T-cell lymphomas are a group of relatively rare cancers that develop from abnormal T-cells (a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system). These lymphomas can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, lymph nodes, blood, and internal organs. There are many different subtypes of T-cell lymphoma, each with its own characteristics and prognosis. They are generally classified as either cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), which primarily affect the skin, or peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), which affect lymph nodes and other tissues.
T-cell leukemia encompasses a group of cancers that affect T-lymphocytes (T-cells), a type of white blood cell crucial for the immune system. These cancers can be acute (fast-growing) or chronic (slow-growing). Acute T-cell leukemias, such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), are aggressive and require immediate treatment. Chronic T-cell leukemias, like T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) and large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGL leukemia), develop more slowly. The uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal T-cells in the bone marrow and blood disrupts normal blood cell production and immune function.
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) is a rare, chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in cytotoxic T lymphocytes called large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes the spleen or liver. It's a type of chronic leukemia that progresses slowly in many patients. T-LGLL can affect various organs and systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications.
T-cell cutaneous lymphoma (CTCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It's a cancer that begins in white blood cells called T-cells, which normally help the body fight germs. In CTCL, these T-cells become cancerous and primarily affect the skin. The most common types of CTCL are mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. CTCL is a rare disease and is not contagious. It typically progresses slowly over many years.
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and aggressive type of mature T-cell leukemia. It involves an overproduction of abnormal prolymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, in the bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, and sometimes the skin and liver. It leads to various complications due to the infiltration of these organs. It progresses relatively quickly compared to some other leukemias.
T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T-NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the immune system. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, T-NHL encompasses a diverse group of lymphomas with varying characteristics and prognoses. These lymphomas can affect the lymph nodes, skin, blood, and other organs. T-NHL is less common than B-cell NHL.
T-cell receptor gamma delta (TCRγδ) lymphoma is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates from gamma delta T-cells. These T-cells are a small subset of T-cells that have a distinct receptor (TCRγδ) and play a role in immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis. This lymphoma often presents with extranodal involvement, meaning it affects organs outside of the lymph nodes, such as the skin, liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. Several subtypes exist, each with varying clinical presentations and prognoses.
T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) is a rare subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It's characterized by a relatively small number of large B cells (the malignant cells) surrounded by a large number of T cells and histiocytes (immune cells). THRLBCL is an aggressive lymphoma, but treatment can be effective.
T-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (TCL-HS) is a rare, life-threatening condition characterized by an overactive immune response triggered by a T-cell lymphoma. The immune system goes into overdrive, leading to the excessive activation and proliferation of immune cells, particularly macrophages, which start engulfing (phagocytizing) other blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This leads to a cascade of symptoms and organ damage.
Tabes dorsalis is a slow degeneration of the nerve cells and nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the brain. These nerve fibers are located in the posterior (dorsal) columns of the spinal cord. It is a late manifestation of untreated syphilis, typically occurring decades after the initial infection. The condition leads to a variety of neurological problems, primarily affecting sensory perception, balance, and coordination.
Tachycardia is a heart rate that's too fast. It is generally defined as a resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute in adults. While a fast heart rate is normal during exercise or in response to stress, tachycardia refers to a persistently elevated heart rate at rest. Several types of tachycardia exist, categorized by the origin of the abnormal electrical signals in the heart. It can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, or it can occur independently.
Tachypnea is abnormally rapid breathing. It's defined as breathing faster than the normal respiratory rate for a person's age. It's often a sign of an underlying medical condition, ranging from mild to severe.
Takayasu arteritis is a rare, chronic, progressive inflammatory disease affecting the aorta and its major branches. This inflammation causes narrowing (stenosis), widening (aneurysm), or blockages in these arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to tissues and organs. It is a form of large vessel vasculitis.
Talipes equinovarus, commonly known as clubfoot, is a congenital foot deformity where one or both feet are twisted inward and downward. This condition is present at birth and can range in severity. It involves multiple abnormalities, including the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the foot and ankle. While it can be corrected with treatment, early intervention is crucial for optimal outcomes.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious illness caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria or group A Streptococcus (strep) bacteria. While often associated with tampon use in menstruating women, it can affect anyone, including men, children, and postmenopausal women. It's a rapidly progressing illness that can lead to shock, organ damage, and even death.
Tangier disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by very low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good cholesterol," in the blood. This deficiency can lead to various health problems, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, enlarged tonsils with a distinctive orange color, and neurological problems.
1. Summary about disease:
Tannerella forsythia
(formerly
Bacteroides forsythus
) is a gram-negative bacterium strongly associated with periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. It's a key member of the "red complex" of bacteria that are most implicated in periodontal disease progression.
T. forsythia
possesses virulence factors that enable it to colonize the periodontal pocket, evade the host immune response, and contribute to tissue destruction.
Tapeworm infection is a parasitic disease caused by ingesting the eggs or larvae of tapeworms. These parasites can live in the intestines of humans and animals. Infection typically occurs through consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly raw or undercooked meat. Many people with tapeworm infections have no symptoms. However, if left untreated, some types of tapeworms can cause serious complications.
T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a cancer of the T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. In T-LBL, abnormal T-cells multiply uncontrollably and can accumulate in the lymph nodes, thymus (a gland in the chest), blood, bone marrow, and other organs. This can lead to various symptoms and complications. T-LBL is closely related to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL); the distinction primarily lies in the percentage of blast cells in the bone marrow.
Tar-rich pneumoconiosis, also known as coal tar pneumoconiosis or pitch pneumoconiosis, is a chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation and accumulation of coal tar products, specifically those rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This exposure primarily occurs in occupations involving the processing or handling of coal tar, pitch, or asphalt. The disease leads to inflammation, fibrosis (scarring), and impaired lung function.
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological syndrome characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements, most often affecting the face, mouth, tongue, and jaw. It can also affect the limbs, torso, and, less commonly, the diaphragm and other muscles involved in breathing. It is most commonly a side effect of long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics used to treat mental health conditions. The movements can range from mild and barely noticeable to severe and disabling.
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare, inherited genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A (Hex-A), which is responsible for breaking down a fatty substance called GM2 ganglioside. The buildup of GM2 ganglioside becomes toxic to nerve cells, leading to their destruction. It is most common in infants and children and is usually fatal.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (TTS) is a condition caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it travels through the tarsal tunnel, a narrow space on the inside of the ankle next to the ankle bones. This compression can lead to pain, numbness, and tingling in the foot and ankle.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of epilepsy that originates in the temporal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are responsible for processing emotions, memory, and sensory information. TLE is the most common type of focal epilepsy (seizures that start in one area of the brain). Seizures can be simple partial (awareness maintained), complex partial (awareness impaired), or can generalize to become tonic-clonic seizures.
Tendinosis is a chronic tendon injury characterized by the degeneration of the collagen fibers that make up the tendon. Unlike tendinitis, which involves acute inflammation, tendinosis is marked by structural changes within the tendon tissue, including collagen fiber disorientation, increased vascularity, and scattered chronic inflammatory responses. It results in pain and reduced function, often persisting for months or years.
Tendinitis is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon, a thick, fibrous cord that connects muscle to bone. This inflammation causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint. While it can occur in any tendon, it's most common around the shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees, and heels.
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is a condition that causes pain on the outside of the elbow, often radiating into the forearm and wrist. It is an overuse injury resulting from repetitive motions of the wrist and arm. Despite its name, it affects people of all occupations, not just tennis players.
Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendon sheath – the lining that surrounds a tendon. This sheath normally allows the tendon to glide smoothly. When inflamed, the tendon's movement becomes painful and difficult. It commonly affects the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet.
Temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA), is an inflammatory disease that affects the medium and large arteries of the body. It most commonly affects the arteries in the temples (hence the name "temporal" arteritis), but it can also involve other arteries, including those in the head, neck, and arms. The inflammation can cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked, disrupting blood flow. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including headaches, jaw pain, vision problems, and fatigue. Left untreated, it can lead to serious complications like blindness.
A teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor that can contain fully developed tissues and organs, including hair, teeth, muscle, and bone. Teratomas are congenital tumors (present at birth) that arise from pluripotent germ cells, which have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They most commonly occur in the ovaries, testes, and tailbone (sacrococcygeal region), but can also be found in other locations such as the mediastinum (chest cavity) or brain.
Tension headaches are the most common type of headache. They are characterized by mild to moderate pain often described as a tight band or pressure around the head. They are usually not debilitating but can interfere with daily activities.
Testicular cancer is a cancer that begins in the testicles, which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction. Compared with other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare. But it is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 35. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when cancer has spread beyond the testicle. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer.
Testicular torsion is a painful condition that occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum. The reduced blood flow causes sudden and severe pain and swelling. Testicular torsion most often occurs in males between the ages of 12 and 18, but it can happen at any age, even before birth. It requires immediate medical attention to untwist the testicle, usually through surgery. If treated quickly, the testicle can usually be saved. However, when blood flow has been cut off for too long, the testicle might be damaged so severely that it needs to be removed.
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a serious bacterial infection caused by
Clostridium tetani
. This bacterium produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which affects the nerves controlling muscle movement. Tetanus leads to painful muscle contractions, particularly in the jaw and neck, and can be fatal if left untreated. It is preventable through vaccination.
Cyanosis (bluish skin, lips, and nails)
Shortness of breath and rapid breathing, especially during feeding or activity
Poor weight gain
Tiring easily during play or exercise
Irritability
Prolonged crying
Heart murmur
Clubbing of fingers and toes (less common in early infancy)
"Tet spells" (sudden episodes of deep cyanosis, often with loss of consciousness)
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency is a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders that disrupt the body's ability to produce or recycle BH4. BH4 is an essential cofactor for several enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids, including phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and in the production of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin. This deficiency can lead to a buildup of phenylalanine in the blood (hyperphenylalaninemia), similar to phenylketonuria (PKU), and can also result in neurological problems due to neurotransmitter deficiencies.
: Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by the body's inability to produce sufficient hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. This deficiency leads to anemia, a condition marked by a shortage of red blood cells. Thalassemia varies in severity, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
Terminal ileitis is inflammation of the terminal ileum, the final section of the small intestine. It's often associated with Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms and complications, affecting the body's ability to absorb nutrients.
Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) is a severe skeletal disorder characterized by extremely short limbs and a narrow thorax (chest). It is a type of skeletal dysplasia, specifically a chondrodysplasia, meaning it affects cartilage and bone development. There are two main types, type I and type II, distinguished by specific features, most notably the shape of the femurs (thigh bones) and skull. TD is a lethal condition, with most infants dying shortly after birth due to respiratory failure.
Thelaziasis is a parasitic eye infection caused by nematode worms of the genus
Thelazia
. These worms live on the surface of the eye, in the conjunctival sac, and associated tissues of various mammals, including humans. The infection is generally not life-threatening but can cause significant discomfort and, in some cases, corneal damage.
Thecoma is a rare type of benign (non-cancerous) sex cord-stromal tumor that occurs in the ovaries. These tumors are made up of thecal cells, which normally produce estrogen. Because of this, thecomas often produce excess estrogen, leading to various hormonal effects. They typically occur after menopause but can occur in women of any age. While thecomas themselves are not cancerous, their hormonal effects can sometimes increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
Thermic fever, more commonly known as heatstroke, is a severe form of hyperthermia that occurs when the body's temperature rises to 104°F (40°C) or higher, often due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures or physical exertion in hot conditions. It is a medical emergency that can lead to organ damage, brain damage, and even death if not treated promptly.
Thiamine deficiency, also known as vitamin B1 deficiency, occurs when the body doesn't have enough thiamine. Thiamine is essential for glucose metabolism, nerve function, and muscle function. Severe and prolonged deficiency can lead to serious neurological and cardiovascular complications.
Thickened nuchal translucency (NT) is not a disease itself, but rather a finding detected during a prenatal ultrasound, typically performed between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. It refers to an increased amount of fluid behind the fetal neck. A larger than normal NT measurement can indicate an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities (like Down syndrome), heart defects, and other genetic syndromes. It is a screening tool, not a diagnosis, and requires further testing for confirmation.
A thigh strain or muscle pull is an injury to one of the muscles on the front, back, or inside of the thigh. This commonly occurs during athletic activities due to overstretching or sudden contraction of the muscle. Severity ranges from mild discomfort to complete muscle rupture.
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) deficiency is a genetic condition in which the body doesn't produce enough of the TPMT enzyme. This enzyme is crucial for breaking down thiopurine medications like azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and thioguanine. These medications are commonly used to treat various conditions, including autoimmune diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis), leukemia, and to prevent organ transplant rejection. When someone with TPMT deficiency takes these drugs, the medications can build up to toxic levels in the body, leading to severe and potentially life-threatening side effects, primarily severe bone marrow suppression.
Third cranial nerve palsy, also known as oculomotor nerve palsy, occurs when the third cranial nerve, which controls several muscles responsible for eye movement and pupil constriction, is damaged. This damage leads to weakness or paralysis of these muscles, resulting in characteristic signs and symptoms. The severity can vary from mild to complete paralysis.
Third disease, also known as erythema infectiosum or "fifth disease," is a mild, common viral illness primarily affecting children. It's characterized by a distinctive "slapped cheek" rash and is caused by parvovirus B19. Generally, the disease is self-limiting and resolves without serious complications in healthy individuals. While usually mild, it can pose risks to pregnant women and individuals with certain blood disorders or weakened immune systems.
Thomsen disease, also known as autosomal dominant myotonia congenita, is a rare genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles. It is characterized by myotonia, which is a delayed relaxation of muscles after voluntary contraction. This leads to muscle stiffness and difficulty initiating movements, especially after rest.
A thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a bulge or swelling in the aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart through the chest (thorax). As the aneurysm grows, the risk of rupture (bursting) or dissection (splitting of the aortic wall) increases, which can be life-threatening. TAAs often develop slowly over many years and may not cause noticeable symptoms until they become large or begin to dissect or rupture.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a group of conditions that occur when nerves or blood vessels in the space between your collarbone and your first rib (thoracic outlet) are compressed. This compression can cause pain in your shoulder and neck, numbness in your fingers, and impaired circulation to the arm and hand. There are three main types of TOS: Neurogenic TOS (affecting nerves), Venous TOS (affecting veins), and Arterial TOS (affecting arteries).
Thoracic spondylosis refers to degenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in the joints and discs of the thoracic spine (the middle part of the back). These changes can lead to narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) or the openings where nerves exit the spine (neural foramina), potentially causing pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.
Thoracopathy is a general term referring to any disease or disorder affecting the thorax (chest). This is a very broad category and can include a variety of conditions affecting the bones, muscles, nerves, lungs, heart, esophagus, and other structures within the chest cavity. The specific symptoms, causes, treatment, and prognosis will vary greatly depending on the underlying condition.
Threadworm infection, also known as pinworm infection or enterobiasis, is a common human parasitic disease caused by the threadworm
Enterobius vermicularis
. It's characterized by intense anal itching, particularly at night, and is most prevalent in school-aged children. The infection is easily spread through fecal-oral contamination.
Threonine dehydratase deficiency is a very rare genetic metabolic disorder affecting the breakdown of the amino acid threonine. It's caused by a defect in the threonine dehydratase enzyme, which is responsible for the first step in threonine catabolism. While some individuals may be asymptomatic, others can exhibit a range of neurological symptoms. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
A palpable thrill is a vibratory sensation felt on the skin overlying an area of turbulent blood flow, typically due to a heart murmur. It signifies a significant underlying cardiovascular abnormality. It is not a disease itself, but a physical finding indicating an underlying issue.
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), also known as Buerger's disease, is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. Blood vessels become inflamed, swell, and can become blocked with blood clots (thrombi). This eventually damages or destroys skin tissues and may lead to infection and gangrene. It's strongly associated with tobacco use, and quitting tobacco is the most effective treatment.
Thrombin disorders are a group of rare conditions that affect the body's ability to form blood clots properly. Thrombin is a crucial enzyme in the coagulation cascade, converting fibrinogen to fibrin, which is essential for forming a stable clot. These disorders can lead to either excessive bleeding (due to insufficient clot formation) or, in some cases, an increased risk of thrombosis (clotting when not needed). The impact can range from mild bleeding tendencies to severe, life-threatening hemorrhages.
Thrombin excess isn't a disease in itself, but rather a condition or imbalance resulting from various underlying medical issues. Thrombin is a crucial enzyme in the blood clotting cascade. When there's an excess of thrombin activity, it leads to a hypercoagulable state, meaning the blood clots too easily. This increases the risk of developing dangerous blood clots in the veins (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) or arteries (arterial thrombosis), potentially leading to serious complications like pulmonary embolism (PE), stroke, or heart attack.
Thrombocythemia refers to a condition where the body produces too many platelets. There are two main types: Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm where the bone marrow overproduces platelets for unknown reasons, and Reactive Thrombocythemia (also known as secondary thrombocytosis), which is caused by another underlying condition. High platelet counts can increase the risk of blood clots or, paradoxically, bleeding. Essential Thrombocythemia is a chronic disease, and long-term management is often necessary.
Thallium poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from exposure to thallium, a heavy metal formerly used in rodenticides and insecticides. Due to its high toxicity and tasteless, odorless nature, thallium poisoning can be difficult to detect and can cause a range of severe health problems affecting the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and other organ systems. Although the use of thallium has been severely restricted, exposure can still occur through industrial accidents, intentional poisoning, or contaminated food or water sources.
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a lower-than-normal number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are essential for blood clotting. When platelet counts are low, it can lead to excessive bleeding or bruising. The severity of thrombocytopenia can range from mild to severe, depending on the underlying cause and platelet count.
Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. These clots can block blood flow to vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and kidneys. This process also uses up platelets, leading to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), which can cause excessive bleeding. There are two main types: acquired TTP (most common), which is usually autoimmune, and inherited TTP, which is caused by a genetic defect.
Thromboembolism refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus (blood clot) that has broken away from the site of its formation and traveled through the bloodstream. This can occur in both arteries and veins. Common forms include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where clots form in deep veins, usually in the legs, and pulmonary embolism (PE), where a clot travels to the lungs. Thromboembolism can lead to serious complications, including organ damage, disability, and death.
Thrombolysis is not a disease itself, but rather a
treatment
for dissolving dangerous blood clots (thrombi) that are blocking blood flow to vital organs. These clots can cause conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction), strokes (cerebrovascular accident), pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Thrombolysis aims to rapidly break down the clot, restoring blood flow and minimizing damage to the affected tissue or organ.
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis): Pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected leg (usually the calf or thigh).
PE (Pulmonary Embolism): Shortness of breath, chest pain (often sharp and worse with breathing), rapid heart rate, cough (possibly with blood).
Stroke: Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg (usually on one side of the body), trouble speaking, vision problems, severe headache.
Pregnancy Complications: Recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, placental abruption.
Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Warmth, tenderness, and pain along the affected vein. The vein may appear red, swollen, and hard.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Pain, swelling, and tenderness in the leg. Skin discoloration (redness) may occur. In some cases, there are no noticeable symptoms.
Symptoms vary depending on the location of the clot:
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected leg (usually the calf or thigh).
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain (often sharp and worsened by breathing), cough (possibly with blood), rapid heartbeat.
Arterial Thrombosis (e.g., Stroke, Heart Attack): Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking, severe headache, chest pain, shortness of breath. Symptoms depend on the affected organ and blood vessel.
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a group of disorders characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and organ damage. The underlying cause involves widespread thrombosis (blood clot formation) in the small blood vessels (microvasculature) throughout the body. This leads to organ dysfunction and potential failure. There are multiple types of TMA, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
Thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the
Candida albicans
fungus in the mouth and throat. It's characterized by creamy white lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, and sometimes the roof of the mouth and throat. While
Candida
is normally present in the mouth, certain factors can disrupt the balance, leading to an overgrowth and infection.
Thumb arthritis, also known as basal joint arthritis or carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis, is a common condition that causes pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion at the base of the thumb. It occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones forming the thumb joint wears away. This leads to bone rubbing directly on bone, causing pain and inflammation.
Thymic carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the thymus, a gland located in the upper chest, in front of the heart. The thymus is part of the immune system and helps produce and mature T-lymphocytes (T cells). Thymic carcinoma is distinct from thymoma, another type of tumor that arises in the thymus, as it is generally more aggressive and has a higher likelihood of spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis). It is a relatively rare malignancy, and its treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and potentially targeted therapies.
A thymic cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the thymus gland, an organ located in the upper chest behind the breastbone. The thymus gland is important for immune system development, particularly in childhood. Thymic cysts are relatively rare and are usually benign (non-cancerous). They can occur at any age, but are most often found in children and young adults.
Thymic hyperplasia refers to an enlargement of the thymus gland. The thymus is a small gland located in the upper chest, behind the breastbone. It plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system, particularly in the maturation of T-lymphocytes (T cells). Thymic hyperplasia can be classified into two main types: true thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia. True thymic hyperplasia involves an increase in the size and weight of the thymus gland with a normal microscopic structure. Lymphoid hyperplasia occurs when there is an increase in the number of lymphoid follicles within the thymus. Thymic hyperplasia is often associated with autoimmune disorders like myasthenia gravis.
Thymoma is a rare tumor that originates in the thymus, a small gland located in the upper chest, behind the breastbone and in front of the heart. The thymus plays a crucial role in the immune system, particularly during childhood. Thymomas are typically slow-growing and often associated with autoimmune disorders.
Thyroglobulin disorders are generally related to the production, processing, or utilization of thyroglobulin (Tg), a protein essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. However, it is not a disease itself but rather a component of various thyroid conditions. These disorders can manifest in different ways, including issues with Tg synthesis leading to congenital hypothyroidism, or the presence of Tg in the blood used as a marker for thyroid cancer recurrence.
A thyroid adenoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the thyroid gland. It is a discrete nodule that arises from thyroid follicular cells and is usually slow-growing. While most are asymptomatic, some can become "toxic" and produce excess thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. The thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight. There are several types of thyroid cancer, with papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer being the most common. Most thyroid cancers are curable, especially when detected early.
A thyroid cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms within the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism. Thyroid cysts are relatively common and are usually benign (non-cancerous). However, they can sometimes be cancerous, and larger cysts can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Many thyroid cysts are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging for other reasons.
Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the tissues around the eyes. This inflammation can affect the eye muscles, eyelids, tear glands, and fatty tissues behind the eye, leading to a variety of symptoms that can impact vision and appearance. TED is most commonly associated with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). However, it can also occur in people with normal or even underactive thyroid function.
A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. While goiters are often painless, a large goiter can cause a cough and make it difficult to swallow or breathe. Goiters can be associated with various thyroid conditions, including hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), and thyroid nodules.
Thyroid hormone resistance (THR) is a rare condition in which the body's tissues do not respond normally to thyroid hormone. Despite normal or elevated levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, individuals with THR may exhibit a variety of symptoms, ranging from hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism, or may even be asymptomatic. The underlying cause is typically a genetic mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor gene (THRB).
Thyroiditis is a general term for inflammation of the thyroid gland. This inflammation can damage the thyroid cells, leading to various thyroid disorders, most commonly hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), depending on the specific type and stage of the condition. There are several types of thyroiditis, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (an autoimmune condition), postpartum thyroiditis (occurring after pregnancy), subacute thyroiditis (often triggered by a viral infection), and others.
Thyrotoxicosis, also known as hyperthyroidism, is a condition characterized by an excess of thyroid hormones (thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)) in the bloodstream. This overabundance of thyroid hormones accelerates the body's metabolism, leading to a variety of symptoms. It's not a disease in itself but rather a clinical syndrome resulting from various underlying causes.
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) deficiency is a genetic condition characterized by reduced levels or absence of TBG, a protein in the blood that carries thyroid hormones (thyroxine, or T4, and triiodothyronine, or T3). Because TBG binds to most of the thyroid hormones in the bloodstream, a deficiency impacts the levels of thyroid hormones circulating in the body. In many cases, individuals with TBG deficiency are asymptomatic and have normal thyroid function.
A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), often called a "mini-stroke," is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain. It results in stroke-like symptoms that resolve completely within a short period, usually less than an hour, and almost always within 24 hours. It serves as a warning sign that a more serious stroke may occur in the future.
Tic Douloureux, also known as trigeminal neuralgia, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. It causes sudden, severe facial pain that feels like an electric shock. It typically affects one side of the face and can be triggered by common activities such as touching your face, eating, drinking, or even a breeze.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, primarily in wooded and bushy areas. The disease can manifest as a range of illnesses, from mild flu-like symptoms to severe neurological complications like encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord). In some cases, it can lead to long-term neurological sequelae or even death.
Tick paralysis is a rare, ascending, acute flaccid paralysis caused by toxins in the saliva of certain species of feeding female ticks. The toxin interferes with nerve impulse transmission, leading to progressive muscle weakness. It's reversible upon removal of the tick.
Tietze syndrome is a benign inflammatory condition that causes chest pain, usually affecting the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone (sternum). It is characterized by localized pain and tenderness in the costochondral joints, often accompanied by visible swelling. Unlike costochondritis, Tietze syndrome typically involves noticeable swelling. The condition is self-limiting in most cases, meaning it resolves on its own, although the duration can vary.
Pneumonia: Cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain
Skin and soft tissue infections: Redness, swelling, pain, pus, fever
Intra-abdominal infections: Abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Bloodstream infections (bacteremia): Fever, chills, rapid heart rate, confusion
It's crucial to recognize that the primary indicator of tigecycline resistance is the
lack of improvement or worsening of symptoms
despite tigecycline treatment.
Tinea barbae is a fungal infection of the beard area, affecting the skin and hair follicles. It is a type of dermatophytosis (ringworm) caused by various dermatophyte fungi. It primarily affects adult males.
Tinea capitis, also known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection of the scalp and hair shafts. It is a common condition, particularly in children, and can lead to patchy hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by worms but by fungi called dermatophytes.
Tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin. It is characterized by a circular, raised, scaly rash that resembles rings. While it can affect any part of the body, it commonly appears on the trunk, arms, and legs.
Tinea cruris, commonly known as jock itch, is a fungal infection that causes a red, itchy rash in warm, moist areas of the groin and inner thighs. It's often associated with athletes and is more common in men than women. While uncomfortable, it's usually not serious and can be treated with antifungal medications.
Tinea manuum is a fungal infection of the hand(s), caused by dermatophytes. It's often referred to as "tinea of the hand" or "ringworm of the hand," although it doesn't always present with a ring-shaped rash. It frequently occurs in conjunction with tinea pedis (athlete's foot) affecting one or both feet, referred to as a "two feet-one hand syndrome.
Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete's foot, is a fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. It is caused by various fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments. Athlete's foot is a common condition, particularly among athletes, but it can affect anyone.
Tinea unguium, also known as onychomycosis, is a fungal infection of the nail. It typically affects the toenails more often than the fingernails. The infection causes the nail to become thickened, discolored, brittle, and sometimes separated from the nail bed. It can be persistent and difficult to treat.
Tinnitus is the perception of noise or ringing in the ears. A common problem, it affects about 15% to 20% of people and is especially common in older adults. Tinnitus isn't a condition itself — it's usually a symptom of an underlying condition, such as age-related hearing loss, an ear injury or a circulatory system disorder. Although bothersome, tinnitus usually isn't a sign of something serious. Although it can worsen with age, for many people, tinnitus can improve with treatment.
Tinea nigra is a superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum (outermost layer) of the skin. It is characterized by a painless, brown to black, non-scaly macule (flat spot) most commonly found on the palms of the hands, but can also occur on the soles of the feet or other areas. It is a relatively rare and benign condition, usually easily treated with topical antifungal medications.
Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
Headache
Confusion or disorientation
Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (cyanosis) - more prominent in severe cases.
Fatigue or weakness
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Chest pain
Seizures (in severe cases)
Lack of coordination
Visual disturbances
Titanium allergy, although rare, is a hypersensitivity reaction to titanium or titanium alloys. It can manifest as contact dermatitis (skin rash) or, in more severe cases, systemic reactions. Because titanium is used in many implants, medical devices, and consumer products, sensitivity can present challenges for individuals requiring such items. The diagnosis of titanium allergy can be difficult and often requires specialized testing.
Intense cravings for nicotine
Withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit (irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, increased appetite)
Continued tobacco use despite health problems
Inability to quit or reduce tobacco use despite attempts
Giving up social or recreational activities to use tobacco
Spending a lot of time obtaining and using tobacco
Using tobacco in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended
Todd's paralysis, also known as Todd's paresis or postictal paralysis, is a transient weakness or paralysis in a part of the body after a seizure. It typically affects the arm or leg on one side of the body, but can sometimes affect speech or vision. It is a temporary phenomenon, resolving within hours or, rarely, days.
Toe deformities encompass a range of conditions affecting the shape and alignment of the toes. Common examples include hammertoe, claw toe, mallet toe, bunions (affecting the big toe joint), and overlapping toes. These deformities can cause pain, discomfort, difficulty wearing shoes, and impact mobility. The underlying cause often involves muscle imbalances, genetics, or ill-fitting footwear.
Toe separation, as a descriptive term, doesn't define a single disease. It refers to an unusual or abnormal widening of the space between the toes. This can be caused by various factors, including congenital conditions, trauma, infections, or underlying diseases. The severity and implications vary significantly based on the underlying cause.
Toluene poisoning occurs when someone inhales, ingests, or absorbs toluene, a clear, colorless liquid used as a solvent in paints, thinners, glues, and other industrial products. It's a volatile organic compound that can affect the central nervous system, leading to a range of symptoms from mild intoxication to severe neurological damage. Chronic exposure can result in long-term health problems.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck. Most cases of tonsillitis are caused by infection with a common virus, but bacterial infections also can cause tonsillitis. Because appropriate treatment for tonsillitis depends on the cause, it's important to get a prompt and accurate diagnosis. Surgery to remove tonsils, once a common procedure to treat tonsillitis, is usually performed only when tonsillitis occurs frequently, doesn't respond to other treatments or causes serious complications.
Toothache refers to pain in or around a tooth. It can range from mild and intermittent to sharp, throbbing, and constant. Toothaches are usually a sign that something is wrong with your tooth or gums and should be evaluated by a dentist. The pain can arise from various issues affecting the teeth, gums, or even the jawbone. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to alleviate pain and prevent further complications.
Tooth avulsion is the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone, typically due to trauma. It's a dental emergency requiring prompt treatment for the best chance of saving the tooth. The success of reimplantation depends heavily on the time elapsed between the injury and the replanting of the tooth.
Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is the breakdown of tooth enamel caused by acids produced by bacteria in plaque. Over time, this process can lead to holes or pits in the teeth. It's a very common chronic disease, especially among children and adults.
Tooth discoloration refers to any abnormal change in the color of teeth, deviating from their natural white or off-white shade. It can be a localized issue affecting a single tooth or generalized across multiple teeth. Discoloration can manifest in various hues, including yellow, brown, black, white, or even gray. While often a cosmetic concern, tooth discoloration can sometimes indicate underlying dental or medical issues.
Tooth erosion is the gradual loss of tooth enamel, the hard, protective outer layer of your teeth. It's primarily caused by acid attacking the enamel. Unlike cavities, which are caused by bacteria, erosion is due to direct acid exposure. Over time, tooth erosion can lead to sensitivity, discoloration, and an increased risk of cavities.
Tooth impaction occurs when a tooth fails to erupt fully through the gum line and into its proper position within the dental arch. This is most common with wisdom teeth (third molars), but can affect other teeth as well. Impaction can be partial, where some of the tooth is visible, or complete, where the tooth remains entirely beneath the gum and/or bone. Impaction can cause pain, infection, damage to adjacent teeth, and other complications.
Tooth luxation refers to the displacement of a tooth from its normal position in the alveolar bone. The periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth in place, is partially or completely disrupted. Luxations are classified based on the direction and extent of the displacement, including concussion, subluxation, intrusive luxation, extrusive luxation, and lateral luxation.
TORCH infections are a group of infectious diseases that can cause severe congenital abnormalities in newborns if the mother is infected during pregnancy. TORCH is an acronym that stands for:
Toxoplasmosis
Other (includes Syphilis, Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), Parvovirus B19)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
These infections can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. The severity of the impact on the fetus depends on the specific infection, the gestational age at the time of infection, and the severity of the infection in the mother.
Torsion dystonia, also known as primary dystonia, is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow, repetitive movements or abnormal, sustained postures. These movements can be twisting, writhing, tremulous, or cramping. The specific symptoms and severity vary greatly between individuals. Dystonia can affect a single body part (focal dystonia), adjacent body parts (segmental dystonia), or the entire body (generalized dystonia). While not fatal, dystonia can significantly impair quality of life.
Torticollis, also known as wryneck, is a condition characterized by a twisted neck that causes the head to tilt to one side while the chin rotates to the opposite side. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. The condition involves shortening or tightening of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, which runs along the side of the neck. This muscle imbalance pulls the head into an abnormal position. Torticollis can range from mild to severe and may cause pain, limited range of motion, and difficulty with daily activities.
Tourniquet paralysis, also known as tourniquet-induced nerve injury, is a condition that results from prolonged or excessive pressure applied by a tourniquet. This pressure can damage the nerves located beneath the tourniquet, leading to temporary or, in severe cases, permanent neurological deficits. It's most often associated with surgical procedures on limbs where a tourniquet is used to control blood flow.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening skin disorder characterized by widespread blistering and shedding of the skin, resembling a severe burn. It's a severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), with TEN representing the most severe end of the SJS/TEN spectrum. It is typically triggered by a reaction to medication. The extensive skin damage leaves the body vulnerable to infection and fluid loss, requiring immediate medical attention, often in a burn unit.
Toxic megacolon is a life-threatening complication characterized by extreme dilation of the colon accompanied by systemic toxicity. It's often associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, but can also occur due to infections or other conditions. The dilated colon loses its ability to contract effectively, leading to a buildup of gas and stool.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious and potentially life-threatening condition caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) or Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep) bacteria. It can progress rapidly to shock, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly. While historically associated with tampon use, TSS can affect anyone, including men, children, and postmenopausal women, and can arise from various types of infections.
Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by roundworm larvae, primarily
Toxocara canis
(from dogs) or
Toxocara cati
(from cats). Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting soil contaminated with roundworm eggs from animal feces. The larvae migrate through the body, causing various symptoms depending on the organs affected. There are two main forms: visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM).
A toe fracture, or broken toe, occurs when one of the bones in your toe breaks. This can range from a hairline fracture (a small crack) to a complete break where the bone separates. Toe fractures are common injuries, often resulting from stubbing the toe, dropping something heavy on it, or experiencing a direct blow during sports or other activities. Most toe fractures heal without surgery.
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite
Toxoplasma gondii
. It is a common infection, and most people infected with
Toxoplasma
don't have any symptoms. However, it can cause serious health problems for pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and infants infected before birth (congenital toxoplasmosis).
Tracheitis is an infection of the trachea, or windpipe. It is usually caused by bacteria, most commonly
Staphylococcus aureus
. It can cause severe breathing difficulties, particularly in young children, and requires prompt medical attention. Though most often bacterial, viral or fungal causes can occur as well, although less commonly. The inflammation and swelling of the trachea can obstruct airflow, leading to stridor (a high-pitched whistling sound during breathing), difficulty swallowing, and potentially life-threatening respiratory distress.
Tracheobronchitis, commonly known as kennel cough (though humans can also contract it), is an inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, the major airways that carry air into the lungs. It is highly contagious, especially among animals in close proximity, and results in a characteristic harsh, dry "hacking" cough. While generally not life-threatening, it can be uncomfortable and persistent.
Traction alopecia is a form of hair loss caused by repetitive or prolonged tension on the hair follicles. This tension leads to damage and inflammation, eventually causing the hair to thin or stop growing in affected areas. It is often seen along the hairline and in areas where hairstyles cause significant pulling.
Traffic phobia, also known as vehophobia or amaxophobia, is a persistent and excessive fear of driving or riding in vehicles. It can manifest as anxiety, panic attacks, and avoidance behaviors related to roads, highways, or specific types of vehicles. This phobia can significantly impact a person's daily life, limiting their ability to travel to work, social events, or other important activities.
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary episode of complete memory loss with confusion and disorientation. The individual can't recall recent events or where they are, even though they remain conscious, alert, and often able to carry on complex tasks. It's a rare condition and, by definition, resolves within 24 hours, leaving no lasting neurological damage. While frightening for the individual and observers, TGA is generally considered benign.
Transient synovitis, also known as toxic synovitis, is a common, temporary condition that causes hip pain and limping in children, most often between the ages of 3 and 8. It involves inflammation of the synovium, the lining of the hip joint. The condition is usually self-limiting and resolves within a week or two. While it can be alarming for parents, it typically does not cause long-term damage.
Transposition of the great vessels (TGA) is a serious, but rare, heart defect present at birth (congenital). In TGA, the two main arteries leaving the heart—the aorta and the pulmonary artery—are switched (transposed). The aorta normally carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body, and the pulmonary artery normally carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. In TGA, the aorta carries oxygen-poor blood to the body, and the pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the lungs. This creates two separate and parallel circulations, preventing oxygenated blood from reaching the body. Without surgical intervention, TGA is fatal.
Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological disorder caused by inflammation of the spinal cord. This inflammation damages the myelin, the insulating material covering nerve fibers, disrupting the communication between nerves in the spinal cord and the rest of the body. This disruption can cause pain, muscle weakness, paralysis, sensory problems, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. TM can result in long-term disabilities.
Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMC OA), also known as thumb base arthritis, is a degenerative joint disease affecting the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint at the base of the thumb. This joint, where the trapezium bone of the wrist meets the first metacarpal bone of the thumb, is crucial for thumb movement and function. The cartilage that cushions the bones in this joint breaks down over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion.
Physical: Headache, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, seizures, loss of consciousness, difficulty with balance, weakness or numbness in extremities.
Cognitive: Memory problems, difficulty concentrating, confusion, disorientation, slow thinking, difficulty finding words.
Emotional/Behavioral: Irritability, anxiety, depression, mood swings, sleep disturbances, personality changes.
Sensory: Sensitivity to light or noise, altered sense of taste or smell.
Tremors are involuntary, rhythmic shaking movements. They can affect various parts of the body, most commonly the hands, but also the head, arms, legs, or torso. Tremors are not a disease in themselves, but rather a symptom of an underlying neurological problem, medication side effect, or other condition. They can range from mild and barely noticeable to severe and debilitating, interfering with daily activities.
Trench fever is a bacterial infection transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis). It's characterized by recurring fever, headache, leg pain, and weakness. Historically associated with trench warfare, it can still occur in situations of poor hygiene and crowding. While rarely fatal, it can cause significant morbidity.
Trench foot, also known as immersion foot, is a condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. It damages the nerves, blood vessels, skin, and muscle tissue of the feet, leading to swelling, pain, and potential tissue damage. It's primarily associated with military personnel in trench warfare, hence the name, but can occur in anyone exposed to these conditions.
1. Summary about disease:
Treponematoses are a group of chronic bacterial infections caused by spirochete bacteria of the
Treponema
genus. These infections disproportionately affect resource-poor communities and include diseases like yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta. While all caused by
Treponema
bacteria, each disease presents with distinct clinical features and transmission routes. Untreated treponematoses can lead to significant morbidity, including disfigurement and disability. Mass treatment with antibiotics has been a successful strategy for controlling these infections.
Trichinosis (also called trichinellosis) is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, especially pork, that is infected with the larvae of a roundworm called
Trichinella spiralis
. The larvae mature into adult worms in the intestine and then produce larvae that migrate to muscles and other tissues.
1. Summary about disease:
Trichomoniasis (or "trich") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasitic protozoan called
Trichomonas vaginalis
. It affects both men and women, but symptoms are more common in women. Trichomoniasis is curable with medication.
Trichomycosis, also known as trichomycosis axillaris, is a superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with apocrine sweat glands, most commonly the axillae (armpits) and less often the pubic region. It is characterized by the presence of yellowish, greenish, or blackish concretions surrounding the hair shafts. While not a serious health threat, it can be bothersome due to odor and staining of clothing.
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial and skeletal abnormalities. The name reflects the features commonly seen: hair (tricho-), nose (rhino-), and fingers and toes (phalangeal). There are three recognized types: TRPS I, TRPS II (also known as Langer-Giedion syndrome), and TRPS III. TRPS I is the most common form. TRPS II involves additional features like intellectual disability and multiple exostoses. TRPS III has similar features to TRPS I but with more pronounced skeletal abnormalities.
Trichostasis spinulosa (TS) is a relatively common, benign skin condition characterized by the retention of multiple vellus hairs (fine, short hairs) within a single pilosebaceous follicle (hair follicle and associated sebaceous gland). This results in a spiky, blackhead-like appearance, primarily affecting the nose, but can also occur on the face, neck, chest, and back. The condition is generally asymptomatic, although some individuals may experience mild itching or irritation.
Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by the recurrent, irresistible urge to pull out one's hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other body areas, despite attempts to stop. It falls under the umbrella of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. The behavior leads to noticeable hair loss and can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Tracheomalacia is a condition characterized by weakness and floppiness of the trachea (windpipe). This weakness causes the trachea to collapse, especially during breathing, leading to airway obstruction and breathing difficulties. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. The severity can range from mild to life-threatening.
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve, which normally sits between the right atrium and right ventricle, is either completely missing or fails to develop properly. This prevents blood from flowing directly from the right atrium to the right ventricle. As a result, the right ventricle is usually underdeveloped (hypoplastic). Babies with tricuspid atresia rely on other heart defects, such as an atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD), to survive. These allow blood to reach the lungs and body. It is a serious condition requiring intervention shortly after birth.
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a condition in which the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart, doesn't close properly. This allows blood to flow backward from the right ventricle into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. This backflow can strain the heart and lead to various symptoms and complications. The severity can range from mild, often without symptoms, to severe, requiring medical intervention.
Tricuspid stenosis is a narrowing of the tricuspid valve opening, which is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart. This narrowing restricts blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. It is a relatively rare heart valve condition. The most common cause is rheumatic fever, but it can also be caused by other conditions.
Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a condition that affects the tendons in your fingers or thumb. It causes a finger or thumb to catch or lock in a bent position. The affected finger may then suddenly snap straight, like a trigger being pulled and released. Trigger finger is caused by inflammation of the tendons that control the movement of your fingers and thumb. This inflammation narrows the space within the sheath that surrounds the tendon, making it difficult for the tendon to slide through the sheath.
Triiodothyronine (T3) deficiency refers to a condition where the body doesn't have enough of the hormone T3, which is crucial for regulating metabolism. While thyroid hormone issues are often considered as a whole (hypothyroidism), focusing specifically on T3 deficiency highlights situations where T3 levels are disproportionately low relative to other thyroid hormones, or when the body cannot effectively utilize the T3 that
is
available. This can happen even with normal T4 levels. The clinical presentation can be subtle or severe, impacting various bodily functions.
Trimethylaminuria (TMAU), also known as Fish Odor Syndrome, is a metabolic disorder where the body is unable to properly break down trimethylamine (TMA), a chemical compound produced in the gut during digestion. This results in the accumulation and release of TMA in the person's sweat, urine, breath, and other bodily fluids, causing a characteristic fishy odor. It is a genetic condition, often present from birth, although symptoms can vary and sometimes appear later in life.
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. It causes episodes of intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the face. These attacks can be triggered by simple activities like touching the face, eating, speaking, or even exposure to a breeze.
Triple X syndrome (also called trisomy X or 47,XXX) is a genetic condition that affects females. It results from having an extra X chromosome in each cell of the body. Many girls and women with triple X syndrome have no or only mild symptoms, and some may not even be aware they have the condition. Others may experience a range of developmental, learning, and physical challenges.
Triploidy is a rare chromosomal abnormality where a fetus has three sets of chromosomes (69) instead of the normal two (46). This occurs because of an error during fertilization. It is almost always fatal, with most affected pregnancies ending in miscarriage or stillbirth. Infants born with triploidy rarely survive beyond a few hours or days.
Trisomy 13, also known as Patau syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells. This extra genetic material disrupts normal development, causing multiple and complex organ defects. It is a rare and serious condition with a low survival rate.
Trisomy 16 is a chromosomal abnormality where a person has three copies of chromosome 16 instead of the usual two. Full trisomy 16 is not compatible with life; it is the most common trisomy in human pregnancies, but almost all affected pregnancies end in miscarriage, usually in the first trimester. Mosaic trisomy 16, where only some cells have the extra chromosome, is rare and can lead to varying degrees of developmental issues and physical abnormalities depending on the proportion of affected cells.
Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18. This extra genetic material disrupts normal development, leading to a wide range of congenital disabilities and medical problems. It is a severe condition with a low survival rate, with most affected pregnancies resulting in miscarriage or stillbirth. Infants born with Trisomy 18 often have significant health challenges and a shortened lifespan.
Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material alters the course of development and causes characteristic physical features, intellectual disability, and associated medical conditions. It is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities.
Trochanteric bursitis is a common condition that causes pain in the hip. It occurs when the trochanteric bursa, a fluid-filled sac that cushions the greater trochanter (the bony prominence on the side of the hip), becomes inflamed. This inflammation leads to pain on the outside of the hip, which can radiate down the thigh. While the term "bursitis" implies inflammation of the bursa, imaging studies often reveal that the pain is more commonly associated with injury or irritation of the gluteal tendons, or tears in the gluteus medius and minimus tendons.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) is a group of rare conditions in which abnormal cells grow inside the uterus after conception. It encompasses both benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) forms. The most common type is a hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy), where abnormal placental tissue develops. Other forms include invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). GTD is generally highly treatable, even in its cancerous forms.
Tropical ulcer, also known as tropical phagedenic ulcer, is a chronic ulcerative skin infection commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It's typically caused by a synergistic infection of bacteria, often involving
Fusobacterium
species and spirochetes. It usually begins as a small injury that becomes infected and progresses into a deep, painful ulcer.
Truncus arteriosus is a rare congenital heart defect present at birth (congenital). It occurs when a single blood vessel (truncus arteriosus) comes out of the heart's ventricles instead of the normal two vessels (the pulmonary artery and the aorta). There is also typically a ventricular septal defect (VSD), a hole between the two ventricles. This results in mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood, and excess blood flow to the lungs. It requires surgical correction early in life.
Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes, protozoan parasites of the genus
Trypanosoma
. It affects both humans and animals. There are two main forms affecting humans: African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), transmitted by the tsetse fly, and American trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas disease), transmitted by triatomine bugs (kissing bugs). It leads to varying degrees of symptoms and can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Tropical sprue is a malabsorption syndrome of unknown cause that primarily affects people living in or visiting tropical regions. It is characterized by abnormal flattening of the villi in the small intestine, leading to impaired absorption of nutrients, especially folate and vitamin B12. It is distinct from celiac sprue (celiac disease), although they share some similar features.
Tryptophan disorders are a group of rare metabolic conditions in which the body cannot properly process tryptophan, an essential amino acid. These disorders can arise from various enzyme deficiencies in the tryptophan metabolic pathway. Consequences vary depending on the specific enzyme affected and the resulting accumulation of toxic byproducts or deficiency of necessary compounds. Examples include Hartnup disease, Kynureninase deficiency, and Tryptophan malabsorption.
: Tubular carcinoma is a relatively rare type of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. It is characterized by well-differentiated tubular structures (small, tube-shaped glands) that make up most of the tumor. It generally has a favorable prognosis compared to other types of invasive breast cancer.
Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Francisella tularensis
. It can affect humans and animals, primarily rabbits, hares, and rodents. The disease is typically transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, insect bites (ticks and deer flies), or inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Tularemia can manifest in various forms, depending on the route of infection, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that affects only females. It occurs when one of the X chromosomes is missing or partially missing. This genetic alteration can lead to a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short stature, failure to start puberty, infertility, heart defects, and certain learning disabilities. The severity of symptoms varies among individuals with Turner syndrome.
Turricephaly, also known as tower skull, is a type of craniosynostosis characterized by a cone-shaped head caused by the premature fusion of the coronal and lambdoid sutures. This premature fusion restricts normal skull growth, forcing the skull to grow upwards, resulting in a tall, pointed appearance.
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous (benign) tumors to grow in many parts of the body, including the brain, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and eyes. It affects people differently; some have very mild symptoms, while others experience significant disabilities. TSC is typically diagnosed in infancy or early childhood, but milder cases may go undetected until adulthood. There is no cure for TSC, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications.
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare but serious complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies. This means the twins share a single placenta. In TTTS, abnormal blood vessel connections within the placenta allow blood to flow disproportionately from one twin (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The donor twin loses blood and can become anemic and dehydrated. The recipient twin receives too much blood, leading to increased amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios), heart strain, and other complications. If left untreated, TTTS can be life-threatening for both twins.
Twenty-nail dystrophy is a nail disorder affecting all twenty fingernails and toenails. It is characterized by changes in the nail surface, giving them a rough, ridged, or sandpaper-like appearance. It's often idiopathic (cause unknown), but can be associated with other skin conditions.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi. It's characterized by fever, abdominal pain, headache, and rose-colored spots on the chest. Without treatment, it can lead to serious complications and death. It is typically contracted through contaminated food or water.
Fever
Headache
Rash (usually starts on the trunk and spreads)
Muscle aches
Cough
Nausea and vomiting
Confusion
Chills
Specific symptoms may vary depending on the type of typhus.
Tyrosinemia is a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders characterized by the body's inability to properly break down tyrosine, an amino acid. This leads to a buildup of tyrosine and its byproducts in the blood, tissues, and urine, causing various health problems affecting the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. There are three main types: Tyrosinemia type 1 (most severe), Tyrosinemia type 2, and Tyrosinemia type 3 (rarest and mildest).
A Tzanck smear is a diagnostic test used to examine cells from skin lesions, particularly blisters or ulcers, for certain viral infections. A positive Tzanck smear indicates the presence of multinucleated giant cells, which are characteristic of infections caused by herpes viruses. The most common diseases identified by a positive Tzanck smear are herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections (causing oral and genital herpes, respectively) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections (causing chickenpox and shingles). The test itself is not specific; it simply indicates herpes virus infection and does not differentiate between HSV and VZV. Further testing may be required to identify the specific virus.
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