Fabry disease is a rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). This deficiency leads to the buildup of a fatty substance called globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 or GL-3) in cells throughout the body. This accumulation can damage organs and tissues, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications. Fabry disease is an X-linked condition, meaning it is more common and often more severe in males than in females, although females can also experience significant symptoms.
Facial nerve palsy, also known as Bell's palsy, is a condition that causes sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. This weakness makes it difficult to smile, close your eye, or make other facial expressions on the affected side. While the exact cause is often unknown, it's thought to be related to swelling and inflammation of the facial nerve, which controls the muscles of the face. It is usually temporary, and symptoms typically improve within weeks.
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited disorder characterized by the formation of numerous polyps (abnormal growths) in the colon and rectum. If left untreated, these polyps almost always develop into colorectal cancer. Other associated problems can include polyps in the upper gastrointestinal tract (stomach and small intestine), desmoid tumors (noncancerous growths), osteomas (benign bone tumors), congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), and certain types of cancer.
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that causes high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (often called "bad" cholesterol) in the blood. This elevated LDL-C increases the risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. FH is caused by mutations in genes that control how the body processes cholesterol.
Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an inherited autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and painful inflammation, most commonly affecting the abdomen, chest, and joints. It primarily affects people of Mediterranean origin, particularly those of Sephardic Jewish, Armenian, Turkish, and Arab descent. If left untreated, FMF can lead to amyloidosis, a serious complication affecting the kidneys.
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited genetic disorder that affects the bone marrow, leading to decreased production of all types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). This can result in anemia, increased susceptibility to infections, and bleeding problems. FA also increases the risk of certain cancers, particularly leukemia and solid tumors. Many individuals with FA also have physical abnormalities.
Farber disease, also known as lipogranulomatosis, is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid ceramidase. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of fatty substances called ceramides in various tissues and organs throughout the body, primarily affecting the joints, skin, and nervous system. It belongs to a group of disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases.
Fasciitis refers to inflammation of a fascia, a band or sheet of connective tissue that supports and separates muscles and internal organs. There are various types of fasciitis, but the most well-known is plantar fasciitis, which affects the plantar fascia on the bottom of the foot. Other types include necrotizing fasciitis, a rare and severe bacterial infection that destroys tissue under the skin. This information will primarily address plantar fasciitis unless otherwise specified.
Fascioliasis is a parasitic infection caused by the liver flukes
Fasciola hepatica
and, less commonly,
Fasciola gigantica
. These flukes primarily infect livestock, but humans can become infected by consuming raw or undercooked freshwater plants (especially watercress) contaminated with infective larvae (metacercariae). The flukes mature in the liver and bile ducts, causing inflammation, pain, and potential complications.
Fasciolopsiasis is an intestinal parasitic infection caused by the trematode
Fasciolopsis buski
, commonly known as the giant intestinal fluke. It primarily affects humans and pigs in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Infection occurs through ingestion of metacercariae (the infective larval stage) encysted on aquatic plants, particularly water chestnuts, water caltrop, and water bamboo. The flukes mature in the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and can cause inflammation, ulceration, and malabsorption. Heavy infections can lead to significant morbidity.
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious condition that occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and travel to various organs, most commonly the lungs, brain, and skin. These fat globules can block small blood vessels and trigger an inflammatory response, leading to organ dysfunction. FES is most often associated with long bone fractures, but it can also occur after other types of trauma, surgery, or medical conditions.
Fatty liver disease is a condition where there is an excessive buildup of fat in the liver. There are two main types: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is not caused by heavy alcohol use, and Alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD), which is caused by heavy alcohol use. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and high triglycerides. In some cases, fatty liver disease can progress to more severe liver damage, including inflammation (steatohepatitis), scarring (fibrosis), and cirrhosis.
Febrile seizures are convulsions triggered by a fever in infants and children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. They are generally harmless and do not cause long-term health problems. There are two main types: simple febrile seizures, which are brief and generalized, and complex febrile seizures, which are longer, focal (affecting one side of the body), or occur more than once within 24 hours.
Felty's syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the combination of three conditions: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), and a low white blood cell count (neutropenia), which increases the risk of infection. It is more common in people who have had RA for a long time.
Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected, regular sexual intercourse. It can stem from various issues affecting the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, or hormonal systems. The impact of female infertility can be significant, affecting emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
A femoral hernia occurs when tissue, usually part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall near the groin. Specifically, it pushes through the femoral canal, which contains the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral nerve. Femoral hernias are less common than inguinal hernias and are more common in women than men. They can cause pain and discomfort and may require surgical repair.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. It causes brain damage and growth problems. The effects of FAS vary from child to child, but defects caused by FAS are irreversible.
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a sign that a fetus is not receiving enough oxygen during labor or delivery. It's a general term indicating the fetus might be in danger and requires immediate evaluation and potential intervention to prevent serious complications.
Fetal growth restriction (FGR), also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition where a baby doesn't grow to a normal size during pregnancy. This means the baby is smaller than expected for the number of weeks of pregnancy. It can occur for various reasons and can lead to potential complications for both the mother and baby.
Fetal hydantoin syndrome (FHS) is a cluster of birth defects and developmental problems that can occur in babies exposed to hydantoin anticonvulsant medications (primarily phenytoin) during pregnancy. These medications are used to treat epilepsy, seizures, and other conditions. The syndrome can affect various parts of the body and cause a range of physical and cognitive issues. Severity can vary significantly from mild to severe.
Fetal macrosomia refers to a condition where a fetus grows larger than average in utero. While definitions vary, it is typically defined as a birth weight of 4,000 grams (8 pounds, 13 ounces) or more, regardless of gestational age. It presents challenges during delivery and can increase the risk of health problems for both the mother and the baby.
Fetal varicella syndrome (FVS) is a rare condition that can occur when a pregnant woman contracts varicella (chickenpox) during pregnancy. It can lead to a range of birth defects in the developing fetus. The severity of FVS depends on the gestational age at which the mother contracts the virus, with the highest risk occurring during the first and early second trimester.
Feeling hot to the touch
Sweating
Shivering or chills
Headache
Muscle aches and weakness
Loss of appetite
Irritability
Dehydration
In infants and young children, fever can also cause:
Seizures (febrile seizures)
Lethargy or drowsiness
Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is defined as a fever of 101°F (38.3°C) or higher that lasts for at least three weeks, and the cause cannot be identified after initial investigations. It's not a specific disease but rather a category, a diagnostic challenge where the underlying reason for the persistent fever remains elusive despite medical evaluation. The fever can be constant, intermittent, or remittent.
Fibroadenomas are benign (non-cancerous) breast tumors that are most common in women between the ages of 15 and 35, but can occur at any age. They are typically round, smooth, firm, and rubbery lumps that move easily under the skin. They are made up of glandular and stromal (connective tissue) cells.
Fibrocystic breast disease (also known as fibrocystic breast changes or fibrocystic breasts) is a common, benign (non-cancerous) condition characterized by lumpy, often painful breasts. These changes are often hormone-related and fluctuate with the menstrual cycle. It's not a disease, but rather a descriptive term for a range of common breast changes.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbances, memory, and mood issues. It's believed to amplify painful sensations by affecting the way the brain processes pain signals. There is no cure for fibromyalgia, but a variety of treatments can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.
A palpable lump or mass that may or may not be painful.
Pain or tenderness in the affected area.
Swelling.
Limited range of motion if the tumor is near a joint.
Numbness or tingling if the tumor presses on a nerve.
Weakness in the affected limb.
In some cases, a pathological fracture (fracture caused by the tumor weakening the bone).
Fibrosing alveolitis, also known as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue. This scarring thickens the lung tissue, making it difficult for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. The cause is often unknown (idiopathic), and the disease progresses at varying rates among individuals. It ultimately leads to shortness of breath and impaired lung function.
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare, non-inherited (not passed down from parents) bone disorder where normal bone is replaced by fibrous, scar-like tissue. This abnormal tissue weakens the bone and can lead to pain, fractures, deformity, and other problems. FD can affect a single bone (monostotic) or multiple bones (polyostotic). The severity and presentation vary widely.
Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum or "slapped cheek" disease, is a mild viral illness caused by parvovirus B19. It's most common in children but can affect adults. It typically presents with a distinctive red rash on the cheeks, followed by a lacy rash on the body.
A fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels that don't normally connect. They can develop in various parts of the body, including the anus, rectum, vagina, and bladder. The type of fistula determines the specific symptoms and treatment approaches.
Filariasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by thread-like filarial worms (nematodes). These worms live in the lymphatic system, which helps maintain fluid balance and fight infections. Infection can lead to abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, disability, and social stigma.
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS) is a rare condition characterized by inflammation of the liver capsule (perihepatitis) and surrounding abdominal area, usually occurring in women. It is most commonly associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), particularly infections caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis
or
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. While it's related to infection, the primary symptoms involve severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, rather than the typical symptoms of PID.
Flatfoot, also known as pes planus or fallen arches, is a condition where the arch on the inside of the foot is flattened, allowing the entire sole of the foot to touch the ground when standing. It can be flexible, meaning the arch appears when the foot is raised, or rigid, meaning the arch is always absent. Many people have flat feet without experiencing any problems, but others may develop pain and other complications.
Small, raised bumps
Intense itching, especially around the bite site
Redness or inflammation around the bite
Hives or a rash in some individuals
Bites often appear in clusters or lines, typically on the ankles, legs, or waist
In rare cases, an allergic reaction with symptoms like difficulty breathing or swelling
Flatulence, commonly known as gas, refers to the expulsion of gas from the digestive system through the anus. It's a normal biological process resulting from the breakdown of undigested food by bacteria in the colon. While often harmless, excessive flatulence can be embarrassing and uncomfortable.
Fluid overload, also known as hypervolemia, is a condition where there is too much fluid in the body. This excess fluid can accumulate in various tissues, leading to swelling and other complications. It can be caused by various factors, including kidney problems, heart failure, and certain medications.
Foam cell disease isn't a specific, well-defined disease entity with a universally accepted definition. The term "foam cell disease" often describes conditions characterized by the accumulation of foam cells (macrophages or other cells that have ingested large amounts of lipids, giving them a foamy appearance under a microscope) in various tissues. This accumulation isn't a disease in itself but a pathological finding associated with various underlying conditions, primarily related to lipid metabolism and inflammation. The clinical significance and specific "disease" manifestation depend entirely on the underlying cause leading to the formation of foam cells. Conditions associated with foam cells include atherosclerosis, Tangier disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Wolman disease, and others.
Fluorosis is a condition caused by excessive fluoride intake during the tooth-forming years (typically before age 8). It primarily affects the appearance of tooth enamel. In mild cases, it presents as faint white lines or streaks on the teeth. In more severe cases, the enamel can become pitted, stained brown, and more susceptible to damage. While primarily a dental issue, skeletal fluorosis can occur with extremely high fluoride exposure over many years, affecting bones and joints.
Folic acid deficiency, also known as folate deficiency, occurs when the body doesn't have enough folic acid (vitamin B9). Folic acid is crucial for cell growth and division, particularly in red blood cells. Deficiency can lead to various health problems, most notably a type of anemia.
Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles. It appears as small, red bumps or white-headed pimples around hair follicles. It can occur anywhere on the body where hair grows, but is most common on the scalp, face, chest, back, buttocks, and legs. The condition is generally not serious, but it can be itchy, sore, and unsightly. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent hair loss and scarring.
Folliculitis decalvans (FD) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory scalp condition that leads to scarring hair loss (cicatricial alopecia). It's characterized by inflammation around hair follicles, leading to pustules, crusts, and ultimately, destruction of the hair follicle and permanent bald patches. The exact cause is unknown, and it can be a challenging condition to manage.
Hives
Itching or eczema
Swelling of the lips, face, tongue, and throat
Wheezing, nasal congestion, or trouble breathing
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting
In severe cases, anaphylaxis can occur, causing:
Constriction of airways
Swelling of the throat, making it difficult to breathe
A severe drop in blood pressure (shock)
Rapid pulse
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness
Foodborne illness, often called food poisoning, is any illness resulting from eating contaminated food. Infectious organisms – including bacteria, viruses, and parasites – or their toxins are the most common causes of foodborne illnesses. These illnesses can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe and life-threatening complications.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and deer. It is characterized by fever, blisters (vesicles) in the mouth and on the feet, and weight loss. FMD is a significant concern for animal agriculture due to its rapid spread and potential for causing substantial economic losses. While it is not typically a human health risk, its impact on livestock industries is profound.
Foreign body aspiration (FBA) occurs when an object is inhaled into the airway, lodging in the larynx, trachea, or bronchi. This can partially or completely obstruct the airway, leading to respiratory distress or, in severe cases, death. It is most common in young children, particularly those under the age of 3, but can occur at any age.
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. It's the most common known single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). FXS can also lead to physical features like a large forehead or ears, hyperflexible joints, and behavioral characteristics such as hyperactivity and anxiety. The severity of symptoms varies, and males are generally more severely affected than females.
Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Francisella tularensis
. It can affect humans and animals, particularly rabbits, hares, and rodents. The disease can manifest in various forms depending on the route of infection and the organs involved, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
Freiberg's disease, also known as Freiberg's infraction, is a relatively uncommon condition that primarily affects the metatarsal bones in the foot, most commonly the second metatarsal head. It is a type of avascular necrosis, meaning that the bone tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply. This can lead to pain, stiffness, and eventually, collapse of the metatarsal head. It's more common in adolescent girls, especially those undergoing rapid growth spurts.
Friction blisters are small pockets of fluid that form in the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by repetitive rubbing or pressure. They are a common skin condition, usually not serious, and generally heal on their own.
Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is a rare, inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system. It primarily affects the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination). This damage leads to impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), speech problems, heart disease, and diabetes.
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of brain disorders that primarily affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These areas are generally associated with personality, behavior, and language. FTD results in progressive changes in these functions, often leading to difficulties with social behavior, decision-making, speaking, and understanding language. Unlike Alzheimer's disease, memory loss is not usually the predominant early symptom, although it can occur later in the disease. FTD often presents at a younger age than Alzheimer's, typically between the ages of 40 and 60.
Frostbite is tissue damage caused by exposure to freezing temperatures, typically affecting the extremities (fingers, toes, nose, ears). Prolonged exposure to cold causes ice crystals to form in the tissues, leading to cellular damage and potential tissue death. Severity ranges from superficial (frostnip) to deep tissue damage, potentially requiring amputation.
Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis) is a common infection that begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, it can cause your nail to discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. It can affect one or several nails.
A furuncle (boil) is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms under the skin when bacteria infects and inflames one or more hair follicles. It starts as a red, tender area and evolves into a firm, hard lump. Over time, the lump fills with pus, becoming increasingly painful until it eventually ruptures and drains. Furuncles are commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Fusarium infections are caused by fungi of the genus
Fusarium
. These fungi are common in the environment (soil, plants) and can cause a range of infections in humans, varying from localized skin and nail infections to severe, life-threatening disseminated infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Factitious disorder is a mental disorder in which a person consciously and deliberately acts as if they have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick. They may exaggerate symptoms, create symptoms, or tamper with medical tests to deceive others. The primary motivation is to assume the "sick role" and receive attention, sympathy, or nurturing from others. It is not motivated by material gain or avoiding responsibility (like malingering).
Failure to thrive (FTT) describes a condition where infants and children do not gain weight and grow at the expected rate compared to standard growth charts. It is not a disease itself but rather a sign of underlying medical, environmental, or social issues preventing adequate nutrition and growth. It can affect physical and cognitive development.
Fallopian tube cancer is a rare type of gynecologic cancer that begins in the fallopian tubes, which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. It's often diagnosed at an advanced stage because early symptoms are vague and can mimic other conditions. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, followed by chemotherapy.
Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP), also known as transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis), is a rare, progressive, inherited disorder characterized by the buildup of abnormal amyloid protein, primarily transthyretin (TTR), in various tissues and organs throughout the body. This amyloid deposition disrupts the normal function of these tissues and organs, leading to a range of symptoms. The most commonly affected areas include the peripheral nerves, heart, kidneys, and eyes.
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare, inherited disorder that affects the development of blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It can lead to a range of vision problems, from mild to severe, and in some cases, blindness. The severity and progression of FEVR can vary significantly among affected individuals, even within the same family.
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), also known as familial benign hypercalcemia, is a rare, lifelong genetic disorder characterized by mild hypercalcemia (elevated calcium levels in the blood) and inappropriately low calcium levels in the urine (hypocalciuria). It's usually benign, meaning it doesn't typically cause serious health problems. The body's calcium regulation is altered, but it's generally well-tolerated.
Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by selective loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue (fat) from specific areas of the body, typically the limbs and trunk, while fat may accumulate in other areas, such as the face, neck, and intra-abdominal region. This altered fat distribution can lead to insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia (high levels of triglycerides in the blood), and other metabolic complications. Several subtypes of FPLD exist, each associated with specific gene mutations and varying degrees of fat loss and metabolic abnormalities.
Familial periodic paralysis (FPP) is a rare genetic condition characterized by episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis that come and go. These episodes are often linked to abnormal levels of potassium in the blood (either high or low). There are different types of FPP, classified based on whether the potassium level is low (hypokalemic), high (hyperkalemic), or normal (normokalemic) during attacks. It is inherited, meaning it is passed down through families.
Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS) is a rare, inherited disorder affecting how the body processes certain sugars, particularly glucose and galactose. It primarily impacts the kidneys, liver, and intestines. The syndrome leads to glycogen accumulation in these organs, causing a variety of health problems.
Farsightedness, also known as hyperopia, is a common vision condition where you can see distant objects clearly, but nearby objects appear blurry. It occurs when light rays entering the eye focus behind the retina instead of directly on it. This can happen because the eyeball is too short or the cornea has too little curvature.
Farber lipogranulomatosis, also known as Farber disease, is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid ceramidase. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of ceramide, a fatty substance, in various tissues and organs, primarily the joints, skin, and nervous system. It is classified as a lysosomal storage disorder. The severity of the disease varies widely, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms and others severe, life-threatening complications.
Persistent tiredness, even after adequate sleep
Unexplained weakness or lack of energy
Difficulty concentrating or focusing
Memory problems
Irritability or mood swings
Muscle aches or weakness
Headaches
Slowed reflexes and responses
Reduced motivation
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleep)
Increased need for rest
Feeling overwhelmed by simple tasks
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are a group of inherited metabolic disorders that prevent the body from properly breaking down fats (fatty acids) to produce energy. This process, called fatty acid oxidation, is crucial, especially during periods of fasting, prolonged exercise, or illness when the body relies on stored fat for fuel. When fatty acid oxidation is impaired, the body cannot access this energy source, leading to a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to life-threatening. FAODs are typically autosomal recessive, meaning both parents must carry a copy of the defective gene for a child to be affected.
Febrile neutropenia is a serious medical condition defined as a fever (usually a single oral temperature of ≥38.3°C [101°F] or a temperature of ≥38.0°C [100.4°F] sustained over one hour) in a patient with neutropenia (an abnormally low count of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) where the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is <500 cells/mm3, or <1000 cells/mm3 with a predicted decline to <500 cells/mm3. It indicates a high risk of infection and potentially life-threatening complications. It's commonly seen in patients undergoing chemotherapy, especially for hematologic malignancies, but can occur in other settings as well. Immediate evaluation and empirical antibiotic treatment are crucial.
Fecal incontinence, also known as bowel incontinence, is the inability to control bowel movements, resulting in unintentional leakage of stool from the rectum. The severity can range from occasionally leaking a small amount of stool or gas to complete loss of bowel control. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, leading to embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. It is more common in older adults, but can affect people of all ages. It is often a symptom of an underlying problem, not a disease in itself.
A felon is an infection of the pulp space of the fingertip. It typically develops as a result of a puncture wound or other trauma to the finger. The enclosed nature of the fingertip pulp makes it susceptible to infection, which can lead to pain, swelling, and potential complications if left untreated.
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition where there is abnormal contact between the ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) of the hip joint. This abnormal contact can damage the cartilage and labrum within the hip joint, leading to pain, stiffness, and eventually osteoarthritis. There are three main types: Cam (abnormality on the femoral head), Pincer (abnormality on the acetabulum), and Mixed (a combination of both).
A femoral condyle fracture is a break in one of the bony knobs (condyles) at the lower end of the femur (thighbone), where it meets the tibia (shinbone) to form the knee joint. These fractures can be complex and often involve the articular cartilage (the smooth covering on the bone surfaces). They can disrupt the stability and function of the knee joint.
A femoral neck fracture is a break in the femur (thighbone) at the level of the femoral neck, which is the area just below the ball of the hip joint. It is a common injury, particularly in older adults, and can significantly impact mobility and quality of life. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair or replace the hip joint.
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition where abnormal bone growth in the hip joint (either on the femur, acetabulum, or both) causes the bones to rub against each other during movement. This abnormal contact can damage the cartilage (labrum and articular cartilage) and lead to pain, stiffness, and eventually osteoarthritis. There are three types: Cam impingement (extra bone on the femur), Pincer impingement (extra bone on the acetabulum), and Mixed impingement (both Cam and Pincer).
Fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS), also known as Pena-Shokeir syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by decreased or absent fetal movement
in utero
, leading to a predictable pattern of multiple congenital contractures (arthrogryposis), facial anomalies, lung hypoplasia, and often intrauterine growth restriction. The severity and specific features can vary.
Fetal lung maturity, per se, doesn't present with symptoms. Instead, the lack of fetal lung maturity manifests as symptoms in the newborn after birth. These symptoms include:
Rapid, shallow breathing
Grunting sounds with breathing
Nasal flaring
Retractions (drawing in of the chest wall with each breath)
Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels)
Fetal hydronephrosis refers to the dilation or swelling of one or both of the fetal kidneys' renal pelvis (the part of the kidney that collects urine) detected during prenatal ultrasound. It is a relatively common finding, affecting approximately 1-5% of pregnancies. In many cases, it resolves spontaneously before or shortly after birth. However, in some instances, it can indicate an underlying urinary tract obstruction or abnormality that may require further evaluation and treatment. The severity of hydronephrosis is graded based on the degree of dilation.
Fetal microcephaly is a condition where a baby's head is significantly smaller than expected for its gestational age. This often indicates that the brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth. Microcephaly can range in severity, with some cases causing significant developmental delays and neurological problems, while others may have milder effects.
Fetal rhabdomyoma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from striated (skeletal or cardiac) muscle cells. These tumors are most commonly found in the heart (cardiac rhabdomyomas) and are often diagnosed prenatally or in early infancy. While the tumors themselves are not cancerous, they can cause complications depending on their size and location, particularly by obstructing blood flow in the heart. They are often associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), a genetic disorder that can cause tumors to grow in various organs.
1. Summary about disease: Fetal tachycardia is a condition where a fetus has a heart rate that is consistently faster than normal. The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 110 to 160 beats per minute (bpm). Fetal tachycardia is generally defined as a heart rate consistently above 180 bpm. It can sometimes be a sign of a problem with the fetus's health, but in other cases, it may be benign.
Fever blisters, also known as cold sores, are small, painful blisters that typically occur on or around the lips. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The infection is very common and highly contagious. Once infected, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate, causing recurrent outbreaks.
A fibroepithelial polyp is a benign (non-cancerous) skin growth. It is a common lesion consisting of a core of fibrous tissue covered by epithelium (the outer layer of skin). They are typically small, soft, and flesh-colored or slightly darker than the surrounding skin. While harmless, they can sometimes be bothersome depending on their location and size. They are also known by several other names, including skin tags, acrochordons, and soft fibromas.
Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during childbearing years. Also called leiomyomas or myomas, uterine fibroids aren't associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and almost never develop into cancer. They can range in size from seedlings, undetectable by the human eye, to bulky masses that can distort and enlarge the uterus. You can have a single fibroid or multiple ones.
Fibromatosis is a group of benign tumors characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue. These tumors are not cancerous but can be locally aggressive, infiltrating surrounding tissues and causing significant functional problems. They arise from connective tissues and can occur in various locations throughout the body. Unlike sarcomas, they do not typically metastasize (spread to distant sites). They are often classified based on their location, such as desmoid tumors (deep fibromatosis) or superficial fibromatoses like Dupuytren's contracture or plantar fibromatosis.
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a condition that causes narrowing (stenosis), widening (aneurysm), or tearing (dissection) in the walls of medium-sized arteries in the body. While FMD can affect any artery, it most commonly affects the arteries leading to the kidneys (renal arteries) and the brain (carotid and vertebral arteries). The cause of FMD is unknown, and it is not related to atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries). Many people with FMD have no symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they vary depending on which arteries are affected. FMD can lead to serious complications such as high blood pressure, stroke, and kidney problems.
Fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that arises from connective tissue cells called fibroblasts. These cells are responsible for producing collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix. Fibrosarcomas typically occur in the soft tissues of the extremities (arms and legs), but can also occur in the trunk, head, and neck. They are relatively rare, accounting for a small percentage of all soft tissue sarcomas. They can affect people of all ages, but are more common in adults. The prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade (aggressiveness), and location, as well as whether the tumor has spread (metastasized).
A fibrous cortical defect (FCD), also known as a benign nonossifying fibroma or metaphyseal fibrous defect, is a common, benign bone lesion that typically occurs in children and adolescents. It is essentially a scar-like area composed of fibrous tissue within the cortex of the bone. FCDs are usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during X-rays taken for other reasons. They typically resolve on their own without treatment.
Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare condition characterized by excessive fibrous tissue growth in the mediastinum, the space in the chest between the lungs. This fibrosis can compress or obstruct vital structures within the mediastinum, including the blood vessels (superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins), airways (trachea, bronchi), esophagus, and nerves. The severity of FM can vary greatly, ranging from mild and asymptomatic to life-threatening, depending on the extent and location of the fibrosis and the structures affected.
Field cancerization, also known as field change or field effect, describes a condition where a large area of tissue has been affected by genetic or epigenetic changes that predispose it to developing multiple, independent tumors. Instead of a single tumor arising, the altered field gives rise to multiple precancerous or cancerous lesions within the same general area. This is often seen in tissues exposed to carcinogens, such as the skin exposed to sunlight or the oral cavity exposed to tobacco. The entire "field" is at increased risk of cancer development.
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve), which carries sensation from your face to your brain. It causes extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like facial pain that lasts from a few seconds to as long as two minutes per episode. The pain is typically felt in the jaw, cheek, teeth, gums, lips, or less often in the eye and forehead. The attacks can become progressively more frequent and intense over time.
Filovirus hemorrhagic fevers (FHFs) are severe, often fatal illnesses caused by filoviruses. The two most well-known filoviruses are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. FHFs are characterized by fever, bleeding (hemorrhage), and multiple organ damage, ultimately leading to shock and death in many cases. Outbreaks are sporadic and often associated with high mortality rates.
An anal fissure is a small tear in the lining of the anus. It causes pain during bowel movements and is often accompanied by bleeding. While often acute and self-limiting, chronic fissures can require medical intervention.
An anal fistula is a small channel that develops between the end of the bowel (anus) and the skin near the anus. It's often the result of a previous or current anal abscess. Anal fistulas can cause pain, swelling, and discharge near the anus. Treatment usually involves surgery.
Flatulence, commonly known as gas, refers to the passage of gas through the rectum. It's a normal biological process resulting from the digestion of food and the buildup of gas in the intestines. While occasional flatulence is normal, excessive or bothersome gas can be a sign of an underlying digestive issue.
Seeing small shapes in your vision that appear as dark spots or translucent cobwebs.
Spots that move when your eyes move, and drift away when you try to focus on them directly.
Spots that are most noticeable when you look at a bright background, such as a blue sky or a white wall.
Fluid retention, also known as edema, is the buildup of fluid in the body's tissues, leading to swelling. It can affect any part of the body, but is most noticeable in the hands, arms, feet, ankles, and legs. Mild cases may be temporary and resolve on their own, but persistent or severe edema can indicate underlying medical conditions.
Focal dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive or twisting movements. These movements can affect a specific body part, such as the hand, neck, face, or vocal cords. The condition is often task-specific, meaning symptoms appear primarily during certain activities. It is not fatal, but can significantly impact quality of life.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease that affects the glomeruli, which are the filtering units within the kidneys. "Focal" means that only some glomeruli are affected. "Segmental" refers to the fact that only a portion of each affected glomerulus is scarred. "Glomerulosclerosis" means scarring of the glomeruli. This scarring leads to impaired kidney function and can ultimately result in kidney failure. There are several causes of FSGS, some of which are idiopathic (meaning the cause is unknown), and others are related to genetic factors, infections, drug use, or other medical conditions.
Folic acid-responsive megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by abnormally large red blood cells (megaloblasts) due to a deficiency in folate (vitamin B9). This deficiency disrupts DNA synthesis, affecting rapidly dividing cells, particularly in the bone marrow. The condition responds well to folic acid supplementation.
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes. Specifically, it is a slow-growing or indolent lymphoma that arises from B lymphocytes (B cells). FL typically involves lymph nodes and bone marrow, but it can also affect other organs. It's characterized by the abnormal clumping together (follicles) of cancerous B cells. While often slow-growing, it can transform into a more aggressive type of lymphoma over time.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Chest pain or discomfort
Choking or gagging
Excessive drooling
Regurgitation of food
Feeling that food is stuck in the throat or chest
Coughing
Foramen magnum meningiomas are rare, typically benign tumors that arise from the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) at the foramen magnum, the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. Their location makes them particularly challenging because they can compress the brainstem, spinal cord, and nearby cranial nerves, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms. The slow-growing nature of these tumors often means symptoms develop gradually, potentially delaying diagnosis. Treatment usually involves surgical resection, and prognosis is generally good with complete removal, though recurrence is possible.
Foot drop, also known as drop foot, is a general term for difficulty lifting the front part of the foot. This results in dragging the toes while walking. It is typically a sign of an underlying neurological, muscular, or anatomical problem rather than a disease itself.
A foreign body in the ear refers to any object that is not supposed to be in the ear canal. Common examples include insects, beads, small toys, food particles, and cotton swabs. It can cause discomfort, pain, hearing loss, and potentially infection if left untreated. Prompt removal is crucial to prevent complications.
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) itself isn't a disease. It's a measurement of lung function, specifically the total amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after taking a deep breath. A reduced FVC indicates a restrictive lung disease, meaning the lungs can't fully expand, or an obstructive lung disease, where airflow is limited. The
underlying disease
causing the reduced FVC is what needs to be identified and treated. This can be caused by a broad range of lung diseases.
A foreign body in the eye refers to any object that doesn't belong in the eye. This can include dust, dirt, eyelashes, metal shards, glass, or any other small particle. It's a common occurrence, and while often minor, it can cause discomfort, irritation, and potential damage to the eye if not addressed properly.
Fourth cranial nerve palsy, also known as trochlear nerve palsy, affects the superior oblique muscle, which controls eye movement, specifically downward and inward rotation. This palsy leads to difficulty moving the affected eye in these directions, resulting in vertical double vision (diplopia), where one image appears above or below the other. The severity can vary, ranging from mild to significant impairment.
A foreign body in the nose refers to the presence of any object that does not naturally belong within the nasal cavity. This is a common occurrence, especially in young children who may insert small items into their noses out of curiosity. While often harmless, a foreign body can cause discomfort, irritation, and potentially lead to infection if not promptly removed.
A fracture is a break in a bone. It can range from a hairline crack to a complete break. Fractures typically occur due to trauma, overuse, or conditions that weaken bones, such as osteoporosis. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the fracture.
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects older adult males who are carriers of a premutation in the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 gene is responsible for producing the FMRP protein, which is crucial for brain development. In FXTAS, the expanded CGG repeat in the FMR1 gene (premutation, not full mutation like in Fragile X syndrome) leads to the production of toxic messenger RNA (mRNA) which accumulates in the brain and other tissues, causing cellular damage and dysfunction.
Fragilitas ossium, also known as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), is a genetic disorder characterized by bones that break easily, often from mild trauma or with no apparent cause. It's a lifelong condition affecting collagen production, a protein crucial for bone strength. The severity of OI varies significantly, ranging from mild forms with few fractures to severe forms that can be fatal in infancy.
Tularemia is a bacterial infectious disease caused by
Francisella tularensis
. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, lymph nodes, lungs, and other internal organs. It's a relatively rare disease but can be serious if not treated promptly. It's also known as rabbit fever, deer fly fever, and Ohara's disease.
Small, flat spots on the skin.
Typically tan, light brown, or reddish in color.
Appear in areas exposed to sunlight.
More prominent during summer months and fade during winter.
Vary in size, generally a few millimeters in diameter.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells, DNA, and proteins in the body. This damage is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and premature aging. Free radicals are a natural byproduct of metabolism and are also generated by environmental factors like pollution, radiation, and smoking. While the body has defense mechanisms to neutralize free radicals (antioxidants), an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense can lead to oxidative stress and disease. Free radical damage is not a disease itself, but a process that contributes to the development and progression of various diseases.
Cough (possibly with phlegm)
Fever
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Fatigue
If decreased fremitus is due to a pneumothorax, symptoms may include:
Sudden, sharp chest pain
Shortness of breath
Rapid heart rate
Frenulum breve, also known as short frenulum or penile frenulum breve, is a condition where the frenulum – the small fold of skin on the underside of the penis connecting the glans (head) to the shaft – is abnormally short or tight. This can restrict movement and cause discomfort or pain during erection or sexual activity.
A friction burn, also known as skinning, rug burn, or rope burn, is a type of abrasion caused by the skin rubbing against a rough surface. The severity can range from mild redness to deep wounds affecting multiple layers of skin. Friction burns are generally not infectious themselves, but they can become infected if not properly cleaned and cared for.
Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a rare, inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system. It results in difficulty walking, a loss of sensation in the arms and legs, and impaired speech. FA primarily affects the spinal cord and cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination. The condition progressively worsens over time, leading to significant disability.
Frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that originate in the frontal lobes of the brain. These lobes are responsible for a wide range of functions, including motor control, planning, decision-making, and behavior. As a result, FLE seizures can manifest in diverse and often unusual ways, making diagnosis challenging.
Frontal sinusitis is an inflammation or swelling of the lining of the frontal sinuses, which are located in the forehead above the eyes. This inflammation can be caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, allergies, or structural problems in the sinuses. The inflammation blocks the sinus openings, leading to a buildup of mucus, pressure, and pain.
Inability or difficulty raising eyebrows
Drooping eyebrows (brow ptosis)
Asymmetrical eyebrow movement or position
Smooth forehead (lack of wrinkles when attempting to raise eyebrows)
Headaches (tension type, possibly related to compensating muscles)
Heaviness in the forehead
Visual field obstruction (if brow ptosis is severe)
Facial asymmetry
Difficulty expressing emotions through facial expressions
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND), also known as median cleft face syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a range of facial abnormalities resulting from incomplete fusion of the frontonasal process during embryonic development. These abnormalities can vary widely in severity and may include a widened nasal bridge, hypertelorism (increased distance between the eyes), median cleft lip, bifid nasal tip, absence of the nasal tip, and a V-shaped hairline extending down the forehead. In severe cases, it can involve brain malformations. FND is not typically associated with intellectual disability unless accompanied by significant brain abnormalities.
Frostnip is a mild form of cold injury that affects exposed skin. It's a superficial freezing of the skin tissue, causing temporary numbness and a pale appearance. Unlike frostbite, it doesn't result in permanent tissue damage.
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint. The condition gradually worsens, making it difficult to move the shoulder. It typically resolves, but this can take a significant amount of time, ranging from months to years.
Fructose intolerance refers to several conditions where the body has difficulty processing fructose, a type of sugar found in fruits, honey, some vegetables, and added sweeteners like high-fructose corn syrup. The two main types are:
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI): A rare, inherited metabolic disorder where the body lacks an enzyme needed to break down fructose. This can lead to a build-up of fructose-1-phosphate, causing damage to the liver, kidneys, and intestines. HFI is a serious condition.
Fructose Malabsorption (Dietary Fructose Intolerance): A more common condition where the small intestine doesn't absorb fructose properly. This can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms. It is generally less severe than HFI.
Fructosuria, also known as benign fructosuria or essential fructosuria, is a rare, harmless genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the incomplete metabolism of fructose. Individuals with fructosuria lack the enzyme fructokinase, which is responsible for the first step in fructose metabolism in the liver. This leads to an accumulation of fructose in the blood and its excretion in the urine. Because it is asymptomatic, fructosuria is generally considered a benign condition.
Fucosidosis is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase. This enzyme is needed to break down complex sugars (oligosaccharides) containing fucose. Without enough of this enzyme, fucose-containing substances accumulate in various tissues and organs, leading to a range of physical and neurological problems. It is classified as a lysosomal storage disorder.
Fugue state, also known as dissociative fugue, is a rare psychological disorder characterized by temporary loss of personal identity and memory, often accompanied by unexpected travel away from one's usual environment. Individuals in a fugue state may be unaware of their past and may assume a new identity. The condition is usually triggered by severe stress or trauma.
Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is chronic or recurrent abdominal pain with no identifiable organic cause. This means that extensive testing fails to reveal inflammation, structural abnormalities, or other detectable diseases that would explain the pain. FAP is considered a functional gastrointestinal disorder, where the gut may be overly sensitive or miscommunicate with the brain, leading to pain perception. It significantly impacts quality of life.
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a chronic disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent symptoms of indigestion that are not attributable to structural or biochemical abnormalities. It's essentially indigestion with no identifiable underlying cause, like ulcers or cancer. Symptoms often include postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. It significantly impacts quality of life but is not life-threatening.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a group of chronic conditions characterized by recurring gastrointestinal symptoms without any detectable structural or biochemical abnormalities. In other words, the gut doesn't show any visible damage or disease when examined, but the person experiences real and often distressing symptoms related to digestion and bowel function. These disorders affect the way the gut works, involving issues with gut-brain interaction, motility, sensation, and gut permeability. Common examples include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia (indigestion), and functional constipation.
Fundal gland polyps (FGPs) are small growths that develop in the lining of the stomach, specifically in the fundus (the upper part of the stomach). They are generally benign (non-cancerous) and often discovered incidentally during an upper endoscopy. The majority of FGPs are not associated with any symptoms. While the precise cause is not always clear, prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are recognized risk factors.
Fungal arthritis is a relatively rare infection of a joint caused by a fungus. It typically affects a single joint, most commonly the knee, hip, ankle, or wrist. It can develop after a fungal infection spreads through the bloodstream from another part of the body, or directly from a penetrating injury. If left untreated, fungal arthritis can lead to chronic pain, joint damage, and disability.
Fungal endocarditis is a rare but serious infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) or heart valves caused by fungi. It's a form of infective endocarditis, typically occurring in individuals with compromised immune systems, prosthetic heart valves, or intravenous drug use. It can lead to significant heart damage and systemic complications.
Fungal esophagitis is an infection of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach, caused by a fungus, most commonly Candida albicans. It leads to inflammation and discomfort, potentially making swallowing difficult and painful. While anyone can get it, it's more common in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Fungal keratitis is an infection of the cornea (the clear front surface of the eye) caused by fungi. It is a serious condition that can lead to vision loss if left untreated. While relatively rare, it's more common in warm, humid climates and in individuals with specific risk factors, such as contact lens wear or eye injuries.
Fungal meningitis is a rare form of meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Unlike more common bacterial or viral meningitis, it is caused by a fungal infection. It is typically not contagious and often develops slowly.
Fungal pneumonia is a lung infection caused by various types of fungi. It occurs when fungal spores are inhaled and grow within the lungs, leading to inflammation and respiratory problems. The severity can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the type of fungus, the individual's health, and the extent of the infection.
Fungal sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses caused by a fungal infection. While fungi are commonly present in the environment, they can sometimes colonize and infect the sinuses, leading to a variety of symptoms. The severity can range from mild, non-invasive forms to aggressive, invasive forms that can damage surrounding tissues. Different types of fungi can cause this condition, and treatment depends on the specific type and extent of the infection.
Fungal skin infections are common conditions caused by fungi that thrive on the skin, hair, and nails. These infections can cause a variety of symptoms, from mild irritation to more severe inflammation and discomfort. They are generally treatable with topical or oral antifungal medications. Common types include athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and yeast infections.
Funiculitis is an inflammation of the spermatic cord, which contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves that supply the testicle. It can occur on one or both sides and is often associated with epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis) and orchitis (inflammation of the testicle). The condition can cause pain and swelling in the scrotum.
Funnel chest, also known as pectus excavatum, is a congenital (present at birth) chest wall deformity where the breastbone (sternum) sinks into the chest. This creates a sunken or caved-in appearance of the chest. The severity can range from mild, with minimal impact, to severe, which can impact lung and heart function.
Furunculosis is a skin condition characterized by the presence of multiple furuncles (boils). A furuncle is a deep infection of the hair follicle, resulting in a painful, pus-filled lump. Furunculosis indicates a more widespread or recurrent infection compared to a single furuncle.
Fusobacterium infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus
Fusobacterium
. These are anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. While often harmless as part of the normal flora, they can become opportunistic pathogens, causing a variety of infections when they enter sterile areas of the body due to trauma, surgery, or underlying health conditions. Infections can range from mild to life-threatening. Common infections include tonsillitis (especially Lemierre's syndrome), periodontal disease, intra-abdominal abscesses, skin and soft tissue infections, and pneumonia.
Fabry disease is a rare, inherited (genetic) disorder that results from the buildup of a specific type of fat, called globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in the body's cells. This buildup occurs because individuals with Fabry disease have a deficiency or complete absence of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A), which is needed to break down Gb3. The accumulation of Gb3 can damage various organs and tissues, including the kidneys, heart, brain, and skin. It is a type of lysosomal storage disorder.
A facial cleft, also known as an orofacial cleft, is a birth defect that occurs when tissues in the face or mouth do not fuse properly during pregnancy. Clefts can involve the lip (cleft lip), the palate (cleft palate), or both. The severity can range from a small notch in the lip to a complete separation of the lip and palate extending into the nose. Facial clefts can cause problems with feeding, speech, hearing, and dental development.
Facial diplegia refers to weakness or paralysis affecting both sides of the face. It's different from Bell's palsy, which typically affects only one side. Facial diplegia can result from various underlying conditions, ranging from neurological disorders to infections. The severity can vary from mild weakness to complete paralysis, impacting facial expressions, speech, and eating.
Unusual eye spacing (wide-set or close-set eyes)
Differences in the shape or size of the nose
Abnormal ear shape or position
Unusual jaw or chin size/shape
Differences in the shape or size of the mouth or lips
An abnormally shaped head (e.g., too large, too small, or misshapen)
Asymmetry of the face
Cleft lip or cleft palate
Unusual hair patterns or hairline
Skin abnormalities on the face
Facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS), is a rare acquired neurocutaneous disorder characterized by progressive atrophy (shrinkage) of the skin and underlying soft tissues of one side of the face (hemiface). The condition typically begins in childhood or adolescence and progresses slowly. It is often associated with neurological, ocular, and oral manifestations. The severity and extent of the atrophy vary significantly among affected individuals.
Facial hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating of the face, often beyond what is necessary for thermoregulation. This can occur spontaneously or be triggered by heat, exercise, stress, or certain foods. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing social anxiety and embarrassment.
Facial myokymia is a rare, involuntary, fine, rippling or twitching of the facial muscles, most commonly around the eyelids (blepharomyokymia), but it can also involve other facial muscles like those around the mouth or cheek. It's often benign and self-limiting, but in some cases, it can be a symptom of a more serious underlying neurological condition.
Facial pain is a broad term encompassing a variety of conditions that cause pain in the face. It can range from mild and intermittent to severe and chronic. The pain's origin can be related to nerves, muscles, blood vessels, teeth, sinuses, or other structures in the head and neck. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the specific underlying cause.
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a genetic muscle disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, primarily affecting the face (facio-), shoulders (scapulo-), and upper arms (humeral). The weakness typically begins in these areas, but can spread to other muscles in the body, including the abdomen, legs, and feet. The severity and progression of FSHD vary significantly from person to person, even within the same family.
Factor V Leiden thrombophilia is an inherited blood-clotting disorder caused by a mutation in the Factor V gene. This mutation makes Factor V resistant to inactivation by activated protein C (APC), which normally helps prevent excessive blood clotting. As a result, individuals with Factor V Leiden have an increased risk of developing abnormal blood clots, usually in the deep veins (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) or the lungs (pulmonary embolism or PE). Many people with Factor V Leiden never develop clots, while others may experience recurrent episodes. The risk of clotting is increased when combined with other risk factors.
Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) occurs when a newborn animal (typically livestock like calves, foals, lambs, and kids) does not receive an adequate amount of antibodies from its mother's colostrum (first milk). These antibodies, particularly immunoglobulin G (IgG), are crucial for protecting the newborn from infections during its first few weeks of life, as their own immune system is not yet fully functional. FPT leaves the newborn highly susceptible to various diseases.
Fairbank's disease, also known as multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), is a genetic disorder affecting the growth of cartilage and bone. It primarily impacts the epiphyses, the growing ends of long bones. This leads to problems with joint development, causing pain, stiffness, and often early-onset osteoarthritis. The severity of the condition varies significantly among affected individuals.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole between the right and left ventricles.
Pulmonary Stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve and main pulmonary artery, restricting blood flow to the lungs.
Overriding Aorta: The aorta is positioned over both ventricles, instead of solely the left ventricle.
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy: Thickening of the right ventricle's muscular wall due to increased workload.
These defects result in insufficient oxygenated blood reaching the body, leading to cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin). It requires surgical repair, often in infancy, and individuals need lifelong cardiac care.
Irregular contractions: The contractions do not follow a consistent pattern, and the time between contractions varies significantly.
Contractions that do not increase in intensity or frequency: The contractions may start strong but do not get progressively stronger, longer, or closer together.
Contractions that may stop on their own: Changing positions, walking, or resting may cause the contractions to subside.
Localized pain: Discomfort is typically felt in the abdomen or groin, rather than radiating throughout the back.
No cervical dilation: A key difference between false and true labor is that false labor does not cause the cervix to dilate or efface.
False pregnancy, also known as pseudocyesis or phantom pregnancy, is a condition where a woman believes she is pregnant and experiences some pregnancy symptoms, but she is not actually carrying a fetus. It's a complex condition with psychological and sometimes hormonal factors contributing to the belief and physical manifestations.
Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS), also known as familial cold urticaria, is a rare genetic autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of rash, fever, joint pain, and other flu-like symptoms triggered by exposure to cold temperatures. It is one of a group of conditions called cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS).
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is a common genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of multiple lipids in the blood, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, or both. These elevated lipid levels increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack and stroke, at a younger age. The condition often runs in families but can be influenced by lifestyle factors like diet and exercise.
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare type of migraine with aura that involves motor weakness (hemiplegia). It's a genetic disorder, meaning it runs in families. Episodes typically involve a severe headache, visual disturbances, sensory changes, and weakness on one side of the body. The severity and presentation can vary significantly between individuals and even between attacks within the same individual.
1. Summary about disease: Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of beta-lipoproteins, specifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood. This condition can range from being asymptomatic to causing fat malabsorption and neurological problems.
Familial hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) refers to liver cancer that occurs in multiple members of the same family, suggesting a genetic predisposition or shared environmental risk factors, or a combination of both. It is important to note that most HCC cases are not familial, but when it does occur, it warrants investigation into potential inherited risks. This does not automatically mean a specific gene is causing the cancer, but increases the likelihood of underlying genetic or environmental risk factors contributing to HCC development within the family.
Familial renal glucosuria (FRG) is a rare, benign condition characterized by the excretion of glucose in the urine (glucosuria) despite normal blood glucose levels. This occurs because the kidneys have a reduced capacity to reabsorb glucose back into the bloodstream. It's a generally harmless condition and often discovered incidentally during routine urine tests.
Familial short stature (FSS) is a condition where an individual is shorter than average compared to the general population, but their height is consistent with their family's pattern of growth. Individuals with FSS typically have parents who are also shorter than average. Their growth velocity is normal, and they enter puberty at a normal age. They are otherwise healthy and do not have any underlying medical condition causing their short stature. Their bone age matches their chronological age.
Familial spastic paraplegia (FSP), also known as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), is a group of inherited neurological disorders characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness (spasticity) of the legs. It results from dysfunction of upper motor neurons in the spinal cord. There are many different types of HSP, each caused by different genetic mutations. HSP can be classified as either "pure" or "complex" based on whether other neurological symptoms are present in addition to spasticity.
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the aorta, the major blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart, specifically in the chest (thoracic) region. This enlargement, or aneurysm, can weaken the aortic wall, increasing the risk of dissection (a tear in the aorta's inner layer) or rupture (bursting). Because it is familial, it means it has a genetic component and runs in families. The severity and age of onset can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Fanconi renotubular syndrome (FRS) is a rare disorder affecting the proximal tubules of the kidneys. These tubules are responsible for reabsorbing vital substances back into the bloodstream, such as glucose, amino acids, phosphate, bicarbonate, and uric acid. In FRS, these substances are lost in the urine, leading to various complications. FRS can be inherited or acquired, and its severity varies among individuals.
Farmer's lung, also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), is a respiratory disease caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled organic dusts, typically from moldy hay, grain, silage, or other agricultural products. Repeated exposure leads to inflammation of the lung tissue (alveoli) and small airways, potentially causing chronic lung damage if left untreated. It's not an infection but rather an immune response to inhaled allergens.
Fasting hypoglycemia refers to abnormally low blood glucose (sugar) levels occurring after a period of fasting (typically 8 hours or more). It's not a disease in itself but rather a symptom of an underlying medical condition. Prolonged low blood sugar can lead to various symptoms, and if severe, can cause serious complications.
Fat necrosis is a benign (non-cancerous) condition that occurs when fat tissue is damaged. This damage can lead to inflammation and the formation of a lump or mass. It most commonly occurs in the breast but can occur in other areas of the body that contain fat tissue. The dead or damaged fat cells release their contents, triggering an inflammatory response. Over time, this inflammatory response can lead to the formation of scar tissue and oil cysts.
Fatigue syndrome, also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), is a complex, chronic, and debilitating disease characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by rest and worsens after physical or mental activity (post-exertional malaise). It affects multiple body systems and significantly impairs daily functioning.
Fatty diarrhea, also known as steatorrhea, refers to the presence of excessive fat in the stool. This condition often manifests as bulky, foul-smelling, and pale stools that may float in the toilet. It usually indicates a problem with fat absorption in the digestive system. Steatorrhea itself is not a disease but a symptom of an underlying condition affecting the small intestine, pancreas, or liver. It's crucial to identify and treat the underlying cause for proper management.
Favism is a genetic condition, specifically an enzyme deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), that leads to hemolytic anemia after ingestion of fava beans (broad beans), certain other beans, or exposure to certain drugs or chemicals. Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be produced. The severity of favism varies widely depending on the specific G6PD variant and the amount of trigger consumed or encountered.
Febrile illness is a general term referring to any illness characterized by fever (elevated body temperature). It encompasses a wide range of conditions, from mild viral infections to serious bacterial infections or other underlying diseases. The specific symptoms, causes, and severity of a febrile illness vary greatly depending on the underlying cause. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to determine the appropriate treatment.
Fecal impaction is a condition where a large, hard mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum or lower colon and cannot be expelled. It's a severe form of constipation and can lead to significant discomfort and complications if left untreated.
Fecal peritonitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs. It occurs when fecal matter, bacteria, and other intestinal contents leak into the sterile peritoneal space. This leakage causes intense inflammation and can lead to systemic sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death if left untreated. It is a surgical emergency.
Refusal to eat or drink
Gagging, choking, or vomiting during feeding
Excessive drooling
Prolonged feeding times (longer than 30-45 minutes)
Poor weight gain or weight loss
Arched back or stiffening during feeding
Irritability or crying during feeding
Difficulty transitioning to textured foods
Food selectivity (eating only a very limited variety of foods)
Recurring respiratory infections (due to aspiration)
Oral motor delays (difficulty with sucking, chewing, or swallowing)
A femoral artery aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or weakening in the wall of the femoral artery, which is a major blood vessel supplying blood to the leg. These aneurysms are relatively rare and can be dangerous due to the risk of blood clots, rupture, or limb-threatening ischemia.
Femoral condyle osteonecrosis (also known as avascular necrosis or AVN of the femoral condyle) is a condition where the bone tissue in the femoral condyle (the rounded end of the femur at the knee joint) dies due to a lack of blood supply. This can lead to pain, cartilage damage, and eventually, arthritis. It can affect one or both femoral condyles. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) is a related condition that typically affects the medial femoral condyle, often in older individuals.
The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome characterized by three interrelated conditions that commonly occur in female athletes:
Low Energy Availability (with or without disordered eating): This means the athlete isn't consuming enough calories to support the energy demands of their training and daily activities. This can result from unintentional under-fueling or intentional restriction of food intake.
Menstrual Dysfunction (Amenorrhea): This refers to irregular or absent menstrual periods. Low energy availability disrupts hormone production, affecting the menstrual cycle.
Low Bone Mineral Density (Osteoporosis): Reduced estrogen levels (due to menstrual dysfunction) and inadequate calcium intake can weaken bones, increasing the risk of stress fractures and osteoporosis.
It's important to note that an athlete doesn't necessarily need to experience all three components to be diagnosed with the triad; experiencing one or two components places them at risk for the others.
A femoral hernia occurs when tissue, usually part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall near the groin. Specifically, it occurs below the inguinal ligament and alongside the femoral vein. Femoral hernias are less common than inguinal hernias and are more prevalent in women, particularly older women. They often require surgical repair to prevent complications like strangulation (where the blood supply to the protruding tissue is cut off).
Femoral nerve compression occurs when the femoral nerve, which provides sensation to the front of the thigh and inner leg and controls muscles that extend the leg, is subjected to pressure or entrapment. This compression can lead to pain, numbness, weakness, and other sensory and motor deficits in the affected leg. The condition can arise from various causes, including trauma, surgery, tumors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve.
A femoral shaft fracture is a break in the long bone of the thigh, the femur, between the hip and the knee. It's a serious injury that typically requires surgical intervention to heal properly due to the strong forces and muscles involved. These fractures can be open (bone breaks through the skin) or closed.
Femoral vein thrombosis is a type of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that occurs specifically in the femoral vein, a major vein located in the thigh. It involves the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the femoral vein, obstructing blood flow and potentially leading to serious complications like pulmonary embolism (PE).
Femoropopliteal bypass surgery is a surgical procedure performed to bypass a blocked or narrowed femoral artery (located in the thigh) and restore blood flow to the popliteal artery (located behind the knee). The blockage is usually due to peripheral artery disease (PAD). The bypass uses a graft (either a synthetic tube or a vein from the patient's body) to create a new pathway for blood to flow around the diseased artery. This helps alleviate symptoms of PAD, such as leg pain and non-healing wounds.
Fetal ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the fetal abdomen. It is not a disease in itself but rather a sign of an underlying condition. The fluid buildup can range from mild to severe and can be associated with a variety of fetal abnormalities or maternal conditions. Identifying the cause of fetal ascites is crucial for proper management and prognosis.
Fetal cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart in a developing fetus. It is not a disease in itself but rather a sign of an underlying condition affecting the fetal cardiovascular system. The heart's increased size can compromise its ability to function efficiently and may lead to complications during pregnancy, delivery, and after birth. Early detection and management are crucial for improving outcomes.
Fetal hydrops is a serious condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including ascites (fluid in the abdomen), pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs), pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart), and skin edema (swelling). It is not a disease itself but rather a sign of an underlying problem. It can be immune or non-immune in origin. It has a high mortality rate.
Symptoms of fetal infection are often not directly observed in the fetus. Instead, signs of infection are usually manifested in the mother or through diagnostic testing of the fetus. Maternal symptoms may include fever, rash, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, or genital sores, depending on the specific infection.
Indirect signs suggesting fetal infection can be seen via ultrasound, such as:
Abnormal fetal growth (too small or too large)
Abnormalities in fetal organ development (e.g., brain, heart, liver)
Increased or decreased amniotic fluid
Fluid accumulation in fetal tissues (hydrops fetalis)
Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome (FIRS) is a systemic inflammatory condition affecting the fetus in utero. It is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in fetal blood and is often associated with preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes. FIRS is not a disease itself, but rather a pathological response to various intrauterine insults.
Fetal malformations, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional abnormalities that occur during prenatal development. These can range from minor to severe and may affect any part of the body. The causes are varied and can include genetic factors, environmental influences, and maternal health conditions. The impact on the child's life depends heavily on the specific type and severity of the malformation.
Fetal membrane diseases encompass a range of conditions affecting the amnion, chorion, and other structures surrounding the developing fetus. These conditions can lead to various complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, affecting both the mother and the baby. Examples include chorioamnionitis (infection of the fetal membranes), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and placental abruption (separation of the placenta from the uterine wall). Each disease has unique underlying mechanisms and consequences, but all involve the integrity and function of the fetal membranes.
Fetal pleural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space surrounding the fetal lungs. This space is normally thin and lubricated, allowing the lungs to expand and contract easily. When excessive fluid builds up, it can compress the lungs, hindering their development and potentially leading to respiratory distress at birth. It can be unilateral (affecting one lung) or bilateral (affecting both lungs).
Spina Bifida (Myelomeningocele): Detected via ultrasound showing an open neural tube defect.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH): Detected via ultrasound showing abdominal organs in the chest cavity.
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS): Detected via ultrasound showing significant fluid imbalance between twins.
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO): Detected via ultrasound showing enlarged bladder and possible kidney damage.
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT): Detected via ultrasound as a growth at the base of the fetal spine.
Fetal presentation refers to the position of the fetus in the uterus during the later weeks of pregnancy, particularly concerning the part of the fetus that is closest to the birth canal (cervix). Ideally, the fetus should be in a cephalic (head-down) presentation for vaginal delivery. Other presentations, such as breech (buttocks or feet first) or transverse (sideways), can present challenges and may necessitate medical intervention, including Cesarean section. Fetal presentation is dynamic and can change throughout pregnancy, but is typically assessed and managed closer to the expected delivery date.
Fever and rash are common symptoms that can be associated with a wide range of illnesses, from mild viral infections to more serious conditions. The presence of both fever and rash indicates that the body is fighting an infection or reacting to a trigger. The nature of the rash (appearance, location, associated symptoms) along with the fever pattern, helps in narrowing down the possible causes.
Fetal ventriculomegaly refers to an enlargement of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) within the brain of a developing fetus. It's not a disease itself, but rather a descriptive finding often detected during prenatal ultrasound. Ventriculomegaly can be mild, moderate, or severe, and its significance varies depending on the degree of enlargement and the presence of other associated findings. It can be a sign of an underlying neurological condition or chromosomal abnormality. The ventricles are compartments within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which helps cushion the brain.
Fever phobia, also known as fever anxiety or pyrexiophobia, is an irrational and excessive fear of fever, often leading to unnecessary medical interventions and anxiety in parents or caregivers. It involves an overestimation of the dangers associated with even mild fevers and a misunderstanding of their role in the body's natural defense mechanisms against infection. It's not a medical disease itself, but rather an anxiety disorder relating to the interpretation and management of fever.
Fibrillary astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, star-shaped glial cells that support nerve cells in the brain. It is classified as a glioma, specifically a type of astrocytoma, and is graded based on its aggressiveness. Lower-grade fibrillary astrocytomas (Grade I and II) are generally slow-growing and less aggressive, while higher-grade astrocytomas (Grade III and IV, also known as anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma, respectively) are more aggressive and fast-growing. Fibrillary astrocytomas are infiltrating tumors, meaning they tend to spread into surrounding brain tissue, making complete surgical removal challenging.
Fibrin deposition, while not a disease in itself, is a pathological process involving the abnormal accumulation of fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting, in tissues and organs. This deposition can occur in various conditions and contribute to inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction. It's a key component in the pathology of many diseases, rather than being a disease itself. The consequences of fibrin deposition depend on the location and extent of the deposition.
Fiber deficiency, also known as inadequate fiber intake, occurs when a person doesn't consume enough dietary fiber through their diet. Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body can't digest. It's crucial for digestive health, regulating blood sugar levels, and promoting satiety. Chronic fiber deficiency can lead to various health problems.
Fibrinogen deficiency refers to a group of rare bleeding disorders characterized by a reduced level or abnormal function of fibrinogen, a protein essential for blood clot formation. These deficiencies can be congenital (inherited) or acquired. Congenital deficiencies are categorized as afibrinogenemia (complete absence of fibrinogen), hypofibrinogenemia (low levels of fibrinogen), or dysfibrinogenemia (dysfunctional fibrinogen). Acquired deficiencies can result from conditions like liver disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), or severe malnutrition.
Fibrinous pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) characterized by the deposition of fibrin. Fibrin is a protein involved in blood clotting, and its presence in the pericardial space leads to a "shaggy" or "bread and butter" appearance. This condition is a common manifestation of pericarditis, often associated with chest pain and a pericardial friction rub.
FGFR-related diseases are a group of disorders arising from mutations or dysregulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs). FGFRs are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival. Aberrations in FGFR signaling can lead to a range of conditions, including skeletal dysplasias, craniosynostosis syndromes, and certain cancers. The specific disease and its severity depend on the specific FGFR gene involved, the type of mutation, and the affected tissues.
Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes (FCPD) is a type of secondary diabetes mellitus primarily found in tropical regions. It is characterized by pancreatic fibrosis, the formation of intraductal calculi (stones) within the pancreatic ducts, and subsequent pancreatic dysfunction, leading to both endocrine (diabetes) and exocrine (digestive enzyme) insufficiency. It often presents in lean, young individuals.
Fibrochondritis isn't a recognized medical term. It's possible this is a misunderstanding or a rarely used, outdated term. If you're thinking of a condition involving both fibrous tissue (fibro-) and cartilage (chondro-), and inflammation (-itis), it could potentially refer to conditions affecting joints, tendons, or ligaments, particularly where cartilage and fibrous tissue meet. Without a more specific definition, providing a precise summary is impossible. Examples of possible related conditions might include tendonitis, enthesitis (inflammation where tendons or ligaments attach to bone), or certain types of arthritis affecting cartilage.
Fibroelastosis (also known as endocardial fibroelastosis or EFE) is a rare heart condition characterized by a thickening and scarring of the inner lining (endocardium) of the heart, particularly the left ventricle. This thickening restricts the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to heart failure. It can be primary (cause unknown) or secondary, resulting from other heart conditions.
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare form of liver cancer that primarily affects adolescents and young adults, although it can occur at any age. It differs from typical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in its pathology, patient demographics, and often has a slightly better prognosis. The tumor is characterized by distinctive fibrous bands arranged in parallel lamellae that surround the cancerous liver cells (hepatocytes). It also often doesn't involve underlying liver disease like cirrhosis.
A fibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor composed of fibrous or connective tissue. They can occur in various parts of the body. While generally harmless, they can sometimes cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns depending on their size and location.
Fibronectin glomerulopathy (FNGP) is a rare kidney disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fibronectin deposits in the glomeruli (filtering units) of the kidneys. This accumulation leads to progressive kidney damage, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in many cases. It's considered a systemic disease, though primarily affects the kidneys.
Fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that originates from fibrous connective tissue. It's characterized by the proliferation of malignant fibroblasts (cells that produce collagen and other components of connective tissue). Fibrosarcomas can occur in various parts of the body, but they are most commonly found in the extremities (arms and legs), particularly in the soft tissues. It's a relatively rare type of cancer.
Fibrotic lung disease refers to a group of disorders characterized by the scarring and thickening of lung tissue. This scarring, known as fibrosis, makes it difficult for the lungs to function properly, reducing their ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. This can lead to shortness of breath, chronic cough, and fatigue. The prognosis varies depending on the specific type of fibrotic lung disease and its progression.
Fibular hemimelia (FH) is a congenital (present at birth) longitudinal deficiency where part or all of the fibula (the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg) is missing. It's a rare condition that can range from mild to severe, affecting the development of other leg structures. It is not contagious.
A fibular fracture is a break in the fibula, the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg. These fractures range in severity from a hairline crack to a complete break and displacement of the bone. They are often caused by trauma, such as falls, direct blows, or sports injuries. Treatment typically involves immobilization with a cast or boot, and in some cases, surgery. The location and severity of the fracture influence treatment and recovery time.
: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve), which carries sensation from your face to your brain. Even mild stimulation of your face — such as from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup — may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain. It is characterized by sudden, severe facial pain that typically lasts from a few seconds to several minutes per episode. The pain is often described as shooting, stabbing, burning, or electric shock-like.
Filiform papillae are small, cone-shaped projections that cover the majority of the dorsal (top) surface of the tongue. They are the most numerous type of papillae but do
not
contain taste buds. Problems related to filiform papillae usually involve changes in their appearance, such as elongation (hairy tongue), atrophy (smooth tongue), or discoloration, which can be caused by various underlying factors. It's important to note that these conditions are generally not contagious but are related to oral hygiene or other medical conditions.
:
Prompt medical attention is important to reduce the dislocation and prevent long-term complications.
Follow the doctor's instructions for splinting or buddy taping.
Physical therapy or home exercises are crucial for regaining full function.
Untreated dislocations can lead to chronic pain, stiffness, and arthritis.
Check nerve and blood vessel function after reduction
Finger clubbing, also known as digital clubbing or Hippocratic fingers, is a physical sign characterized by bulbous, club-like enlargement of the distal (furthest) parts of the fingers and toes. It involves changes to the nailbed angle and swelling of the soft tissues at the base of the nail. It is usually a sign of underlying disease, most often affecting the heart or lungs, but can also be associated with liver, gastrointestinal, and endocrine disorders.
A finger fracture is a break in one of the bones of the fingers. It can range from a small crack (hairline fracture) to a complete break, and may be stable (bones aligned) or unstable (bones displaced).
Finger ischemia refers to an inadequate blood supply to one or more fingers, leading to oxygen deprivation and potential tissue damage. This can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, ulceration, and even necrosis (tissue death). It's not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition affecting blood flow.
Reduced range of motion in one or more fingers
Pain when moving the fingers
Swelling or inflammation around the finger joints
Aching or throbbing sensation in the fingers
Difficulty making a fist or gripping objects
Clicking or popping sound when moving the fingers
Morning stiffness that improves with activity
Numbness or tingling (in some cases)
Finger infections can range from minor irritations to serious conditions. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and often occur due to breaks in the skin, such as cuts, hangnails, or injuries. Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent the infection from spreading deeper into the tissues.
First Bite Syndrome (FBS) is a rare condition characterized by severe, sudden pain in the parotid region (near the ear and jaw) with the first bite of each meal. The pain typically subsides or diminishes with subsequent bites. While it can be distressing, it's generally benign in the long term, although the pain can significantly impact quality of life.
A first branchial cleft cyst is a rare congenital defect that arises from incomplete obliteration of the first branchial cleft during embryonic development. These cysts, sinuses, or fistulas can appear anywhere along the course of the first branchial cleft, which runs from the preauricular area (in front of the ear) to the angle of the mandible (jawbone). There are two types (Type I and Type II) with varying anatomical relationships to the facial nerve and other structures. They are typically diagnosed in childhood, but can be found in adults as well.
Trimethylaminuria (TMAU), commonly known as fish odor syndrome, is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by the body's inability to properly break down trimethylamine (TMA), a chemical compound produced in the gut during digestion. This results in the release of TMA in the person's sweat, urine, breath, and vaginal fluids, giving off a strong fishy odor. It is not life-threatening but can significantly impact a person's quality of life and social interactions.
Fissured tongue (also known as scrotal tongue or plicated tongue) is a benign condition characterized by grooves or fissures of varying depths on the dorsal surface of the tongue. It's often found in conjunction with geographic tongue, and while it can appear alarming, it is generally harmless and doesn't usually require treatment.
A fistula is an abnormal connection between two body parts, such as an organ and another organ, or an organ and the skin. They can occur in various locations in the body and disrupt normal bodily functions. The symptoms, causes, and treatment vary greatly depending on the fistula's location and complexity.
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS) is a rare condition that primarily affects women and involves inflammation of the liver capsule (perihepatitis) and adjacent peritoneal surfaces. It is almost always associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), most commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as
Chlamydia trachomatis
or
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. It is characterized by acute right upper quadrant abdominal pain, often pleuritic (worsened by breathing), and may be associated with fever, nausea, and vomiting. Although PID is usually present, it may be subclinical or asymptomatic.
Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a distinct type of drug-induced skin reaction. It characteristically appears as a solitary or multiple, sharply demarcated, round or oval, dusky-red plaques. The lesions recur at the same site on the skin or mucous membranes each time the offending drug is taken. The eruption typically resolves with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Flail chest is a life-threatening chest wall injury that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks under blunt force trauma and becomes separated from the rest of the chest wall. This segment moves paradoxically with respiration, meaning it moves inward during inhalation and outward during exhalation, impairing lung function and causing significant pain.
Flapping tremor, also known as asterixis, is a neurological sign characterized by involuntary jerking movements, primarily affecting the hands and wrists. It's not a disease in itself but rather a symptom of an underlying medical condition. It's most often seen in liver failure (hepatic encephalopathy) and kidney failure (uremic encephalopathy). The tremor appears as a brief, intermittent lapse of sustained posture, causing a flapping motion of the wrist or other body parts.
Flashbacks are vivid, intrusive, and distressing recollections of past experiences. They feel as though the event is happening again in the present moment. Flashbacks are most commonly associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) but can also occur in other conditions, including some neurological disorders, substance use, and certain mental health conditions. They can involve visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile sensations, as well as intense emotions.
Flatulence, commonly known as gas or farting, refers to the expulsion of gas from the digestive system through the anus. It's a normal biological process resulting from the digestion and fermentation of food in the intestines. While typically harmless, excessive or foul-smelling flatulence can sometimes indicate an underlying digestive issue.
Decreased visual acuity (often central vision)
Difficulty with color vision
Photophobia (light sensitivity)
Night blindness (nyctalopia) - less common, but can occur
Blurred or distorted vision
Scotomas (blind spots)
Flexible flatfoot, also known as pediatric flatfoot or hypermobile flatfoot, is a common condition in children where the arch of the foot is present when the foot is not bearing weight, but disappears when standing. In most cases, it is painless and resolves on its own as the child grows. However, some individuals may experience pain or functional limitations.
Floaters and flashes are common visual disturbances. Floaters appear as small specks, spots, lines, or cobwebs that drift across your field of vision. Flashes appear as brief streaks of light, like seeing stars. While usually harmless and age-related, they can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying condition, particularly if there's a sudden increase in floaters or flashes, or if accompanied by vision loss.
A flow murmur is a heart murmur caused by the rapid flow of blood through a normal heart valve. It's generally considered a benign or innocent murmur, meaning it's not caused by a heart defect and doesn't usually require treatment. Flow murmurs are common, especially in children, adolescents, and during conditions like pregnancy or anemia when blood volume is increased.
Fluid in the abdomen, also known as ascites, is the abnormal buildup of fluid within the peritoneal cavity, the space between the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall. It's often a symptom of an underlying medical condition, rather than a disease itself. The amount of fluid can range from small, barely detectable amounts to large accumulations causing significant abdominal distention.
Pleural effusion is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the pleural space, the area between the lungs and the chest wall. Normally, a small amount of fluid is present to lubricate these surfaces and allow smooth breathing. Excessive fluid accumulation can impair breathing by compressing the lung.
Fluid overload, also known as hypervolemia, is a condition in which the body has too much fluid. This excess fluid can accumulate in various parts of the body, leading to swelling and strain on organs like the heart and lungs. The condition can range from mild and manageable to severe and life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause and the amount of excess fluid.
Fluoride toxicity, also known as fluorosis, is a condition caused by overexposure to fluoride. This can occur from various sources, including fluoridated water, toothpaste, supplements, and certain industrial exposures. The severity of fluorosis ranges from mild, cosmetic dental changes to severe skeletal problems and systemic effects.
Blurred vision
Distorted vision
Loss of central vision
Floaters
Flashes of light
Blind spots
After the procedure, some temporary effects from the dye are common:
Temporary yellowish discoloration of the skin and urine (lasting up to 24-36 hours)
Rarely, nausea or vomiting.
Flutter waves, in the context of a medical diagnosis, most often refers to atrial flutter. Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) caused by a re-entrant circuit in the atria (upper chambers of the heart). This electrical circuit causes the atria to beat rapidly and in a coordinated manner, faster than normal, which can lead to a variety of symptoms and potential complications. It's important to remember that while the atrial rate is fast, the ventricular rate (the rate at which the ventricles, or lower chambers, contract) is often slower because the AV node can't conduct every atrial impulse.
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a brain malformation where the cerebral cortex (the outer layer of the brain) doesn't develop properly. This abnormal development can disrupt the brain's normal electrical activity, often leading to seizures. The severity and location of the dysplasia vary, influencing the types of symptoms and the treatment strategies. FCD is a significant cause of drug-resistant epilepsy, particularly in children.
Focal hand dystonia, also known as writer's cramp or musician's cramp, is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions in the hand and/or forearm. These contractions lead to abnormal, often painful, postures or movements, making it difficult to perform specific tasks, such as writing, playing musical instruments, or using tools. It is a type of task-specific dystonia.
Focal hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating that is localized to specific areas of the body, most commonly the palms, soles, armpits, and face. It is not related to underlying medical conditions or generalized sweating due to heat or exercise. Instead, it's believed to be caused by overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, which controls sweat glands. This overactivity triggers the sweat glands in the affected areas to produce sweat beyond what is needed for thermoregulation.
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign (non-cancerous) liver tumor. It is the second most common benign liver tumor, after hepatic hemangioma. FNH is composed of hepatocytes (liver cells) and other cell types arranged in an abnormal architecture. It typically presents as a solitary lesion, but can sometimes be multiple. While usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, FNH rarely causes complications and does not usually require treatment.
Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, start in one area of the brain. A focal seizure can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the area of the brain involved. People may or may not remain aware during a focal seizure. If awareness is maintained, it is classified as a focal aware seizure. If awareness is lost or altered, it is classified as a focal impaired awareness seizure. Focal seizures are a common type of seizure disorder and can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying brain condition.
Folic acid deficiency, also known as folate deficiency, occurs when the body doesn't have enough folate (vitamin B9). Folate is essential for cell growth and division, DNA synthesis, and the formation of red blood cells. Deficiency can lead to anemia and other health problems. Fortification of foods with folic acid is often implemented to help prevent widespread deficiency.
Follicular conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids) characterized by the presence of follicles. Follicles are small, raised bumps that appear on the conjunctiva, particularly on the lower eyelid. The condition can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (most commonly adenovirus), bacterial infections (less common), chlamydial infections, or irritants/allergens. It can be acute or chronic, depending on the underlying cause.
Follicular occlusion triad is a skin condition characterized by the co-occurrence of three distinct follicular disorders: hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), acne conglobata, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. These conditions involve inflammation and blockage of hair follicles, primarily in the areas of the body where apocrine sweat glands are present (groin, armpits, scalp). While each condition can occur independently, their simultaneous or sequential presentation defines the triad. A tetrad exists with the addition of pilonidal sinus.
Food addiction is a behavioral addiction characterized by a loss of control over food consumption, similar to substance use disorders. It involves compulsive eating behaviors despite negative consequences, often driven by cravings and a desire for the rewarding effects of food, particularly highly palatable foods high in sugar, fat, and salt. While not formally recognized as a distinct disorder in the DSM-5, it is increasingly recognized as a significant issue impacting mental and physical health.
Food aversion is a strong dislike or refusal to eat certain foods. It can range from mild distaste to a complete inability to tolerate the food. It can develop suddenly, even for foods previously enjoyed. Food aversion differs from food allergies, intolerances, and picky eating habits. It is primarily a psychological or emotional response linked to a negative experience with the food.
Food bolus obstruction refers to the blockage of the esophagus (the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach) by a mass of food that hasn't been properly chewed or has become lodged due to an underlying esophageal issue. This can cause significant discomfort, difficulty swallowing, and potentially lead to complications if not treated promptly.
Food intolerance, unlike a food allergy, does not involve the immune system. It occurs when the body has difficulty digesting a particular food. This can lead to various uncomfortable symptoms, but it is generally not life-threatening. The severity of symptoms can vary widely from person to person and depends on the amount of the offending food consumed.
Severe pain in the foot or toes
Numbness or loss of sensation
Changes in skin color (pale, blue, black)
Ulcers or sores that don't heal
Infection (redness, swelling, pus, fever)
Gangrene (tissue death)
Foot arch pain, also known as arch pain or plantar fasciitis (if it's focused on the plantar fascia), refers to discomfort experienced in the arch of the foot. This pain can range from mild and nagging to sharp and debilitating, impacting mobility and daily activities. The underlying causes are varied, ranging from structural issues to overuse and improper footwear. While not life-threatening, persistent arch pain can significantly diminish quality of life.
Foot deformities encompass a wide range of structural abnormalities affecting the bones, muscles, tendons, or ligaments of the foot. These deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various factors. They can range from mild and asymptomatic to severe and debilitating, impacting mobility and quality of life. Common examples include bunions, hammertoe, claw toe, flatfoot, high arches, and clubfoot.
Difficulty lifting the front of the foot.
Dragging the toes while walking.
Steppage gait (lifting the thigh higher than normal when walking, as if stepping over an obstacle).
Numbness or tingling in the foot.
Weakness in the foot or lower leg.
Possible pain.
A foot fracture is a break in one or more of the bones in the foot. These fractures can range from hairline cracks (stress fractures) to complete breaks that displace the bone. They often occur due to injury, overuse, or underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones.
Foot ischemia occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the foot, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to pain, tissue damage, and potentially amputation if left untreated. It's most often caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD), where arteries become narrowed or blocked by plaque buildup. Foot ischemia can be either acute (sudden onset) or chronic (gradual development).
Reduced Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) indicates an obstruction in airflow during exhalation. While not a disease itself, it's a key indicator of respiratory conditions like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma. In COPD, damage to the lungs, often from smoking, leads to irreversible airflow limitation. In Asthma, inflammation and narrowing of the airways cause reversible airflow limitation. Both result in difficulty breathing, particularly exhaling.
Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS) is a rare speech disorder that causes a sudden change in speech, leading a person to sound as if they are speaking with a foreign accent. It is not related to learning a new language or being from a foreign country. It's a neurological condition that affects the motor control and coordination of speech muscles.
Foreign body granulomas are inflammatory reactions that occur when the body encounters a substance it cannot digest or eliminate. The immune system attempts to wall off the foreign material by forming a granuloma, which is a mass of immune cells. The foreign material is often visible within the granuloma.
Foreign body ingestion refers to the accidental or intentional swallowing of an object that is not food. These objects can range from small, harmless items like coins to sharp or large objects that can cause serious complications. The outcome depends on the size, shape, and nature of the object, as well as the location where it becomes lodged in the gastrointestinal tract.
Important considerations in forensic psychiatry include:
Competency: Assessing an individual's ability to understand legal proceedings and participate in their own defense (competency to stand trial).
Criminal Responsibility: Determining whether a person's mental state at the time of an offense absolves them of criminal responsibility (insanity defense).
Risk Assessment: Evaluating the likelihood of future violence or other harmful behaviors.
Malingering: Detecting whether someone is feigning or exaggerating symptoms for secondary gain.
Ethical Considerations: Maintaining objectivity, confidentiality, and respect for the rights of the individual being evaluated.
Foreign body penetration occurs when an object pierces the skin or enters the body through a natural orifice. This can range from minor incidents like splinters to more serious events involving larger or contaminated objects. The consequences can vary from localized pain and inflammation to infection, tissue damage, and even life-threatening complications depending on the object, location, and depth of penetration.
Formication is a tactile hallucination characterized by the sensation of insects crawling on or under the skin. It is a relatively common symptom, often associated with neurological disorders, psychiatric conditions, drug withdrawal, or certain medical conditions. It's not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition.
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier's disease, is a condition characterized by the abnormal calcification or hardening of ligaments, primarily in areas where they attach to the spine. It most commonly affects the thoracic (mid-back) region, but can also occur in the neck (cervical) and lower back (lumbar) spine. In some cases, DISH can also affect other joints, such as the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees. It is not a form of arthritis, but it can cause stiffness, pain, and reduced range of motion.
Fossa navicularis inflammation, also known as fossa navicularis stenosis or vestibulodynia, is a condition affecting the vulvar vestibule, specifically around the opening of the vagina. It can be characterized by chronic pain and discomfort in this area, particularly during sexual activity, tampon insertion, or even sitting. While the exact cause is often unknown, it is understood to be a complex condition involving neurological, muscular, and psychological factors.
Fourth disease, also known as Dukes' disease, is a historical term used to describe a mild, childhood rash illness. However, the existence of Fourth disease as a distinct entity is now widely disputed within the medical community. Most cases initially classified as Fourth disease are now believed to be mild cases of scarlet fever, rubella, atypical measles, or viral exanthems caused by other viruses.
Fourth ventricle tumors are abnormal growths located in the fourth ventricle, a fluid-filled space in the brainstem. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain) and increased intracranial pressure. The type and location of the tumor determine the specific symptoms and treatment approach. Common types include ependymomas, medulloblastomas, and astrocytomas.
Fracture blisters are tense vesicles or bullae (large blisters) that occur on the skin overlying or adjacent to a fracture. They are most commonly associated with fractures around the ankle, foot, elbow, and knee. They represent a separation of the epidermis from the dermis due to shear stress and edema following the injury. The fluid within the blister can be clear (serous) or contain blood.
A fracture dislocation is a serious injury involving both a bone fracture (break) and a joint dislocation (displacement of bones at a joint). This combination can result in significant pain, instability, and potential damage to surrounding tissues like ligaments, tendons, nerves, and blood vessels. It requires prompt medical attention to restore joint stability and proper bone alignment.
A fracture hematoma is a collection of blood that forms around the site of a bone fracture. It's a natural part of the bone healing process. When a bone breaks, blood vessels in the bone and surrounding tissues rupture, leading to bleeding and the formation of a clot, which eventually becomes a hematoma. The hematoma provides a framework and source of growth factors essential for bone repair.
Fracture malunion refers to a healed bone fracture that has united in an unacceptable position. This means the bone fragments did not align properly during the healing process, resulting in a deformity, angulation, shortening, or rotation of the affected bone. It can lead to pain, limited range of motion, and functional impairment.
Fragile bones, most commonly referring to osteoporosis, is a condition characterized by decreased bone density and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. Bone becomes porous and brittle, making it susceptible to breaking even from minor bumps or falls.
Fracture nonunion refers to a fracture that has failed to heal within the expected timeframe. Generally, a fracture is considered nonunion when there is no evidence of healing for at least 6-9 months after the injury and further healing is unlikely without intervention. It can cause chronic pain, instability, and functional limitations.
Chest pain (angina)
Shortness of breath
Palpitations
Fatigue
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Syncope (fainting)
Tularemia is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Francisella tularensis
. It can affect humans and animals and is typically found in wild animals, particularly rodents, rabbits, and hares. Humans usually become infected through tick and deer fly bites, contact with infected animals, inhaling contaminated dusts or aerosols, or drinking contaminated water. Tularemia can present in several different forms, depending on how the bacteria enter the body. These forms include ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, and typhoidal. It is a potentially serious illness that requires prompt antibiotic treatment.
Fraser syndrome (also known as cryptophthalmos syndrome) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a range of physical malformations. The hallmark feature is cryptophthalmos, where the eyelids are fused over the eyes, either partially or completely. Other common features include syndactyly (fused fingers or toes), abnormalities of the respiratory tract, genitourinary anomalies, and craniofacial dysmorphism. The severity of Fraser syndrome can vary widely, and affected individuals often require extensive medical management.
1. Summary about disease: Thyroid disorders involving abnormal Free T4 levels (either high or low) indicate the thyroid gland is not functioning correctly. Hyperthyroidism (high Free T4) signifies overactivity, while hypothyroidism (low Free T4) indicates underactivity. These conditions can affect various bodily functions controlled by thyroid hormones, including metabolism, energy levels, and mood.
A freckle nevus, also known as a lentigo simplex or simple lentigo, is a common type of skin lesion. It's essentially a flat, small, brown macule (a flat, distinct, discolored area of skin) that results from an increased number of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) at the junction between the epidermis and dermis of the skin. Freckle nevi are benign and do not typically require treatment unless they are cosmetically undesirable or exhibit changes that raise concern for malignancy.
This section is not applicable. Frenkel defects do not cause symptoms in a biological organism.
The Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) is not a disease itself, but rather a calculated value derived from thyroid hormone blood tests. It's used to estimate the amount of unbound thyroxine (T4) circulating in the blood. T4 is the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, and it plays a vital role in regulating metabolism. The FTI helps clinicians assess thyroid function and diagnose thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Changes in FTI can indicate problems with thyroid hormone production, binding, or conversion.
Tongue-tie (Ankyloglossia): Difficulty sticking out the tongue, heart-shaped tongue appearance when sticking out, difficulty lifting the tongue to the roof of the mouth, problems with breastfeeding in infants (poor latch, nipple pain for the mother), speech difficulties (problems pronouncing certain sounds).
Lip-tie: Difficulty flanging lips, gap between front teeth, gum recession, difficulty brushing teeth near the frenulum attachment.
Pain and Discomfort: Pain in the area when moving the affected body part
The symptoms depend on whether it's a lingual (tongue-tie) or labial (lip-tie) frenulum issue:
Tongue-tie (Ankyloglossia):
Difficulty breastfeeding (poor latch, nipple pain for the mother, poor weight gain for the baby)
Difficulty lifting the tongue to the roof of the mouth
Difficulty sticking the tongue out past the lower lip
A heart-shaped appearance of the tongue when stuck out
Speech difficulties (especially with sounds like "t," "d," "l," "s," "z," "th," "r")
Difficulty eating certain foods
Problems with oral hygiene (difficulty cleaning the mouth)
Lip-tie:
Difficulty breastfeeding (similar to tongue-tie)
Gap between the front teeth (diastema)
Difficulty with bottle feeding
Increased risk of tooth decay
Upper lip unable to flange out for proper latch
A friction rub is a coarse, grating, or scratching sound heard on auscultation (listening with a stethoscope). It is produced when inflamed surfaces of the pericardium (pericardial friction rub) or pleura (pleural friction rub) rub together. It indicates inflammation of these membranes. Less commonly, it can occur in the abdomen (abdominal friction rub). This information focuses primarily on pericardial and pleural friction rubs.
The "fried egg" appearance typically refers to the morphology of colonies of
Mycoplasma
bacteria, particularly
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
, when grown on agar plates.
Mycoplasma
are bacteria that lack a cell wall. This unique characteristic contributes to their pleomorphic shape and their resistance to certain antibiotics.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
primarily causes respiratory infections, including atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia).
Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is a rare, inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system, resulting in symptoms ranging from muscle weakness and speech problems to heart disease. It primarily affects the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and cerebellum. The condition is autosomal recessive, meaning both parents must carry the faulty gene for a child to inherit the disorder.
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a type of scarring alopecia that primarily affects the frontal hairline and eyebrows. It is characterized by gradual recession of the hairline and loss of eyebrows, often accompanied by inflammation. FFA mainly affects postmenopausal women but can also occur in men and premenopausal women. The exact cause is unknown, and there is no cure, but treatments can help slow down the progression of the disease and manage symptoms.
Frontal lobe damage refers to injury or deterioration affecting the frontal lobes of the brain. These lobes are responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, personality, voluntary movement, language production (in Broca's area), and executive functions such as planning, decision-making, and working memory. Damage can result from a variety of causes, leading to a range of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional changes. The severity and specific nature of symptoms depend heavily on the location and extent of the frontal lobe injury.
Executive Dysfunction: Difficulty with planning, organizing, prioritizing, and initiating tasks.
Impaired Judgment: Poor decision-making and risk assessment.
Personality Changes: Apathy, disinhibition, impulsivity, irritability, or emotional blunting.
Behavioral Changes: Socially inappropriate behavior, aggression, restlessness, or lack of concern for consequences.
Cognitive Impairments: Problems with attention, working memory, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
Language Difficulties: Problems with speech production (Broca's aphasia) or understanding complex language.
Motor Deficits: Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis), difficulty with coordinated movements.
Emotional Dysregulation: Difficulty controlling emotions, increased mood swings.
Perseveration: Repetitive behaviors or thoughts.
Loss of spontaneity
Lack of insight into one's own condition
A frontal meningioma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that grows from the meninges, which are the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Specifically, it originates in the frontal lobe, the area of the brain responsible for executive functions, personality, and motor control. While usually slow-growing, its location can lead to various neurological symptoms depending on its size and impact on surrounding brain tissue.
Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. It most commonly affects extremities like fingers, toes, nose, ears, and cheeks. Severity ranges from superficial (frostnip) to deep tissue damage, potentially leading to amputation.
Frozen pelvis is not a specific disease but rather a clinical term describing a condition where pelvic organs (uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bowel, bladder) are adhered to each other and the pelvic sidewalls. This adhesion creates a fixed, immobile mass within the pelvis, making it difficult to distinguish individual organs during a physical exam or imaging. It's typically a late stage manifestation of several underlying conditions.
Fructokinase deficiency (essential fructosuria) is a rare, benign autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. It's caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme fructokinase. This deficiency prevents the proper metabolism of fructose, leading to its accumulation in the blood and urine. Because it’s generally asymptomatic, many individuals are unaware they have the condition.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency (FBPase deficiency) is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis). This process is crucial during periods of fasting, prolonged exercise, or illness. When FBPase is deficient, the body cannot effectively raise blood sugar levels, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). The condition typically presents in infancy or early childhood, but milder forms may appear later in life.
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, particularly affecting the bones of the face, skull, and limbs. The condition is often evident at birth or during early childhood. Severity can vary significantly between affected individuals.
Fructosemia, also known as hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme aldolase B. This enzyme is crucial for breaking down fructose, a type of sugar found in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. Without functional aldolase B, fructose-1-phosphate accumulates in the liver, kidneys, and intestines, leading to cellular damage and organ dysfunction.
Fucosidosis is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase. This enzyme is needed to break down complex sugars (glycoproteins and glycolipids). Without enough of this enzyme, these sugars build up in the body's cells and tissues, leading to a range of problems. There are generally two types of fucosidosis: Type 1 is more severe and presents earlier in life, while Type 2 is milder and presents later.
Fuel metabolism disorders are a group of inherited metabolic diseases that occur when the body cannot properly break down or use fats, carbohydrates, or proteins to produce energy. This can lead to a build-up of toxic substances or a shortage of energy, impacting various organ systems. These are usually caused by defects in specific enzymes or transport proteins involved in metabolic pathways. The disease is not communicable and requires lifelong management.
Functional blindness, also known as non-organic vision loss, conversion disorder, or psychogenic vision loss, refers to a loss of vision that cannot be explained by any structural or organic damage to the eye or visual pathways. The problem is believed to stem from psychological or emotional factors, manifesting as a physical symptom without a demonstrable medical cause. Individuals may experience a range of visual impairments, from reduced visual acuity to complete blindness, despite having healthy eyes and brains.
Functional bowel disorders (FBDs) are a group of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) conditions characterized by persistent and recurring GI symptoms without any detectable structural or biochemical abnormalities. The Rome criteria are commonly used diagnostic criteria for FBDs. These disorders significantly impact quality of life and can cause considerable distress. Examples include Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Functional Dyspepsia.
Functional chest pain is chest pain that occurs without an identifiable physical cause, such as heart disease, muscle injury, or lung problems. It's real pain experienced by the individual but not attributable to a detectable organic disease. It's often associated with heightened sensitivity to pain or esophageal dysfunction.
Functional constipation is a common condition characterized by infrequent or difficult bowel movements that are not caused by an underlying medical condition, medication, or anatomical abnormality. People with functional constipation experience symptoms like straining, hard stools, a feeling of incomplete evacuation, or the need for manual maneuvers to assist bowel movements. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning other potential causes of constipation have been ruled out.
Persistent, dry cough lasting weeks or months
Cough is often described as barking, honking, or hacking
Cough may disappear during sleep or when the person is distracted
Throat clearing
Chest tightness or discomfort
Symptoms may worsen during periods of stress or anxiety
Voice Hoarseness
Difficulty with mobility (walking, climbing stairs)
Problems with self-care (bathing, dressing, eating)
Cognitive impairments (memory loss, difficulty concentrating)
Communication difficulties (speaking, understanding)
Emotional and behavioral changes
Fatigue and weakness
Pain
Functional dysphagia is difficulty swallowing when there's no identifiable structural or mechanical abnormality in the esophagus or related structures. It's a swallowing disorder that arises from issues with the coordination or function of the muscles and nerves involved in swallowing, despite a physically normal swallowing mechanism. The sensation of food sticking or having difficulty passing through the esophagus is common.
Functional gait disorder (FGD) is a condition characterized by an abnormal walking pattern that is not caused by an underlying neurological or orthopedic disease. It's considered a type of functional neurological disorder (FND), where neurological symptoms occur without identifiable structural brain damage or disease. The gait abnormalities are thought to arise from altered brain function, particularly related to motor control and movement programming. The symptoms are real and can be significantly disabling, despite the lack of a clear organic cause.
Fungal osteomyelitis is a rare infection of the bone caused by fungi. It can occur when fungi spread through the bloodstream from another infection site, or directly through trauma or surgery. It's more common in individuals with weakened immune systems. The infection leads to inflammation and destruction of bone tissue.
Fungal peritonitis is an infection of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs, caused by fungi. It is a serious complication that most often occurs in individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) for kidney failure, but can also occur after abdominal surgery, bowel perforation, or in immunocompromised individuals. It is a relatively rare but life-threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Fungal pneumonia is a lung infection caused by various types of fungi. Unlike bacterial or viral pneumonia, fungal pneumonia is often less common but can be serious, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. The specific fungus causing the infection influences the symptoms, severity, and treatment approach. Common fungal causes include
Pneumocystis jirovecii
(PCP),
Aspergillus
,
Histoplasma
,
Coccidioides
, and
Cryptococcus
.
Fungal rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal passages and sinuses caused by a fungal infection. It can manifest in various forms, ranging from non-invasive to invasive, with varying degrees of severity and impact on health. Different classifications exist based on the extent of fungal involvement and the patient's immune status. These include allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS), fungal ball (mycetoma), chronic indolent rhinosinusitis, and invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (acute fulminant, chronic).
Fungal septicemia, also known as invasive fungal infection or fungal bloodstream infection, is a serious systemic infection caused by fungi in the bloodstream. It occurs when fungi, typically Candida species but also Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and others, enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. This can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation and organ dysfunction. Fungal septicemia is most common in individuals with weakened immune systems or those who have undergone invasive medical procedures.
Fungal sinusitis refers to inflammation of the sinuses caused by a fungal infection. It's not a single disease but rather a spectrum of conditions ranging from non-invasive fungal colonization to invasive and destructive infections. The severity and treatment approach depend on the type of fungal sinusitis.
1. Summary about disease: Fungal tracheobronchitis is an infection of the trachea (windpipe) and bronchi (large airways in the lungs) caused by fungi. It leads to inflammation and symptoms similar to other types of bronchitis, but requires antifungal treatment. It is relatively rare and often occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions.
Fungemia, also known as fungal bloodstream infection, is the presence of fungi in the bloodstream. It's a serious condition because the fungi can spread to various organs and cause severe complications. It is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Funicular myelosis, also known as subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, is a progressive degenerative disease affecting the spinal cord and brain. It is typically caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 (cobalamin). This deficiency leads to abnormal myelin formation, primarily affecting the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord, resulting in sensory and motor deficits.
A furuncle, commonly known as a boil, is a deep infection of a hair follicle involving surrounding tissue. It starts as a red, tender bump and fills with pus, becoming painful over time. Furuncles are usually caused by a Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacterial infection.
Motor symptoms: Weakness or paralysis, tremors, jerks, abnormal gait (walking), muscle spasms, dystonia (sustained muscle contractions).
Sensory symptoms: Numbness, tingling, pain, altered vision (blurring, double vision), hearing loss, altered taste or smell.
Seizures: Functional seizures (also called psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or PNES) that resemble epileptic seizures but without the abnormal brain electrical activity.
Speech and swallowing difficulties: Slurred speech, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), hoarseness.
Cognitive symptoms: Difficulties with memory, concentration, or thinking.
Other symptoms: Fatigue, dizziness, bowel and bladder dysfunction.
Functional palpitations refer to the sensation of a rapid, fluttering, or pounding heart when no underlying structural or electrical heart abnormality is present to fully explain the symptoms. While palpitations are a common experience, in functional palpitations, extensive cardiac testing reveals no identifiable cause, leading to the conclusion that psychological or lifestyle factors are primarily contributing to the sensation.
Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are small growths that develop in the lining of the stomach, specifically in the fundus (upper part) of the stomach. They are generally benign (non-cancerous) and often discovered during upper endoscopy procedures performed for other reasons. There are different types of FGPs, with the most common being sporadic FGPs and those associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) or Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) use.
Heartburn
Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Chest pain
Chronic cough
Laryngitis (hoarseness)
New or worsening asthma
Disrupted sleep
A fungal ball, also known as an aspergilloma, is a non-invasive fungal infection of the lungs (most commonly). It's characterized by a mass of fungal hyphae (usually
Aspergillus
species), mucus, and cellular debris that colonizes a pre-existing cavity in the lung, such as one left by tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, or lung abscess. It is NOT an invasive infection but can cause significant respiratory symptoms.
Fungal blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids caused by a fungal infection. While less common than bacterial or seborrheic blepharitis, it can cause redness, itching, scaling, and crusting of the eyelids. It can affect one or both eyes.
Fungal cellulitis is a relatively uncommon infection of the skin and underlying tissues (subcutaneous tissue) caused by fungi. Unlike bacterial cellulitis, which is more frequent, fungal cellulitis typically involves a deeper, more chronic infection. It can be challenging to diagnose due to its rarity and resemblance to other skin conditions. The infection can result in localized swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes pus-filled lesions. It often affects individuals with compromised immune systems or those who have experienced trauma that introduces fungi into the deeper layers of the skin.
Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, are diseases caused by fungi. They can range from superficial skin infections like athlete's foot and ringworm to serious systemic infections affecting organs like the lungs or bloodstream. Severity varies depending on the type of fungus, the location of the infection, and the host's immune system.
Fungal kidney infection, also known as renal fungal infection or fungal pyelonephritis, is an infection of the kidneys caused by fungi.
Candida
species are the most common cause, but other fungi like
Aspergillus
can also be responsible. It is a serious condition that can lead to kidney damage and spread to other parts of the body. People with weakened immune systems, diabetes, or those who have had recent surgery are at higher risk.
Fungal mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue caused by a fungus, most commonly
Candida albicans
. It often occurs in breastfeeding mothers, though it can affect non-breastfeeding individuals as well. It is characterized by intense nipple and breast pain, often described as burning or stabbing. The infection can be challenging to treat and may require a combination of topical and oral antifungal medications.
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