards Syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18. It is associated with severe intellectual disability and multiple congenital abnormalities affecting many parts of the body. Many infants with Edwards Syndrome die before birth or within their first month of life. Survival beyond the first year is rare.
An effusion is the escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into tissues or body cavities. It can occur in various parts of the body, such as the pleural space (pleural effusion), the abdominal cavity (ascites), the pericardial sac (pericardial effusion), or the joint spaces (joint effusion). Effusions are not diseases themselves but rather a sign of an underlying medical condition. The fluid can be transudative (caused by pressure imbalances) or exudative (caused by inflammation or injury).
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of inherited disorders that affect connective tissues, primarily the skin, joints, and blood vessel walls. Connective tissue provides strength and elasticity to these structures. EDS can cause a range of symptoms, from mildly loose joints to life-threatening complications. The severity varies significantly among individuals and even within different types of EDS.
Ehrlichiosis is a tickborne bacterial disease caused by bacteria of the
Ehrlichia
genus. It primarily affects white blood cells and can cause flu-like symptoms. The severity of the illness can range from mild to life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Premature Ejaculation (PE): Ejaculating sooner than desired, typically within one minute of penetration.
Delayed Ejaculation (DE): Significant difficulty or inability to ejaculate despite adequate sexual stimulation.
Retrograde Ejaculation: Semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis during ejaculation. Can be identified by cloudy urine after sex.
Anejaculation: Complete inability to ejaculate.
Cyanosis (bluish skin, lips, and nail beds)
Shortness of breath, especially with exertion
Fatigue
Chest pain
Dizziness or fainting
Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)
Swelling in the ankles, feet, or legs (edema)
Clubbing of fingers and toes (enlargement of the tips of the fingers and toes)
Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
Stroke
Elbow bursitis, also known as olecranon bursitis, is an inflammation of the bursa located at the point of the elbow (the olecranon). A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that cushions bones, tendons, and muscles near joints. When the bursa becomes inflamed, it can cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion in the elbow.
Physical Abuse: Unexplained bruises, cuts, burns, or fractures; signs of restraint (e.g., rope marks); reluctance to seek medical treatment.
Emotional Abuse: Withdrawal from social activities; depression; anxiety; fear; changes in behavior; low self-esteem; sleep disturbances.
Sexual Abuse: Bruises or bleeding in the genital area; unexplained sexually transmitted infections; torn or stained underclothing; fear or reluctance to be touched.
Financial Abuse: Sudden changes in financial situation; unexplained withdrawals from accounts; unpaid bills; new "friends" or caregivers showing unusual interest in the elder's finances; signatures on documents that the elder doesn't understand.
Neglect: Poor hygiene; malnutrition; dehydration; untreated medical conditions; unsafe living conditions.
Symptoms vary depending on which electrolyte is imbalanced and the severity of the imbalance. Common symptoms include:
Sodium Imbalance (Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia): Weakness, confusion, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, seizures, coma.
Potassium Imbalance (Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia): Muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, heart palpitations or arrhythmias, paralysis.
Calcium Imbalance (Hypocalcemia or Hypercalcemia): Muscle spasms, tingling, numbness, seizures (Hypocalcemia); Weakness, fatigue, constipation, bone pain, kidney stones (Hypercalcemia).
Magnesium Imbalance (Hypomagnesemia or Hypermagnesemia): Muscle tremors, spasms, weakness, irregular heartbeat (Hypomagnesemia); Weakness, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, cardiac arrest (Hypermagnesemia).
Chloride Imbalance (Hypochloremia or Hyperchloremia): Dehydration, weakness, fatigue, breathing difficulties (Hypochloremia); Weakness, lethargy, deep breathing (Hyperchloremia).
Symptoms of electrical burns can vary widely and may include:
Visible burns on the skin (entry and exit points)
Cardiac arrest or irregular heartbeat
Muscle pain and contractions
Seizures
Loss of consciousness
Breathing difficulties
Numbness or tingling
Headache
Visual disturbances
Internal organ damage (e.g., kidney failure)
Fractures or dislocations due to muscle contractions
Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a parasitic disease caused by thread-like filarial worms
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori
. These worms are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. The infection damages the lymphatic system, leading to abnormal swelling, most commonly in the legs, but also in the arms, genitalia, and breasts. Chronic cases can result in severe disfigurement and disability.
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome, also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature (dwarfism), polydactyly (extra fingers and/or toes), heart defects, and abnormalities of the teeth, nails, and lips. The severity of the features varies among affected individuals.
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) where the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and the amount of oxygen that can reach the bloodstream. Emphysema makes it harder to breathe, causing shortness of breath and wheezing. It is a progressive disease, meaning it gets worse over time.
Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS) is a condition where the pituitary gland, located in a bony structure at the base of the brain called the sella turcica, is flattened or absent. This is often due to a defect in the diaphragma sellae, a membrane that covers the pituitary gland. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can then leak into the sella turcica, compressing the pituitary gland against the walls. ESS can be primary (caused by a congenital defect) or secondary (caused by another condition or treatment). Many people with ESS have normal pituitary function, while others may develop hormonal imbalances.
Empyema is a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space). It's usually a complication of pneumonia, surgery, or trauma. It can cause significant respiratory distress and, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, autoimmune disorders, or, in some cases, be of unknown origin. The condition can range from mild to severe, with severe cases potentially leading to permanent brain damage, coma, or death.
Symptoms vary depending on the location and size of the encephalocele, and the amount of brain tissue involved. Possible symptoms include:
A visible sac-like protrusion on the skull.
Microcephaly (abnormally small head).
Hydrocephalus (excess fluid in the brain).
Developmental delays.
Seizures.
Vision problems.
Muscle weakness or paralysis.
Intellectual disability.
Cognitive Impairment: Confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, problems with judgment.
Personality and Behavioral Changes: Irritability, agitation, apathy, altered personality.
Neurological Issues: Seizures, tremors, muscle weakness, difficulty with coordination, speech problems, impaired consciousness.
Other Symptoms: Lethargy, fatigue, headaches, nausea, vomiting.
In severe cases: Coma.
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of your heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). It typically occurs when bacteria, fungi or other germs from another part of your body, such as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in your heart. Endocarditis can damage your heart valves, leading to complications.
Endocervicitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the endocervix, the inner lining of the cervix (the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina). It is often caused by infection, but can also be caused by irritation. While some cases are asymptomatic, others can lead to vaginal discharge and pelvic discomfort.
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is the most common type of uterine cancer. It's most often adenocarcinoma, which starts in the cells that form glands in the endometrium. Endometrial cancer is often detected early because it frequently causes abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Endophthalmitis is a severe inflammation of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous humor) usually caused by infection. It represents a sight-threatening emergency and requires immediate diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. It can occur after eye surgery, eye injury, or, rarely, from an infection spreading through the bloodstream.
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other areas in the pelvic region, and even, in rare cases, beyond the pelvic area. This misplaced endometrial tissue thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit the body, it becomes trapped. This can lead to inflammation, scarring, adhesions (bands of fibrous tissue that can cause organs to stick together), and pain. Endometriosis can affect fertility.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), commonly known as an enlarged prostate, is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. This enlargement can squeeze or block the urethra, causing urinary problems. BPH is very common as men age, and while it is not life-threatening, it can significantly impact quality of life.
Entamoeba histolytica infection, also known as amebiasis, is an intestinal illness caused by the parasitic protozoan
Entamoeba histolytica
. It can range from asymptomatic infection to severe dysentery (bloody diarrhea) and extraintestinal abscesses, most commonly in the liver. The parasite is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water.
Enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine, causing a range of gastrointestinal symptoms. It can be caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, as well as certain medications and autoimmune conditions. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to severe dehydration and hospitalization.
Enterobiasis, also known as pinworm infection, is a common human parasitic disease caused by the pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
. It is characterized by intense itching in the anal area, particularly at night. While generally not serious, it can be quite bothersome and lead to secondary skin infections.
Symptoms vary widely among individuals but commonly include:
Fatigue
Headaches
Muscle pain
Joint pain
Cognitive dysfunction (brain fog)
Respiratory problems (coughing, wheezing)
Skin rashes
Gastrointestinal issues (nausea, diarrhea)
Dizziness
Sensitivity to light and sound
Mood changes (irritability, depression)
Enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is the involuntary urination while sleeping after the age when bladder control is expected (typically around 5 years old). It can be a source of stress for both the child and the family. Enuresis is generally classified into primary (child has never been dry for an extended period) and secondary (bedwetting starts after a period of dryness).
Developmental delays
Failure to thrive
Seizures
Muscle weakness
Movement disorders
Organ enlargement (liver, spleen)
Neurological problems (cognitive impairment, behavioral issues)
Digestive issues (abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting)
Skin rashes
Anemia
Jaundice
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by an accumulation of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the esophagus. This inflammation can damage the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing, food impaction, and other complications.
Eosinophilia is a condition characterized by a higher-than-normal level of eosinophils in the blood, tissues, or both. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune system, particularly in fighting parasites and allergic reactions. While eosinophilia itself isn't a disease, it's a sign of an underlying condition that needs to be identified and addressed. Eosinophilia can affect various organs and cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the eosinophil accumulation.
Ependymoma is a type of tumor that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. It arises from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, with varying grades indicating their aggressiveness. Ependymomas can occur at any age but are more common in children.
Epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) or golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis), is a condition that causes pain around the outside (lateral) or inside (medial) of the elbow. It's an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside or inside of the elbow. Despite the names, it is not limited to tennis or golf players.
Epidermal inclusion cysts (also called epidermal cysts, sebaceous cysts, or keratin cysts, although "sebaceous cyst" is a misnomer) are benign, slow-growing cysts that originate from the infundibulum (upper portion) of hair follicles. They are filled with keratin, a protein found in skin, hair, and nails. They are common and typically painless unless inflamed or infected.
Epidermoid cysts are benign, slow-growing cysts that arise from the epidermis (outer layer of skin). They are filled with keratin, a protein found in skin, hair, and nails. They are also known as epidermal cysts, sebaceous cysts (though this is technically incorrect as they don't involve sebaceous glands), or keratin cysts. They are common and generally harmless, although they can sometimes become inflamed or infected.
Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of rare genetic skin disorders that cause the skin to be very fragile and blister easily. Blisters and skin erosions can occur from minor trauma or friction, such as rubbing, scratching, or adhesive tape. The severity of EB varies widely, from mild blistering to severe cases that can be life-threatening. EB is not contagious.
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube located at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It most commonly occurs in men between the ages of 14 and 35. It is often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but can also be caused by non-infectious conditions.
Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, the flap of cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe). This swelling can obstruct the flow of air into the lungs. In the past,
Haemophilus influenzae
type b (Hib) was the most common cause, but due to widespread Hib vaccination, other bacteria, viruses, and even burns are now more frequently implicated. It requires rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent airway obstruction and respiratory failure.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that causes changes in behavior, movement, feelings, or consciousness. It is not contagious. Epilepsy can affect people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The severity and frequency of seizures vary greatly from person to person.
Epiphora is the overflow of tears onto the face. It's a symptom, not a disease itself, indicating an issue with tear production or drainage. It can be caused by overproduction of tears, blockage of the tear ducts, or both. The condition can be temporary or chronic and affect one or both eyes.
Episcleritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the episclera, which is the thin layer of tissue between the conjunctiva and the sclera (the white part of the eye). It is a generally benign and self-limiting condition, meaning it often resolves on its own. Episcleritis typically causes redness, irritation, and mild discomfort in the affected eye. It's often unilateral (affects one eye at a time) but can be bilateral.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is a common viral infection that can cause a range of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to infectious mononucleosis (mono), also known as the "kissing disease." Most people are infected with EBV at some point in their lives. After the initial infection, the virus remains latent (dormant) in the body for life. It can reactivate under certain conditions, although this reactivation is usually asymptomatic.
Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex. It's a common condition that affects many men, especially as they get older. It can be caused by a variety of factors, both physical and psychological. Treatment options are available and can help most men achieve satisfactory erections.
Convulsive Ergotism: Characterized by nervous system disturbances, including muscle spasms, tremors, seizures, hallucinations, psychosis, headaches, tingling or itching sensations, and impaired mental function.
Gangrenous Ergotism: Affects blood circulation, leading to intense vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), resulting in reduced blood flow to the extremities. Symptoms include severe burning pain in the limbs, numbness, coldness, discoloration (turning blue or black), and ultimately gangrene (tissue death) of fingers, toes, hands, and feet.
Erysipelas is an acute, superficial bacterial skin infection primarily affecting the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, characterized by a sharply defined, raised, bright red rash. It's typically caused by group A streptococcus bacteria and often affects the face and legs.
Erythema refers to redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow in superficial capillaries. It's a symptom, not a disease itself, and can be associated with various underlying conditions ranging from mild to severe. It's characterized by blanching (temporary whitening) of the skin when pressed.
Erythema Infectiosum, also known as Fifth Disease or "slapped cheek" disease, is a common and usually mild viral illness that primarily affects children. It is caused by parvovirus B19. The hallmark symptom is a distinctive, bright red rash on the cheeks, resembling a slap. While usually benign, it can pose risks to pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems or certain blood disorders.
Erythema multiforme (EM) is an uncommon skin condition characterized by distinctive, target-like lesions that appear suddenly, often on the extremities (hands and feet). It is considered an acute, self-limited mucocutaneous reaction, meaning it affects both the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, eyes). EM is typically triggered by an underlying infection, most commonly herpes simplex virus (HSV). In some cases, medication exposure or other infections can be implicated. EM can range from mild to severe.
Erythema nodosum (EN) is an inflammatory condition characterized by painful, red or purplish, raised nodules that typically appear on the shins. It's a type of panniculitis, which is inflammation of the fat layer under the skin. While EN primarily affects the lower legs, it can sometimes occur on other areas like the thighs, arms, and trunk. It is often associated with underlying conditions.
Erythrasma is a chronic superficial skin infection caused by the bacterium
Corynebacterium minutissimum
. It commonly affects the skin in intertriginous areas (skin folds) like the armpits, groin, and between the toes. It presents as pink or brown, slightly scaly patches. While generally not serious, it can be persistent and sometimes itchy.
Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN), is a condition where the red blood cells of a fetus are destroyed by the mother's antibodies. This happens when the mother's blood type is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, inherited from the father. The mother's immune system recognizes the fetal red blood cells as foreign and produces antibodies against them, leading to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in the fetus. In severe cases, it can cause anemia, jaundice, brain damage, heart failure, and even death.
Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular peripheral pain disorder characterized by intense, burning pain, redness, and increased skin temperature, primarily affecting the extremities, especially the feet and hands. It can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary, associated with underlying medical conditions. Episodes can be triggered by warmth, pressure, exertion, or even no identifiable trigger.
An eschar is a thick, leathery scab or dry crust composed of dead tissue that forms over a deep burn, pressure sore, ulcer, or fungal infection. It can be black, brown, or tan. Eschar can develop in various conditions, the underlying cause dictates the treatment.
Esophageal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the esophagus, the long, hollow tube that runs from your throat to your stomach. It occurs when malignant (cancerous) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The two main types are adenocarcinoma, which usually starts in gland cells, and squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the flat cells lining the esophagus. Esophageal cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage, making treatment challenging.
Esophageal spasm is a condition characterized by abnormal, uncoordinated contractions (spasms) of the muscles in the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. These spasms can be painful and interfere with swallowing. There are two main types: diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) and nutcracker esophagus (also called hypertensive peristalsis). DES involves irregular, simultaneous contractions along the esophagus, while nutcracker esophagus involves contractions that are overly strong but coordinated.
Esophageal stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. This narrowing makes it difficult for food and liquids to pass through, leading to swallowing difficulties. Strictures can be caused by a variety of factors, including acid reflux, scarring, and, less commonly, cancer. Treatment typically aims to widen the esophagus and relieve symptoms.
Esophagitis is inflammation that damages the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from your mouth to your stomach. This inflammation can cause pain, difficulty swallowing, and, in severe cases, ulcers and scarring. There are several types of esophagitis, depending on the underlying cause, including reflux esophagitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, drug-induced esophagitis, and infectious esophagitis.
Esotropia is a form of strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) characterized by one or both eyes turning inward, toward the nose. It's commonly referred to as "crossed eyes." It can be constant (present all the time) or intermittent (occurring occasionally). Esotropia can affect people of all ages, but it's most often diagnosed in infants and young children. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent vision problems like amblyopia ("lazy eye") and double vision.
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary rhythmic shaking. It most often affects the hands, but can also affect the head, voice, legs, and trunk. It is not life-threatening, but it can be progressive and interfere with daily activities. It's often confused with Parkinson's disease, but it is a distinct condition.
Ethanol withdrawal is a syndrome that occurs when a person who has been drinking heavily for a prolonged period suddenly stops or drastically reduces their alcohol consumption. The severity of withdrawal can range from mild anxiety and tremor to severe complications like seizures and delirium tremens (DTs), which can be life-threatening. The syndrome is caused by the brain's adaptation to the chronic presence of alcohol, and the subsequent overexcitation that occurs when alcohol is removed.
Pain and swelling near the affected bone
Limping (if in a leg)
Fever (sometimes)
Fatigue
Bone fracture without a known injury
A palpable mass
Weight loss (in some cases)
Ethmoid sinusitis is an inflammation or infection of the ethmoid sinuses, which are located between the eyes, at the bridge of the nose. It's a type of sinusitis that can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). It's characterized by congestion, pain, and pressure around the eyes and nose.
Exanthema Subitum, also known as Roseola Infantum or Sixth Disease, is a common viral illness that primarily affects infants and young children, typically between 6 months and 3 years old. It is characterized by a sudden high fever followed by a distinctive pinkish-red rash. The disease is usually mild and self-limiting, with most children recovering without complications.
Excoriation disorder, also known as skin-picking disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by the repetitive and compulsive picking of one's own skin, resulting in skin lesions, significant distress, and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. It is classified as an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder.
Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA), also known as Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), is a temporary narrowing of the airways triggered by exercise. This narrowing makes it harder to breathe and can cause symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It's often seen in people with underlying asthma but can also occur in those without a previous asthma diagnosis.
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) is a condition where the pancreas doesn't produce enough of the enzymes needed to digest food, specifically fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. This leads to malabsorption of nutrients, resulting in various symptoms.
Exophthalmos, also known as proptosis, is the bulging or protrusion of one or both eyeballs out of the eye socket. It's most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease, specifically Graves' disease. In this condition, the tissues behind the eye swell, pushing the eyeball forward. The severity can vary from mild to severe, affecting vision and eye comfort.
Exostosis refers to the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone. It's essentially a bony overgrowth or benign bone tumor. It can occur in various locations throughout the body, but it's most commonly found in long bones of the legs and arms. There are several types of exostoses, with osteochondromas being the most prevalent. These are usually benign (non-cancerous) but can cause pain, limited movement, or other complications depending on their size and location.
Exposure keratopathy refers to corneal damage (the clear front surface of the eye) that occurs due to inadequate eyelid closure or tear film coverage, leading to corneal drying and subsequent inflammation and potential damage. The cornea is normally kept moist and protected by the eyelids and tear film. When this protective mechanism is compromised, the cornea becomes vulnerable to environmental factors and can develop lesions.
External otitis, commonly known as swimmer's ear, is an infection of the outer ear canal, the tube that runs from the eardrum to the outside of the head. It's often caused by bacteria or fungi and is frequently associated with water exposure, hence the name "swimmer's ear.
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), also known as drug-induced movement disorders, are a group of side effects caused by certain medications, primarily antipsychotics. These medications affect the extrapyramidal system, a neural network responsible for motor control, coordination, and posture. EPS manifest as a range of involuntary movements, muscle stiffness, and other motor disturbances. The severity and type of EPS vary depending on the medication, dosage, and individual susceptibility.
Extrasystole, also known as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) or premature atrial contractions (PACs), are extra, abnormal heartbeats that disrupt the regular heart rhythm. These extra beats originate in the ventricles (PVCs) or atria (PACs) of the heart and cause a feeling of a skipped beat or palpitations. They are generally benign and common, but frequent or symptomatic extrasystoles may indicate an underlying heart condition.
Eye cancer refers to various types of cancer that can develop within the eye. These cancers can be primary (originating in the eye) or secondary (spreading to the eye from another part of the body). The most common type of primary eye cancer in adults is melanoma, while retinoblastoma is the most common in children. Eye cancer can affect different parts of the eye, including the eyeball itself (intraocular) and the surrounding structures (eyelids, tear glands, and eye socket). The prognosis and treatment options depend heavily on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer.
Eye floaters are small spots or specks that drift across your field of vision. They can appear as black or gray dots, lines, cobwebs, or strings. They are usually caused by age-related changes in the vitreous, the gel-like substance that fills the inside of your eye. While typically harmless, a sudden increase in floaters or the presence of flashes of light could indicate a more serious condition requiring immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of an eye injury can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the injury. Common symptoms include:
Pain in the eye
Redness or bloodshot appearance
Blurred vision or vision loss
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Double vision
Headache
Nausea or vomiting
Foreign body sensation (feeling like something is in the eye)
Swelling around the eye
Bruising around the eye
Watering or discharge from the eye
Pupil abnormalities (unequal size or shape)
Sore, tired, burning, or itching eyes
Watery or dry eyes
Blurred or double vision
Increased sensitivity to light
Neck, shoulder, or back pain
Headaches
Difficulty concentrating
Feeling that you cannot keep your eyes open
Eosinophilic asthma is a severe type of asthma characterized by an elevated number of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood, lungs, and sputum. These eosinophils cause inflammation and swelling in the airways, leading to asthma symptoms. This form of asthma is often not well controlled with standard asthma treatments and may require more targeted therapies.
Symptoms of emotional distress can vary widely, but often include:
Emotional: Sadness, irritability, anxiety, fear, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, shame, anger, feeling overwhelmed, feeling numb, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest in activities, feeling detached or disconnected from others.
Physical: Fatigue, sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleeping), changes in appetite (eating too much or too little), headaches, stomach aches, muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling.
Behavioral: Social withdrawal, difficulty performing daily tasks, increased substance use (alcohol, drugs), neglecting personal hygiene, restlessness, agitation, crying spells.
1. Summary about disease Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. These disorders involve a preoccupation with food, weight, and body shape, and can significantly impair physical health, psychological well-being, and social functioning. Common types include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. They are not simply about food, but rather complex conditions rooted in emotional and psychological issues.
Extraintestinal amebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan
Entamoeba histolytica
, where the parasite spreads beyond the intestines to other organs of the body. The most common site of extraintestinal infection is the liver, resulting in amebic liver abscess. Other less common sites include the lungs, brain, and skin. It is a serious condition that can be fatal if left untreated.
: Eccrine poroma is a benign (non-cancerous) skin tumor that originates from the eccrine sweat glands. It typically presents as a small, raised bump or nodule, most commonly found on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or sides of the fingers and toes. While generally harmless, it can sometimes cause discomfort or pain, and a biopsy is often needed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
Exudative retinal detachment, also known as serous retinal detachment, occurs when fluid accumulates under the retina without any breaks or tears in the retina itself. This fluid buildup causes the retina to separate from the underlying layer of blood vessels (the choroid). It is different from rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, which is caused by a tear.
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a non-polio enterovirus that can cause mild to severe respiratory illness. While many people infected with EV-D68 experience mild symptoms similar to a common cold, in some cases, particularly in children, it can lead to more serious complications, including neurological issues like acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). The virus is most common in late summer and fall.
Extensor tendonitis (also known as extensor tenosynovitis) is an inflammation of the tendons that extend the wrist and fingers. These tendons run along the back of the hand and forearm. Overuse, repetitive motions, and direct trauma are common causes. It results in pain and difficulty moving the affected hand and wrist.
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is a genetic disorder primarily affecting muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and the heart (cardiac muscle). It is characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy), joint contractures (shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, and other tissues around joints that limits movement), and heart problems. The muscle weakness and wasting typically start in the shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs. Joint contractures usually occur early in life, often before significant muscle weakness is apparent, and are most common in the elbows, ankles, and neck. Cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and conduction defects, can lead to palpitations, fainting, fatigue, and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. There are different genetic forms with varying inheritance patterns.
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis (EKV) is a rare inherited skin disorder characterized by two main features: well-defined, red, scaling plaques (erythrokeratoderma) that are relatively fixed in location, and transient, migratory patches of redness (erythema variabilis). The condition typically presents in infancy or early childhood and persists throughout life, although the severity can fluctuate. It affects both males and females equally.
Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) is a cardiac electrophysiological pattern observed on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It's characterized by elevated J-points (the junction between the QRS complex and the ST segment) and often ST-segment elevation, which can sometimes mimic ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While often benign, in some individuals, particularly those with specific genetic predispositions or other risk factors, ERS has been associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The vast majority of people with early repolarization are asymptomatic.
Episcleritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the episclera, which is the thin layer of tissue between the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye) and the sclera (the white part of the eye). It typically presents as redness and mild discomfort in the eye. It is generally a benign and self-limiting condition.
Epstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect in which the tricuspid valve is malformed and located lower than normal in the right ventricle. This displacement divides the right ventricle into two parts: a smaller upper chamber and a larger lower chamber. The malformed valve often leaks, causing blood to flow backwards into the right atrium. This can lead to an enlarged right atrium and reduced blood flow to the lungs. The severity of Epstein anomaly varies greatly.
Ewing sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that occurs most often in bones, but can also occur in soft tissue. It most commonly affects children and young adults, but can occur at any age. The "Ewing sarcoma family of tumors" (ESFT) encompasses several closely related cancers that share similar genetic changes and cellular origins. These include Ewing sarcoma of bone, extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (occurring in soft tissues), and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). ESFT is characterized by the fusion of the
EWSR1
gene with another gene, most commonly
FLI1
.
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a rare chronic blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of platelets by the bone marrow. Platelets are blood cells that help form clots to stop bleeding. In ET, the increased number of platelets can lead to either excessive blood clotting (thrombosis) or, paradoxically, bleeding complications. While ET can occur at any age, it's most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 50 and 70. It is classified as a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), meaning it is a blood cancer caused by genetic mutations in bone marrow cells that lead to the overproduction of one or more types of blood cells. Many people with ET experience few or no symptoms for years.
Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS) is a condition where the pituitary gland is flattened or absent within the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the brain that normally houses the pituitary gland. This occurs because the arachnoid membrane, a part of the meninges (the protective membranes surrounding the brain), herniates into the sella turcica, filling it with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and compressing the pituitary gland. ESS can be primary (due to a small structural defect) or secondary (caused by previous surgery, radiation, or tumor). Many people with ESS have normal pituitary function, while others may experience hormonal imbalances.
Extramammary Paget's Disease (EMPD) is a rare type of skin cancer that typically presents as a slow-growing, persistent rash, often around the vulva, scrotum, perineum, or perianal area. While it can be confined to the epidermis (outer layer of skin), it can sometimes indicate an underlying internal malignancy or spread deeper into the skin. EMPD is not usually life-threatening if treated early, but recurrence is possible.
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare congenital defect where the esophagus, the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, doesn't form properly. It usually ends in two separate segments, preventing food from reaching the stomach. Often, it occurs with a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe).
Erythroderma, also known as exfoliative dermatitis, is a severe inflammatory skin condition characterized by widespread redness and scaling of the skin. It affects most or all of the body surface area. This condition can be caused by various underlying factors, including pre-existing skin disorders, drug reactions, and, less commonly, cancers or infections. Erythroderma can be life-threatening due to complications like fluid loss, infection, and temperature dysregulation.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type (EDS-HT), now referred to as Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS), is a heritable connective tissue disorder characterized primarily by joint hypermobility, skin involvement, and widespread pain. Unlike other types of EDS, the genetic cause of hEDS is currently unknown, making diagnosis reliant on clinical criteria. The severity of symptoms can vary widely, impacting quality of life.
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder primarily affecting the skin. It's caused by a deficiency in the enzyme ferrochelatase, which leads to a buildup of protoporphyrin (a type of porphyrin) in red blood cells, plasma, and eventually the skin. This excess protoporphyrin makes the skin extremely sensitive to sunlight and certain types of artificial light. Liver disease can occur in some individuals.
Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma (EATL) is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily affects the small intestine. It arises from T-cells in the lining of the gut, often in individuals with a history of celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. EATL is characterized by inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining, leading to malabsorption and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The prognosis is generally poor due to its aggressive nature and difficulty in diagnosis.
Epilepsia Partialis Continua (EPC) is a rare type of focal motor status epilepticus characterized by continuous, rhythmic, focal motor seizures that affect a limited part of the body. These seizures can persist for hours, days, or even years. The affected area typically involves the face, fingers, or toes, and the seizures can range from subtle twitching to more pronounced jerking movements. EPC can be caused by various underlying conditions affecting the brain, and its management often requires a combination of antiepileptic medications and treatment of the underlying cause.
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (EAA), also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, is an inflammatory lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic dusts or other allergens. This triggers an immune response in the small air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, leading to inflammation and potentially lung damage with repeated exposure.
Early-Onset Scoliosis (EOS) is defined as spinal curvature diagnosed before the age of 10 years. It can be caused by congenital vertebral anomalies, neuromuscular conditions, or genetic syndromes (in which case it is known as syndromic scoliosis), or it may have no identifiable cause (idiopathic). EOS can significantly impact lung development, growth, and overall quality of life.
Eales' disease is an idiopathic (unknown cause) obliterative peripheral retinal vasculopathy, primarily affecting young, healthy individuals. It is characterized by inflammation and blockage of blood vessels in the retina, leading to ischemia (lack of blood flow), neovascularization (abnormal blood vessel growth), and potentially, retinal hemorrhages, vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding into the clear gel that fills the eye), and retinal detachment. It can cause significant vision loss.
Eagle-Barrett syndrome, also known as prune belly syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder primarily affecting males. It is characterized by a triad of features: deficient abdominal wall musculature (resulting in a wrinkled or "prune-like" appearance of the abdomen), cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), and urinary tract abnormalities, often including hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys due to urine buildup) and a dilated bladder. The severity of these features can vary greatly.
An ear infection (otitis media) is an inflammation of the middle ear, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. It is a common condition, especially in children, characterized by fluid buildup behind the eardrum.
Symptoms of EOAD are similar to those of late-onset Alzheimer's, but their impact can be particularly challenging due to the age of onset. Common symptoms include:
Memory Loss: Difficulty remembering newly learned information, asking repetitive questions.
Difficulty with Planning and Problem Solving: Challenges with planning, making decisions, or following multi-step instructions.
Confusion with Time or Place: Getting lost in familiar places, difficulty keeping track of dates.
Language Difficulties: Trouble finding the right words, difficulty understanding conversations.
Changes in Mood and Personality: Increased irritability, anxiety, depression, withdrawal from social activities.
Visual and Spatial Problems: Difficulty judging distance, problems with depth perception.
Misplacing Things: Putting things in unusual places and having trouble retracing steps to find them.
Decreased or Poor Judgement Poor decision-making skills
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). It is caused by viruses within the genus
Ebolavirus
. EVD is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and unexplained bleeding. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g., bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.
Eclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is a condition that includes high blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria) or other organ damage, typically developing after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia is a life-threatening condition for both the mother and the baby.
Ecthyma is a deep, ulcerative skin infection, a more severe form of impetigo. It extends into the dermis, the deeper layer of the skin. It is characterized by "punched-out" ulcers covered with a thick crust. Once healed, it typically leaves a scar.
Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease or hydatidosis, is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stages of tapeworms belonging to the genus
Echinococcus
. There are two main forms affecting humans: cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by
Echinococcus granulosus
, and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by
Echinococcus multilocularis
. CE forms cysts primarily in the liver and lungs, while AE causes tumor-like lesions that can spread invasively, mainly in the liver.
Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a group of inherited disorders characterized by abnormal development of ectodermal tissues, including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. These conditions are present at birth and can vary significantly in severity, ranging from mild to life-threatening. The specific features and impact on affected individuals depend on the specific type of ectodermal dysplasia and the genes involved.
Ectopia cordis is a rare congenital malformation in which the heart is located partially or completely outside the chest. This occurs due to failure of fusion during embryonic development, leading to the heart being positioned abnormally. The severity of the condition varies, with some cases involving only partial displacement and others involving the heart being entirely outside the body. The prognosis is often poor, especially in severe cases, and is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies.
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It's a common condition, particularly in children, but can affect people of all ages. Eczema is not contagious and is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It often involves periods of flare-ups and remissions.
Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a rare but serious skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually type 1 (HSV-1), but sometimes type 2 (HSV-2). It occurs in individuals who have pre-existing skin conditions, most commonly atopic dermatitis (eczema), but also other conditions that disrupt the skin barrier. EH is characterized by a widespread, painful rash of small, fluid-filled blisters (vesicles) that can quickly spread across the body. It can be life-threatening, particularly in infants and young children, due to potential systemic complications.
Edwards syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18. It is associated with severe developmental delays and medical problems. Many affected individuals die before birth or within their first month of life.
Effusion Information An effusion is the abnormal buildup of fluid in a body cavity. While the term "effusion" can technically refer to fluid buildup in any body cavity, it most commonly refers to pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs), pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart), or joint effusion (fluid within a joint space). Effusions are usually a sign of an underlying medical condition rather than a disease in themselves. The nature of the fluid (e.g., serous, purulent, bloody) and its composition can help determine the cause.
Joint Hypermobility: Unusually flexible joints that can easily dislocate.
Skin Hyperextensibility: Skin that stretches easily and may be velvety to the touch.
Tissue Fragility: Skin that bruises easily, heals poorly, and can lead to wide, atrophic scars.
Chronic Pain: Joint pain, muscle pain, and pain related to dislocations or subluxations.
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
Cardiovascular Problems: In some types, issues with blood vessels, such as aortic root dilation or dissection.
Digestive Issues: Gastrointestinal problems like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or gastroparesis.
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial illness that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the
Ehrlichia
genus. The bacteria infect white blood cells, leading to a range of flu-like symptoms. The severity of the disease can vary, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others develop severe, life-threatening complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for a favorable outcome.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus. The most common location is in the fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy), but it can also occur in other areas like the ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity. Ectopic pregnancies are not viable and can be life-threatening to the mother if not treated.
Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition that affects the heart and lungs. It's a type of congenital heart defect (present at birth) that causes abnormal blood flow in the heart. Over time, this abnormal blood flow leads to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs). The increased pressure in the lungs then causes blood to flow in the reverse direction through the heart defect, resulting in deoxygenated (blue) blood circulating throughout the body. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin) and other complications.
Ejaculatory dysfunction refers to a range of conditions affecting a man's ability to ejaculate normally. This can include premature ejaculation (PE), delayed ejaculation (DE), retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation (the inability to ejaculate). These conditions can significantly impact sexual satisfaction, fertility, and overall well-being.
Symptoms of elder abuse can vary widely depending on the type of abuse:
Physical Abuse: Unexplained bruises, cuts, burns, or fractures; broken eyeglasses; signs of being restrained.
Sexual Abuse: Bruises around the genitals or breasts; unexplained sexually transmitted diseases; torn or bloody underclothing.
Emotional/Psychological Abuse: Fear, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, changes in behavior, low self-esteem.
Neglect: Poor hygiene; weight loss; dehydration; untreated medical problems; unsanitary living conditions.
Financial Exploitation: Sudden changes in financial situation; unusual bank withdrawals; unpaid bills; new "friends" suddenly having access to the elder's finances.
Abandonment: Being left alone in unsafe conditions; caregiver suddenly absent without explanation.
Elbow bursitis (olecranon bursitis) is inflammation of the bursa, a small fluid-filled sac located behind the elbow. This bursa normally helps reduce friction between the bones and tendons around the elbow joint. When the bursa becomes inflamed, it can cause pain, swelling, and limited movement.
Electrolyte imbalance occurs when the levels of electrolytes in the body are too high or too low. Electrolytes are minerals in the body that have an electric charge. They help regulate various bodily functions, including fluid balance, muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and blood pressure. Common electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphate. An imbalance can lead to a variety of symptoms and, in severe cases, can be life-threatening.
Electrical burns are injuries that occur when electric current passes through the body. The severity can range from mild skin burns to severe internal organ damage and even death. The extent of injury depends on the type of current (AC or DC), voltage, amperage, pathway through the body, duration of contact, and the individual's overall health. Electrical burns often involve both tissue damage from heat and direct electrical effects on cells.
Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a parasitic disease caused by thread-like filarial worms transmitted through mosquito bites. It primarily affects the lymphatic system, leading to abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability, and social stigma. The disease is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas.
Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
Chronic cough
Wheezing
Excess mucus production
Chest tightness
Fatigue
Weight loss
Cyanosis (bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails) in severe cases
Frequent respiratory infections
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome, also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder affecting bone growth, particularly in the limbs. It also often involves ectodermal tissues (hair, nails, teeth) and may affect the heart. The syndrome is characterized by short stature, short ribs, polydactyly (extra fingers), nail dysplasia, and dental abnormalities. The severity of the condition can vary significantly between individuals.
Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition where the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain in a bony structure called the sella turcica, is flattened or shrunken. This is because the sella turcica is partially or completely filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. There are two types: primary ESS, which is usually caused by a small defect in the diaphragma sellae (the membrane covering the pituitary gland), and secondary ESS, which can be caused by pituitary tumor removal, radiation, or injury. In many cases, ESS doesn't cause any symptoms.
Empyema is a condition where pus collects in the pleural space, the area between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall. It's usually a complication of a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, and can cause significant respiratory distress.
Headache
Fever
Stiff neck
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Confusion, disorientation, or altered mental status
Seizures
Muscle weakness or paralysis
Speech difficulties
Changes in personality or behavior
Loss of consciousness
In infants: Bulging fontanel (soft spot), excessive crying, poor feeding, irritability
Altered mental status (confusion, disorientation)
Memory loss
Personality changes
Difficulty concentrating
Lethargy or excessive sleepiness
Seizures
Tremors
Muscle weakness
Difficulty with speech or swallowing
Coma (in severe cases)
Encephalocele is a rare neural tube defect where a sac-like protrusion of the brain and its membranes (meninges) extends through an opening in the skull. These defects occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, doesn't close completely during pregnancy. The size and location of the encephalocele can vary, and it can occur anywhere on the skull, but is most commonly seen on the back of the head (occipital). Encephaloceles can contain brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, or both.
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). It typically occurs when bacteria, fungi, or other germs from another part of your body, such as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in your heart. If left untreated, endocarditis can damage or destroy your heart valves and can lead to life-threatening complications.
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It's most often adenocarcinoma, which starts in gland cells of the endometrium. It's one of the most common gynecologic cancers.
Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can attach to other organs in the pelvic area, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and bowel. These endometrial-like implants thicken, break down, and bleed with each menstrual cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit the body, it becomes trapped, leading to inflammation, scarring, and pain.
Endophthalmitis is a severe inflammation of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous humor), usually caused by infection. It's a medical emergency that can lead to significant vision loss, even blindness, if not treated promptly.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), commonly known as an enlarged prostate, is a non-cancerous condition in men where the prostate gland increases in size. This enlargement can compress the urethra, leading to various urinary symptoms. BPH is very common in older men and is not directly related to prostate cancer, though they can coexist. The severity of symptoms varies among individuals.
Entamoeba histolytica infection, also known as amebiasis, is an intestinal illness caused by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It can range from asymptomatic infection to severe dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses, primarily in the liver. The parasite is acquired through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts of the parasite.
Enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine, causing a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms. It's often used broadly to refer to any inflammation of the digestive tract (gastroenteritis), but specifically refers to the small intestine. It is typically caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, or certain medications and substances.
Enterocolitis is an inflammation of both the small intestine (enteritis) and the colon (colitis). It can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, as well as medications or autoimmune conditions. The inflammation disrupts the normal function of the intestines, leading to a range of symptoms.
Enterobiasis, commonly known as pinworm infection, is a human parasitic disease caused by the pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
. It's characterized by intense anal itching, especially at night. It's one of the most common worm infections worldwide, particularly affecting children.
Enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is the involuntary urination during sleep in children who are old enough to be expected to control their bladder. It is considered a normal developmental stage for many young children. Medically, it is usually only considered a problem after the age of 5-7 years. It's often categorized as primary (child has never been consistently dry at night) or secondary (child was dry for at least 6 months and then started wetting the bed again).
Neurological: Headaches, fatigue, dizziness, cognitive difficulties (memory problems, difficulty concentrating), mood changes, anxiety, depression.
Respiratory: Nasal congestion, sinus problems, cough, shortness of breath, asthma-like symptoms.
Skin: Rashes, hives, itching, eczema.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating.
Musculoskeletal: Muscle aches, joint pain.
Other: Chemical sensitivities, food sensitivities, light sensitivity, noise sensitivity.
Enzyme deficiencies occur when the body doesn't produce enough of a specific enzyme or the enzyme doesn't function properly. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body, and their absence or malfunction can disrupt various metabolic processes. This can lead to a buildup of certain substances or a deficiency of others, resulting in a wide range of symptoms and health problems depending on the specific enzyme affected.
Eosinophilia is a condition characterized by a higher-than-normal number of eosinophils in the blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune system, particularly in fighting parasitic infections and allergic reactions. While eosinophilia itself isn't a disease, it's a sign of an underlying condition that needs to be identified and addressed.
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the esophagus. It's characterized by an accumulation of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the lining of the esophagus. This inflammation can damage the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), food impaction, and other symptoms. EoE is often associated with allergies, though the exact relationship is complex.
Ependymoma is a type of tumor that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. It arises from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumors can be slow-growing but can cause problems by blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), increasing pressure within the skull or spine, and pressing on surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue. Ependymomas are classified into different grades (I, II, III) based on their aggressiveness.
Epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) or golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis), is a condition that causes pain around the bony bumps on the outside (lateral) or inside (medial) of your elbow. It's an overuse injury resulting from repetitive motions of the wrist and arm, leading to inflammation and microscopic tears in the tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the elbow bone. Despite the names, it's not exclusive to tennis or golf players; anyone whose activities involve repetitive wrist and arm movements can develop it.
An epidermal inclusion cyst (sometimes called an epidermoid cyst, sebaceous cyst, or keratin cyst, although "sebaceous cyst" is technically inaccurate) is a benign, slow-growing, mobile, firm, and usually painless nodule in the skin. It is formed when epidermal cells, which normally exfoliate, get trapped beneath the skin's surface. These cells form the wall of the cyst and then secrete keratin, a protein that makes up skin, hair, and nails, into the interior of the cyst.
Epidermoid cysts are small, benign, slow-growing lumps that develop under the skin. They are filled with keratin, a protein found in skin, hair, and nail cells. They are also sometimes referred to as sebaceous cysts, although this is technically incorrect as they are not associated with sebaceous glands. While generally harmless, they can become inflamed, infected, or painful.
Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of rare genetic skin disorders that cause the skin to be very fragile and blister easily. Blisters and skin erosions can occur from minor trauma or friction, such as rubbing, scratching, or adhesive tape. The severity of EB varies widely, from mild blistering that heals without scarring to severe blistering that can affect internal organs and lead to disability or death.
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It's most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but can also be due to other factors. Epididymitis typically causes pain, swelling, and redness in the scrotum.
Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the epiglottis – a small cartilage "lid" that covers the windpipe (trachea) – becomes inflamed and swollen. This swelling can block the flow of air into the lungs. It is a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment. While historically more common in children, vaccination against
Haemophilus influenzae
type b (Hib) has significantly reduced childhood cases, and epiglottitis is now seen more frequently in adults.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that causes changes in behavior, movement, feelings or levels of consciousness. Epilepsy is not contagious and can often be managed with medication and lifestyle adjustments.
Epiphora is the overflow of tears onto the face, due to excessive tear production, impaired drainage, or both. It's not a disease in itself, but a symptom of an underlying condition. It can range from a mild nuisance to a significant problem affecting vision and quality of life.
Episcleritis is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory condition affecting the episclera, the thin layer of tissue between the conjunctiva and the sclera (the white part of the eye). It typically causes redness, irritation, and mild discomfort in one or both eyes. It is generally less severe than scleritis, which involves deeper layers of the eye.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a common viral infection belonging to the herpesvirus family. It's best known for causing infectious mononucleosis (mono), also known as glandular fever or the "kissing disease." However, many people are infected with EBV in childhood and experience mild or no symptoms. Once infected, the virus remains dormant in the body for life. In some cases, EBV can be associated with certain cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for satisfactory sexual intercourse. It can be a frustrating and distressing condition that affects a man's self-esteem, relationships, and overall quality of life. ED is common, especially as men age, but it's not considered a normal part of aging and is often treatable.
Ergotism, also known as St. Anthony's Fire, is a disease caused by consuming grains (especially rye) that are contaminated with ergot fungi (Claviceps purpurea). This fungus produces toxic alkaloids that can cause a variety of symptoms affecting the nervous system and blood vessels. There are two main forms: convulsive ergotism, characterized by seizures and spasms, and gangrenous ergotism, characterized by vasoconstriction leading to tissue damage and limb loss.
Erysipelas is an acute, superficial bacterial skin infection affecting the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics. It's characterized by a sharply demarcated, raised, indurated, and erythematous rash. It most commonly affects the face and legs. It's usually caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes
(Group A Streptococcus).
Erythema infectiosum, also known as fifth disease or "slapped cheek syndrome," is a mild viral illness, most common in children, caused by parvovirus B19. It is characterized by a distinctive red rash on the cheeks, giving the appearance of having been slapped. While usually harmless, it can pose risks to pregnant women and individuals with certain blood disorders.
Erythema is a redness of the skin caused by dilation and congestion of capillaries in the skin. It can occur in localized areas or be widespread. Erythema itself is not a specific disease, but rather a sign or symptom of an underlying condition. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergic reactions, inflammatory conditions, medications, and even physical stimuli. The appearance of erythema can vary in intensity and pattern, ranging from a faint flush to a deep, bright red.
Erythema multiforme (EM) is an uncommon skin condition characterized by distinctive, target-like lesions that appear suddenly. It is often a reaction to an infection, most commonly the herpes simplex virus (HSV), or certain medications. The condition is generally self-limiting, resolving on its own, but recurring episodes are possible, especially if triggered by recurrent HSV infections. In severe cases, it can involve the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, and genitals.
Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory condition characterized by painful, red, and tender nodules, typically on the shins. It is a form of panniculitis, which means inflammation of the fat layer under the skin. Erythema nodosum is often a reaction to an underlying infection or inflammatory condition, but in some cases, the cause remains unknown. It is more common in women than men.
Erythrasma is a chronic, superficial skin infection caused by the bacterium
Corynebacterium minutissimum
. It commonly affects skin folds, especially in the groin, armpits, and between the toes. It's characterized by reddish-brown, scaly patches.
Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), is a condition where the red blood cells of a fetus are destroyed by maternal antibodies. This occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and the fetus, most commonly involving the Rh factor (Rh disease) or, less frequently, the ABO blood group system. The maternal antibodies cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells, leading to anemia, jaundice, and potentially severe complications.
Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular peripheral pain disorder characterized by intense, burning pain, redness, and increased skin temperature, primarily affecting the feet and hands. Symptoms are episodic and often triggered by heat, exercise, or pressure. It can be primary (genetic or idiopathic) or secondary to other underlying medical conditions.
Anthrax: Flu-like symptoms, followed by a painless skin lesion (papule) that develops into a vesicle, then ulcerates and forms a black eschar.
Spotted Fever: Fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash (often starting on the wrists and ankles) in addition to the eschar at the site of the tick bite.
General: Pain or itching around the eschar (though anthrax eschars are typically painless), possible discharge, fever, and signs of systemic infection if the underlying cause is spreading.
Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from your throat to your stomach. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma (arising from the flat cells lining the esophagus) and adenocarcinoma (arising from gland cells, often developing from Barrett's esophagus).
Esophageal spasm is a condition characterized by sudden, uncoordinated contractions of the muscles in the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. These spasms can cause chest pain, often mistaken for heart problems, and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). There are two main types: Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (DES), where contractions are uncoordinated and may occur simultaneously in different parts of the esophagus, and Nutcracker Esophagus (also known as Hypercontractile Esophagus), where contractions are coordinated but are excessively strong.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) – feeling like food is getting stuck
Painful swallowing (odynophagia)
Regurgitation of food or saliva
Heartburn
Chest pain
Unexpected weight loss
Frequent choking or coughing
Feeling of food being stuck in the throat
Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from your throat to your stomach. This inflammation can damage the esophagus and cause painful or difficult swallowing, and sometimes chest pain. It can be caused by stomach acid backing up into the esophagus (acid reflux), infection, allergies, medications, or radiation treatment.
Esotropia is a form of strabismus, also known as crossed eyes. It occurs when one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose. This misalignment can be constant or intermittent. Esotropia can affect vision, depth perception, and self-esteem.
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary, rhythmic shaking. It most commonly affects the hands, but can also affect the head, voice, legs, or trunk. It is not life-threatening, but it can significantly impact a person's daily activities and quality of life. ET is often confused with Parkinson's disease, but they are distinct conditions.
Ethanol withdrawal is a syndrome that occurs in individuals who have developed physical dependence on alcohol (ethanol) and then abruptly reduce or stop their alcohol consumption. The severity of withdrawal symptoms can range from mild anxiety and tremors to severe and life-threatening complications such as seizures and delirium tremens (DTs). The severity often correlates with the level and duration of alcohol use prior to cessation.
Ethmoid sinusitis is an inflammation or infection of the ethmoid sinuses, which are located between the eyes and the nose. These sinuses are part of a larger network of interconnected air-filled spaces in the skull. Inflammation can be caused by infections (viral, bacterial, or fungal), allergies, or structural problems. Ethmoid sinusitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Ewing sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that occurs most often in bones, but can also occur in soft tissues around the bones. It most frequently affects children and young adults. The most common locations are the bones of the leg, pelvis, arm, or chest wall. Ewing sarcoma is characterized by the proliferation of small, round, blue cells. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a common viral infection that can cause infectious mononucleosis (mono), also known as the "kissing disease." However, many people infected with EBV never develop symptoms or experience only mild, cold-like symptoms. After the initial infection, EBV remains latent (dormant) in the body for life. It can reactivate, but this usually doesn't cause symptoms in healthy individuals.
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