Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with underlying illness and characterized by loss of muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass. It is distinct from starvation, age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia), or primary nutritional deficiency. Cachexia is a multi-factorial syndrome, resulting from a combination of reduced food intake and abnormal metabolism. It leads to progressive functional impairment and can significantly reduce the quality of life and survival of affected individuals.
Cadmium poisoning is a condition caused by the accumulation of cadmium in the body. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal found in the environment and used in various industrial processes. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Chronic exposure can lead to serious health problems affecting the kidneys, bones, and lungs.
Café-au-lait spots (CALMs) are common, flat, pigmented birthmarks. Their name comes from the French term for "coffee with milk" because of their light-brown color. These spots are usually harmless and often present at birth or appear in early childhood. While a single spot is usually not a cause for concern, the presence of multiple CALMs, especially six or more, can be a sign of an underlying genetic condition like neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or other less common syndromes. It's essential to distinguish between isolated spots and those indicative of a more significant health issue.
1. Summary about disease: Caffeinism, also known as caffeine intoxication or caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, is a condition that results from excessive caffeine consumption. It is characterized by a range of physical and psychological symptoms that can be distressing and impair daily functioning.
Caisson disease, also known as decompression sickness (DCS) or "the bends," is a condition that occurs when dissolved gases, primarily nitrogen, form bubbles in the bloodstream and tissues. This happens when a person experiences a rapid decrease in surrounding pressure, such as during ascent from deep-sea diving or in unpressurized aircraft at high altitudes. These bubbles can block blood vessels and cause a variety of symptoms.
Calculi, also known as stones, are hard deposits that form in the body. They can occur in various locations, most commonly in the kidneys (kidney stones), gallbladder (gallstones), or urinary tract. They form when certain substances in body fluids become highly concentrated and crystallize. Depending on their size and location, calculi can cause significant pain and other complications.
Caliectasis refers to the dilation or widening of the calyces in the kidney. Calyces are cup-like structures that collect urine from the kidney tissue. Caliectasis itself is not a disease but rather a sign that indicates an underlying condition is causing urine to back up and distend these structures. It is often found during imaging tests performed for other reasons. The significance of caliectasis depends on the underlying cause and severity.
California encephalitis, also known as La Crosse encephalitis, is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The La Crosse virus (LACV) is the primary cause, belonging to the California serogroup of viruses. It primarily affects children, causing inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). Most infections are mild, but severe cases can lead to long-term neurological problems or, rarely, death.
1. summary about disease Calipers deformity, as interpreted here, refers to a visually noticeable misalignment or curvature of the legs, resembling the shape of calipers. This can encompass conditions like bowlegs (genu varum) where the knees are wide apart when the ankles are together, or knock-knees (genu valgum) where the knees touch but the ankles are far apart. The severity can range from mild, often self-correcting, to severe, potentially requiring intervention. The underlying causes vary, and early diagnosis is important to manage progression and associated complications.
Calvicie, commonly known as baldness or hair loss, is characterized by the partial or complete loss of hair, most often affecting the scalp. The most common type is androgenetic alopecia, also known as male-pattern baldness or female-pattern baldness, which is a hereditary condition. Other types of hair loss include alopecia areata (an autoimmune disorder), telogen effluvium (temporary hair loss usually after stress), and traction alopecia (caused by tight hairstyles).
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis infection, also known as granuloma inguinale or donovanosis, is a chronic, progressive, ulcerative disease of the genital, perianal, and inguinal regions. It is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium
Klebsiella granulomatis
(formerly
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
). While relatively rare, it can cause significant tissue destruction if left untreated.
Campylobacter infection, or campylobacteriosis, is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the intestines. It is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness worldwide. Most cases are mild and resolve on their own, but sometimes medical treatment is necessary.
Camptodactyly is a congenital (present at birth) condition characterized by a fixed flexion deformity, usually affecting the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of one or more fingers. It most commonly affects the little finger (fifth digit), but can occur in any finger. The severity can range from mild limitation of movement to a severe, fixed bend. It can be unilateral (affecting one hand) or bilateral (affecting both hands).
Canaliculitis is an uncommon infection and inflammation of the canaliculi, which are the small channels that drain tears from the eye to the lacrimal sac (tear sac) and then into the nose. It typically affects only one canaliculus in one eye. The infection is usually chronic, leading to persistent symptoms.
Canavan disease is a rare, inherited neurological disorder that destroys nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. It is caused by a genetic defect that prevents the body from producing enough of an enzyme called aspartoacylase (ASPA). This enzyme is needed to break down N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA), a chemical found in the brain. Without enough ASPA, NAA builds up in the brain and damages the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerve cells. This damage disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses, leading to developmental delays and other neurological problems.
Canities, commonly known as graying or whitening of hair, refers to the loss of pigmentation in hair follicles. It is a natural aging process for most people, but it can also occur prematurely due to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Canities is not a disease in itself, but rather a sign of a change in the melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in hair follicles.
Oral Thrush: White, creamy lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or tonsils; redness or soreness; difficulty swallowing.
Esophageal Candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain behind the breastbone.
Vaginal Yeast Infection: Itching, soreness, redness, burning, and abnormal discharge (often thick, white, and cottage cheese-like).
Skin Candidiasis: Red, itchy rash, often in skin folds (armpits, groin, under breasts); small pustules may be present.
Invasive Candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other symptoms depending on the organs affected (if the bloodstream is infected).
Canker sores (aphthous ulcers) are small, shallow lesions that develop in the soft tissues of the mouth or at the base of the gums. Unlike cold sores, canker sores don't occur on the surface of the lips and they aren't contagious. They can be painful, making eating and talking difficult.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a condition characterized by severe, persistent nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in chronic, heavy cannabis users. Paradoxically, hot showers or baths often provide temporary relief from the symptoms.
Capgras syndrome, also known as Capgras delusion or imposter syndrome, is a rare delusional disorder characterized by the belief that a close friend, spouse, parent, or other family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical-looking imposter. The syndrome is often associated with underlying psychiatric conditions, neurological disorders, or brain injury.
Caplan's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the combination of rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis, typically occurring in coal miners and others exposed to dust containing silica. It involves the development of large lung nodules in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis.
Capsulitis refers to inflammation of the joint capsule, the fibrous tissue that surrounds a joint. While it can affect various joints, it is most commonly associated with the shoulder (adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder) and the toes (particularly the second toe). This inflammation causes pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the affected joint.
Carabelli's cusp itself doesn't cause any symptoms. It's a normal variation in tooth shape. The presence of a prominent Carabelli's cusp might, in some rare cases, make cleaning the tooth more difficult, potentially increasing the risk of plaque accumulation and subsequent cavities or gum disease around that area of the tooth, but this is not a direct symptom
caused
by the cusp.
Capillariasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with nematodes (roundworms) of the genus
Capillaria
. Several species can infect humans, with
Capillaria philippinensis
being the most common cause of intestinal capillariasis. This results in severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition.
Capillaria hepatica
causes hepatic capillariasis, where the worms infect the liver.
Capillaria aerophila
can cause pulmonary capillariasis, with infection of the lungs. Intestinal capillariasis is most prevalent in Southeast Asia.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency (CPS1 deficiency) is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that causes a buildup of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). CPS1 is an enzyme that is essential for the urea cycle, which removes ammonia from the body. Without enough functional CPS1 enzyme, ammonia accumulates to toxic levels, primarily affecting the brain and other organs. It is classified as a urea cycle disorder.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) toxicity, also known as hypercapnia or carbon dioxide poisoning, occurs when there is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. This can disrupt the body's acid-base balance and lead to a range of physiological problems. Severity can vary widely depending on the concentration of CO2 and the duration of exposure. In severe cases, it can be life-threatening.
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, builds up in your bloodstream. When CO is inhaled, it replaces oxygen in your red blood cells. This prevents oxygen from reaching your tissues and organs, potentially leading to serious health problems or death.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from exposure to carbon tetrachloride, a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It was once widely used as a solvent, cleaning agent, and refrigerant, but due to its toxicity, its use is now severely restricted. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption, leading to damage primarily to the liver and kidneys.
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils (skin abscesses) connected under the skin. It's a more severe bacterial skin infection than a single boil. Carbuncles are usually painful and filled with pus. They most commonly occur on the back of the neck, shoulders, or thighs.
Skin flushing: Sudden reddening of the face, neck, and upper chest. Flushing episodes can last from a few minutes to several hours.
Diarrhea: Frequent, watery bowel movements, sometimes with abdominal cramping.
Wheezing: Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and a whistling sound during breathing.
Heart problems: Carcinoid heart disease can occur over time, damaging the heart valves and leading to heart failure. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs and ankles.
Abdominal pain: Cramping or discomfort in the abdomen.
Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss due to diarrhea and malabsorption.
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells. Epithelial cells line the surfaces of the body, both inside and out. This includes skin, organs, and various body cavities. Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer, accounting for a large percentage of all cancer diagnoses. They are broadly classified based on the type of epithelial cell they originate from (e.g., adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma). Carcinomas can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not treated.
Cardiomegaly, simply put, is an enlarged heart. It's not a disease in itself, but rather a condition resulting from underlying issues. The heart muscle may thicken (hypertrophy) or the chambers may dilate (become larger). In some cases, cardiomegaly can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. It can affect people of all ages.
Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle (myocardium). These conditions make it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), blood clots, and sudden cardiac arrest. There are several types of cardiomyopathy, including dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), and unclassified cardiomyopathy. The causes, symptoms, and treatments vary depending on the type.
Cardiophobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear of having a heart attack or developing heart disease. Individuals with cardiophobia often misinterpret normal bodily sensations as signs of a cardiac event, leading to significant distress and impairment in daily life. It's a type of health anxiety focused specifically on the heart.
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes a complex pathophysiological disorder in which acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ (heart or kidney) induces acute or chronic dysfunction in the other. It is not a single disease but a spectrum of disorders with varying causes and presentations. The interaction between the heart and kidneys is bidirectional, meaning that dysfunction in either organ can negatively impact the other. Five subtypes of CRS are recognized based on the primary organ involved and the acuity of the condition: Acute cardiorenal syndrome (Type 1), Chronic cardiorenal syndrome (Type 2), Acute renocardiac syndrome (Type 3), Chronic renocardiac syndrome (Type 4), and Secondary cardiorenal syndrome (Type 5).
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. These conditions include coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, stroke, arrhythmia, and congenital heart defects. CVD is a leading cause of death globally. The underlying cause often involves the buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis), which can lead to reduced blood flow and potentially life-threatening events.
Carnosinemia is a very rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down carnosine, a dipeptide found mainly in muscle and brain tissue. The deficiency leads to an abnormal accumulation of carnosine in the blood, urine, and nervous system. In most cases, individuals with carnosinemia are asymptomatic. Historically, intellectual disability and neurological problems were attributed to the condition, but more recent research indicates a lack of clear correlation between carnosine levels and neurological issues.
Carney complex (CNC) is a rare, autosomal dominant multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome characterized by a variety of tumors, pigmented skin lesions, and endocrine abnormalities. These can include cardiac myxomas (noncancerous tumors in the heart), skin myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation (lentigines), endocrine tumors (like pituitary adenomas leading to acromegaly, thyroid tumors, and adrenal cortical tumors leading to Cushing syndrome), and schwannomas. It is caused primarily by mutations in the
PRKAR1A
gene.
Caroli disease is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by segmental, saccular dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. This means that sections of the bile ducts inside the liver become abnormally widened and pouch-like. These dilated areas can lead to bile stasis (bile not flowing properly), which increases the risk of bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis), cholangitis (bile duct infection), and liver abscesses. In some cases, it is associated with other conditions, such as congenital hepatic fibrosis or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), which is referred to as Caroli syndrome.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that causes numbness, tingling, and pain in the hand and arm. It occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes compressed at the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway on the palm side of the wrist formed by bones and ligaments. When the median nerve is squeezed, it can disrupt the normal function of the hand.
Cartilage disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting cartilage, the flexible connective tissue found throughout the body, most notably in joints. These disorders can lead to pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and in severe cases, disability. They can be caused by genetic factors, injury, infection, or autoimmune diseases. Examples include osteoarthritis, chondromalacia patella, and costochondritis.
A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens of the eye. This lens is located behind the iris and pupil and focuses light onto the retina, enabling clear vision. Cataracts are a common age-related condition and are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. They can develop slowly over many years, and can affect one or both eyes.
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection caused by
Bartonella henselae
. It's most commonly spread through scratches or bites from cats, particularly kittens. While often mild and self-limiting, CSD can sometimes lead to more serious complications.
Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by abnormalities in motor behavior, often involving diminished or excessive motor activity. Individuals with catatonia may exhibit a range of symptoms, including stupor, rigidity, agitation, peculiar movements, and automatic obedience. It's not a disease itself but rather a syndrome that can occur in the context of various underlying medical and psychiatric conditions.
Cauliflower ear, also known as perichondrial hematoma, is a deformity of the outer ear caused by blunt trauma. Repeated blows or friction to the ear can cause blood to collect between the cartilage and the perichondrium (the layer of connective tissue that supplies nutrients to the cartilage). This disrupts the blood supply to the cartilage, eventually causing it to die and new fibrous tissue to form. This results in a thickened, deformed appearance resembling a cauliflower.
1. Summary about disease: Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by abnormal development of the lower (caudal) portion of the spine. This can involve malformations of the vertebrae, spinal cord, lower limbs, and genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems. The severity of CRS varies significantly, ranging from minor abnormalities of the coccyx (tailbone) to complete absence of the sacrum, lumbar vertebrae, and lower limbs.
Caustic burns are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by contact with corrosive substances. These substances can include strong acids, alkalis (bases), or other chemicals that damage tissues upon contact. The severity of the burn depends on the concentration of the substance, the duration of contact, and the mechanism of action of the specific chemical.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare but serious condition involving the formation of a blood clot in the cavernous sinus, a cavity located at the base of the brain behind the eyes. This sinus contains important nerves and the internal carotid artery. CST can lead to severe complications if not treated promptly. It is most commonly caused by the spread of infection from nearby areas, such as the sinuses, face, or teeth.
Cavitation, in the context of lung disease, refers to the formation of cavities or holes within the lung tissue. These cavities are typically air-filled spaces and are often the result of tissue destruction caused by infection, inflammation, or other lung conditions. Cavitation can be associated with a variety of lung diseases, most notably tuberculosis, but also fungal infections, lung abscesses, and some forms of lung cancer. The presence of cavitations can significantly alter lung function and contribute to the spread of infection.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, constipation, nausea, vomiting, pale, foul-smelling, or fatty stools.
Non-Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Anemia (usually iron deficiency), fatigue, bone or joint pain, arthritis, osteoporosis or osteomalacia, skin rash (dermatitis herpetiformis), mouth ulcers, headaches, nervous system issues (such as numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, problems with balance, and cognitive impairment), failure to thrive in infants, delayed growth in children, weight loss, acid reflux and heartburn, damage to dental enamel, reduced function of the spleen (hyposplenism).
Neurological symptoms: Difficulty with balance, poor coordination, headaches, peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet), cognitive impairment ("brain fog").
Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area. It usually affects the lower legs but can occur anywhere on the body. While generally not serious if treated promptly, cellulitis can spread rapidly and lead to severe complications if left untreated.
Central Cord Syndrome (CCS) is a neurological disorder characterized by damage primarily to the central portion of the spinal cord. This damage typically results in greater weakness in the arms than in the legs, with varying degrees of sensory loss and bowel/bladder dysfunction. The syndrome commonly occurs following a hyperextension injury to the neck, particularly in individuals with pre-existing cervical spondylosis (age-related wear and tear of the spinal disks). Recovery is variable, with many patients regaining the ability to walk, but fine motor skills in the hands may remain impaired.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs when cancerous lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) form tumors in the brain, spinal cord, meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or eyes. Unlike lymphoma that spreads to the brain from other parts of the body (secondary CNS lymphoma), PCNSL originates within the CNS. It is an aggressive cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder characterized by damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons, a part of the brainstem. Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers, enabling rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Destruction of myelin disrupts these signals, leading to various neurological deficits. In some cases, areas outside the pons may also be affected, which is then referred to as extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM). Sometimes the disorder is referred to as osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) if no specific location of demyelination is identified. CPM is most commonly associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood), particularly in individuals who are chronically hyponatremic.
Cephalohematoma is a collection of blood between a newborn baby's skull bone and its periosteum (the membrane that covers the bone). It's typically caused by trauma during childbirth. The swelling is contained within the boundaries of a single cranial bone because the periosteum is tightly attached to the bone sutures. It is not life-threatening and usually resolves on its own.
Cerebellar ataxia refers to a group of neurological disorders in which the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls coordination, balance, and movement, is damaged. This damage leads to a progressive decline in motor control and coordination. Ataxia is not a specific disease itself, but rather a sign of an underlying condition. There are different types of cerebellar ataxia, including inherited (genetic) forms, acquired forms (caused by injury, stroke, infection, or toxins), and idiopathic forms (with unknown cause).
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a condition in which amyloid protein builds up in the walls of the arteries in the brain. This amyloid build-up weakens the blood vessel walls, making them prone to bleeding (hemorrhage). CAA primarily affects small- to medium-sized arteries in the brain's cortex and leptomeninges (the membranes surrounding the brain). It's often associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease. CAA increases the risk of stroke, cognitive decline, and dementia.
A cerebral aneurysm is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. It often occurs at a branch point in an artery. Most cerebral aneurysms are small and don't cause any problems. However, an aneurysm can rupture, releasing blood into the space surrounding the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage). This can lead to stroke, brain damage, or death.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal tangles of blood vessels connecting arteries and veins in the brain. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain, and veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. In an AVM, this normal process is disrupted. Blood passes directly from arteries to veins, bypassing the capillaries. This can disrupt the normal oxygen supply to surrounding brain tissue, and the weakened blood vessels can rupture and cause bleeding.
Cerebral edema is a condition characterized by the swelling of the brain. This swelling occurs due to the accumulation of excess fluid within the brain tissue. This fluid buildup can increase pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure), potentially leading to serious neurological damage and impaired brain function. Cerebral edema is a dangerous condition that requires prompt medical attention.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a child's ability to control their muscles. Symptoms vary widely and can range from mild stiffness to severe spasticity, involuntary movements, and difficulty with walking, speech, and swallowing. CP is not progressive, meaning the brain damage does not worsen over time, but the symptoms can change over a person's life.
Cerebral vasculitis is a rare group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain and/or spinal cord. This inflammation can narrow or block blood vessels, reducing blood flow and potentially damaging brain tissue. It can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. Cerebral vasculitis can be primary, meaning it occurs without an identifiable underlying cause, or secondary, meaning it's associated with another condition like infection, autoimmune disease, or drug use.
Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a group of conditions that affect the blood vessels and blood supply to the brain. These conditions can lead to stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and other neurological problems. Damage to the brain occurs when blood flow is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
Ceruloplasmin deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence or very low levels of ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper in the blood. This deficiency leads to copper accumulation in the brain, liver, and other organs, causing a variety of neurological and systemic symptoms. It is typically associated with mutations in the
CP
gene. The main diseases that result from this are Aceruloplasminemia (genetic) or other acquired causes of low copper.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is almost always caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection and treatment are crucial for successful outcomes.
Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of the neck muscles. These contractions cause the head to twist or turn to one side, tilt forward or backward, or a combination thereof. It can be painful and debilitating, affecting a person's ability to perform daily activities.
Cervical spondylosis is a common, age-related condition that affects the discs and joints in your neck. It's essentially osteoarthritis of the neck. It develops as a result of the gradual wear and tear on the vertebrae of the cervical spine (the neck) and the discs between them. This can include the degeneration of discs, bone spurs, and stiff ligaments. While often asymptomatic, it can sometimes lead to pain, stiffness, and neurological issues.
Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It's a common condition that can be caused by infections, allergies, or irritants. In many cases, cervicitis doesn't cause any symptoms.
Cestodiasis refers to infection with parasitic flatworms called cestodes, more commonly known as tapeworms. These infections occur when humans ingest tapeworm eggs or larvae, leading to the development of adult tapeworms in the intestines or, in some cases, larval cysts in other tissues of the body. Different species of tapeworms, such as
Taenia solium
(pork tapeworm),
Taenia saginata
(beef tapeworm),
Diphyllobothrium latum
(fish tapeworm), and
Echinococcus granulosus
(hydatid tapeworm), cause different types of cestodiasis with varying symptoms and severity.
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan
Trypanosoma cruzi
. It's primarily transmitted to humans and animals by blood-sucking triatomine bugs (also known as "kissing bugs"). The disease has two phases: an acute phase, which occurs shortly after infection, and a chronic phase, which can develop years or even decades later. Chronic Chagas disease can lead to serious heart and digestive problems.
A chalazion is a small, usually painless bump or swelling that appears on the eyelid. It's caused by a blocked meibomian gland, which is an oil-producing gland in the eyelid. Unlike a stye, which is an infection, a chalazion is generally not infectious. It can occur on either the upper or lower eyelid and may sometimes be mistaken for a stye. In most cases, chalazia are not serious and will resolve on their own or with simple treatment.
A chancre is a painless, open sore that typically develops at the site of a syphilis infection. It is the primary sign of syphilis and usually appears on the genitals, but can also occur on the mouth, lips, fingers, or other areas. Chancres are highly infectious. While the chancre itself will heal without treatment, the underlying syphilis infection will persist and progress to more serious stages if left untreated.
Chancroid is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) characterized by painful ulcers, typically on the genitals. It is more common in developing countries and is a risk factor for HIV transmission. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and spread.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited disorders that damage the peripheral nerves. These nerves transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and sensory organs throughout the body. CMT primarily affects the nerves in the arms and legs, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. CMT is progressive, meaning the symptoms worsen over time. It is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders.
Charcot foot, also known as Charcot arthropathy, is a progressive condition affecting the bones, joints, and soft tissues of the foot and ankle. It is characterized by inflammation, weakening of the bones, and potential joint dislocation. Over time, the foot can become deformed, often resulting in a "rocker-bottom" appearance. It is most commonly seen in people with neuropathy, particularly those with diabetes. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe deformity and disability.
Chédiak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired intracellular protein trafficking, leading to abnormalities in various cell types, most notably white blood cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells. This results in increased susceptibility to infections, pigment abnormalities (albinism), and neurological problems. It is a life-threatening condition, especially if it progresses to the accelerated phase.
Cheilitis refers to inflammation of the lips. It can present in various forms, ranging from mild dryness and cracking to severe swelling, bleeding, and crusting. It can affect one or both lips and may be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Chelitis glandularis (CG) is a rare inflammatory condition affecting the minor salivary glands of the lips, primarily the lower lip. It is characterized by chronic swelling, eversion (turning outward), and induration (hardening) of the lip. The condition can predispose individuals to secondary bacterial infections and, in some cases, may lead to squamous cell carcinoma.
Cheilosis, also known as angular cheilitis or perleche, is an inflammatory condition affecting the corners of the mouth. It manifests as cracks, fissures, scaling, and sometimes crusting at the angles of the lips. It can be uncomfortable, painful, and cosmetically bothersome. While often a nuisance, it can sometimes indicate an underlying nutritional deficiency or infection.
Chemical conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids) caused by exposure to irritating chemical substances. Unlike infectious conjunctivitis (e.g., viral or bacterial pinkeye), it is not caused by a pathogen and is not contagious. The severity can range from mild redness and irritation to severe pain and potential corneal damage.
A chemical burn occurs when skin or other tissues come into contact with a corrosive substance. These burns can range from mild irritation to severe tissue damage, depending on the strength of the chemical, the duration of contact, and the area affected. Chemical burns can affect the skin, eyes, and internal organs if ingested or inhaled.
Chemical pneumonitis is a lung inflammation caused by inhaling or aspirating toxic chemicals, fumes, gases, or particulate matter. It's a non-infectious inflammatory response of the lungs, distinct from infectious pneumonia caused by bacteria or viruses. The severity can range from mild irritation to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Chest pain is discomfort felt anywhere in the chest, ranging from a sharp stab to a dull ache. It can be a symptom of many different conditions, some life-threatening and others benign. It is crucial to determine the cause of chest pain quickly to ensure appropriate treatment.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is nerve damage caused by some chemotherapy drugs. It primarily affects the peripheral nerves, which carry signals between the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. This damage can lead to pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness, most commonly in the hands and feet. CIPN can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, affecting daily activities and potentially leading to dose reductions or cessation of chemotherapy treatment.
Chiari malformation (CM) is a structural defect in the brain where the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance) tissue extends into the spinal canal. This occurs when the skull is misshapen or smaller than normal, pressing on the brain and forcing it downward. This pressure can block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which protects the brain and spinal cord. There are several types of CM, with Type I being the most common and often not detected until adulthood. Severity varies greatly among individuals.
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin. While generally mild, it can be more severe in infants, adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. After infection, the virus can remain dormant in the body and reactivate later in life as shingles.
Chilblains (also known as pernio) are small, itchy, red or purple patches that develop on the skin, usually on the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. They are a reaction to cold, damp conditions and poor circulation. While generally not serious, they can be uncomfortable and, in rare cases, lead to complications like blistering or infection.
: Child abuse is not a disease, but rather a complex and multifaceted social problem involving harm to a child. It encompasses physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It can have devastating short-term and long-term consequences for the child's physical, emotional, and psychological well-being.
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily
Aedes aegypti
and
Aedes albopictus
. It is characterized by fever and severe joint pain (chikungunya means "that which bends up," referring to the stooped posture adopted by sufferers). Other symptoms can include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While death is rare, the joint pain can be debilitating and persist for weeks or months, sometimes even years.
Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also known as Heller's syndrome, is a rare neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a marked regression in multiple areas of functioning after a period of apparently normal development, typically between the ages of 2 and 10 years. Children with CDD experience a significant loss of previously acquired skills in language, social functioning, motor skills, and bowel or bladder control. It is considered a pervasive developmental disorder, similar to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but is distinct due to the regression that follows a period of typical development.
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis
. It often has no symptoms, making it easily spread unknowingly. It can cause serious health problems if left untreated, especially in women, potentially leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility.
Chloracne is a rare skin condition characterized by acne-like eruptions, primarily on the face, but also potentially on the neck, trunk, and other areas. It's strongly associated with exposure to certain halogenated aromatic compounds, particularly dioxins, furans, and PCBs. It's considered a marker of systemic toxicity, indicating that the body has absorbed and is reacting to these chemicals. Chloracne is more than just a cosmetic issue; it's a signal that the body has been exposed to harmful substances.
Chloroma, more accurately termed myeloid sarcoma or granulocytic sarcoma, is a solid tumor consisting of immature myeloid cells (granulocytes or their precursors). It most often occurs in association with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), or other myeloproliferative neoplasms. It can present before, during, or after the diagnosis of leukemia.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), also known as bile duct cancer, is a relatively rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts. These ducts carry digestive fluid (bile) from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. CCA can occur in the bile ducts inside the liver (intrahepatic) or outside the liver (extrahepatic). It is a serious condition due to its often late detection and challenging treatment.
Cholangitis is an inflammation of the bile ducts, usually caused by a bacterial infection. Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. The inflammation can lead to serious complications, including liver damage, sepsis, and death if left untreated. There are different types of cholangitis, including acute cholangitis (sudden onset) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (a chronic, progressive disease).
Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder, a small, pear-shaped organ located under the liver. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, a digestive fluid, into the small intestine. Cholecystitis is most often caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, the tube through which bile exits the gallbladder. This blockage leads to a buildup of bile, which can cause inflammation, pain, and potentially infection. Acute cholecystitis comes on suddenly, while chronic cholecystitis develops over time.
Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. The common bile duct carries bile from the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine. These stones can block the duct, causing a buildup of bile, which can lead to inflammation, infection, and damage to the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallstones, is the formation of hard, pebble-like deposits in the gallbladder. These stones can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The gallbladder is a small organ located under the liver, and its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones can block the flow of bile from the gallbladder, leading to pain, inflammation, and other complications.
:
Cholera is a preventable and treatable disease.
Early detection and prompt treatment are essential to prevent severe complications and death.
Public health measures such as improving sanitation, providing clean water, and promoting hygiene are crucial for controlling cholera outbreaks.
Vaccination can provide protection against cholera, especially for people living in or traveling to areas with a high risk of infection.
Cholesteatoma is an abnormal, noncancerous skin growth that develops in the middle ear, behind the eardrum. It often starts as a cyst or sac that sheds layers of old skin. Over time, this accumulation can increase in size and potentially destroy the delicate bones (ossicles) of the middle ear, leading to hearing loss, dizziness, and facial muscle paralysis.
Cholesterol embolism, also known as atheroembolic disease, occurs when cholesterol crystals and other debris (atherosclerotic plaque) break away from larger arteries, usually the aorta or renal arteries, and travel through the bloodstream, lodging in smaller blood vessels. This blockage restricts blood flow to various organs and tissues, leading to a range of complications and symptoms depending on the affected area. It is not a primary disease but a complication of severe atherosclerosis.
Chondritis refers to inflammation of cartilage. Since cartilage is found throughout the body, chondritis can occur in various locations, most commonly affecting the ribs (costochondritis) or the ears (auricular chondritis). The condition often causes pain, tenderness, and swelling in the affected area. The severity can range from mild discomfort to debilitating pain.
Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) bone tumor that primarily affects the epiphyses (ends) of long bones, particularly around the knee, hip, and shoulder. It most commonly occurs in children and adolescents, between the ages of 10 and 25. While benign, it can cause pain and limit joint function.
Chondrocalcinosis, also known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD), is a condition characterized by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) crystals in the cartilage and other joint tissues. This crystal deposition can lead to inflammation, pain, and joint damage, mimicking symptoms of other forms of arthritis. The disease's presentation can vary, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, chronic arthritis.
Chondromas are benign (noncancerous) cartilaginous tumors that typically develop within bone. They are most commonly found in the small bones of the hands and feet, but can occur in other bones as well. While generally slow-growing and asymptomatic, they can sometimes cause pain or interfere with joint function. Treatment is often observation, but surgical removal may be necessary in some cases.
Chondromalacia patellae, often called "runner's knee," is a condition where the cartilage on the underside of the patella (kneecap) softens and deteriorates. This can lead to pain, stiffness, and a grinding sensation in the knee. It's commonly seen in athletes, especially runners, but can also affect non-athletes due to various factors. The condition ranges in severity from mild discomfort to chronic pain that limits activity.
Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer that arises in cartilage cells. It most commonly occurs in bones but can rarely occur in soft tissues. It's a relatively rare cancer, accounting for a small percentage of all bone cancers. It is typically slow-growing, but some types can be more aggressive. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the tumor.
Chorea is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, jerky, and unpredictable movements. These movements can affect various parts of the body, including the face, limbs, and trunk. Chorea is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition.
1. Summary about disease: Choreoathetosis is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, jerky, dance-like (chorea) movements and slow, writhing (athetosis) movements. These movements can occur together or separately, and they often blend into each other, making it difficult to distinguish the individual components. It can affect various parts of the body, including the face, limbs, and trunk. The severity can range from mild restlessness to severe, disabling movements.
Choriocarcinoma is a rare, fast-growing cancerous tumor that develops in the uterus after pregnancy. It originates from trophoblastic cells, which normally form the placenta during gestation. While most often occurring after a molar pregnancy (gestational trophoblastic disease), it can also arise after a normal pregnancy, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN).
Chorioretinitis refers to inflammation affecting both the choroid (the vascular layer of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive layer). This inflammation can lead to scarring and vision loss. Various infectious and non-infectious causes can trigger chorioretinitis. The severity and prognosis depend on the underlying cause, location, and extent of the inflammation.
Choroidal effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid within the suprachoroidal space, the potential space between the choroid and the sclera (the white part of the eye). This fluid accumulation can lead to detachment of the choroid from the sclera. It is not a disease itself, but rather a sign of an underlying condition.
Christmas disease, also known as hemophilia B or Factor IX deficiency, is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor IX, a protein needed for normal blood clotting. This deficiency prevents blood from clotting properly, leading to prolonged or excessive bleeding, even from minor injuries. The severity of Christmas disease varies depending on the amount of factor IX present in the blood.
Chromhidrosis is a rare condition characterized by the secretion of colored sweat. The sweat can be black, blue, green, yellow, or brown. It is a chronic condition with no cure.
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is characterized by slow-growing, warty nodules or plaques, primarily on the lower extremities. The disease typically results from traumatic inoculation of the skin with fungi found in soil and decaying vegetation. It is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions.
Chromosome 13q deletion syndrome refers to a group of rare genetic disorders caused by a missing (deleted) piece of genetic material on the long (q) arm of chromosome 13. The severity and specific symptoms vary widely depending on the size and location of the deletion. Individuals with this syndrome may experience developmental delays, intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and organ system defects.
Chromosome 14q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that occurs when a portion of the long arm (q) of chromosome 14 is missing (deleted). The size and location of the deletion can vary, leading to a wide range of signs and symptoms. Common features include intellectual disability, developmental delays, distinctive facial features, growth delays, and various congenital anomalies. Severity can vary greatly depending on the specific genes that are missing due to the deletion.
Chromosome 15q duplication syndrome refers to a spectrum of genetic disorders caused by having an extra copy of genetic material from a specific region of chromosome 15, specifically the long arm (q). The precise location and size of the duplicated region can vary, leading to diverse clinical presentations. Two main types exist: interstitial duplications (the duplicated segment is within the chromosome) and isodicentric 15q (idic(15)) syndrome (where a portion of 15q is duplicated and forms an extra chromosome resembling a small, abnormal chromosome). Common features can include developmental delays, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), seizures, and characteristic facial features.
Chromosome 16p11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a missing piece (deletion) of chromosome 16 at a specific location designated p11.2. This deletion affects multiple genes, leading to a range of developmental, behavioral, and physical characteristics. The severity and specific features vary greatly among affected individuals.
Chromosome 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a small missing piece (microdeletion) on chromosome 17 at a specific location labeled q21.31. This deletion affects multiple genes in that region, leading to a variety of physical and developmental problems. It's often characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, distinct facial features, and behavioral issues. The severity of the condition can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Chromosome 18q deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs when a portion of the long arm (q) of chromosome 18 is missing. The size of the deletion can vary, leading to a wide range of symptoms and severity. This syndrome is characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, distinctive facial features, limb abnormalities, and internal organ problems. It's a rare condition and not inherited in most cases, arising spontaneously during the formation of egg or sperm cells, or early embryonic development.
Chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small piece of genetic material on chromosome 1. This deletion can lead to a variety of health and developmental problems, affecting different individuals in different ways. The severity of the syndrome can vary widely.
Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to and from the lungs. This inflammation causes increased mucus production, leading to a chronic cough and difficulty breathing. It is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), is a complex, chronic, and debilitating illness characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by rest and worsens with physical or mental activity (post-exertional malaise). It affects multiple body systems and can significantly impair a person's ability to perform daily activities.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system's ability to fight off bacterial and fungal infections. Individuals with CGD have phagocytes (a type of white blood cell) that can ingest but not kill certain microorganisms. This leads to the formation of granulomas (masses of immune cells) in various parts of the body and makes individuals susceptible to recurrent and severe infections.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as they should. This damage can cause wastes to build up in the body. CKD can be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases. It progresses gradually and may not have noticeable symptoms in the early stages. Over time, CKD can lead to kidney failure (end-stage renal disease, or ESRD), which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. CLL is a slowly progressing (chronic) cancer in which too many abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) are produced. These abnormal cells accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissues. Over time, these abnormal lymphocytes crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to complications such as anemia, infection, and bleeding problems.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow. It is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells (myeloid cells). It's a slowly progressing blood and bone marrow disease that mainly affects adults. The abnormal cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, leading to various complications.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. It encompasses conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, where airflow to the lungs is obstructed. COPD is typically characterized by long-term inflammation and damage to the lungs, often caused by exposure to irritants.
Chronic pain is persistent pain that lasts for more than three months. It can be a symptom of an underlying disease or condition, or it can be a condition in itself. Chronic pain can affect any part of the body and can range in intensity from mild to severe. It can significantly impact a person's physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation of the pancreas that progressively damages the organ. This damage leads to impaired digestive enzyme production (exocrine insufficiency) and, in some cases, problems with insulin production (endocrine insufficiency leading to diabetes). It is characterized by persistent abdominal pain, digestive issues, and potentially life-altering complications.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a long-term inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages. It's characterized by persistent symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain/pressure, and a reduced sense of smell, lasting for 12 weeks or longer, despite attempts at treatment. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life.
Churg-Strauss syndrome, now more commonly known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of small to medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis). It affects multiple organs, most commonly the lungs, skin, sinuses, and peripheral nerves. The disease typically occurs in phases, often beginning with asthma and allergies, followed by a phase of elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and finally, vasculitis.
Cicatricial pemphigoid (CP), also known as mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), is a rare, chronic autoimmune blistering disease primarily affecting the mucous membranes of the body, such as the mouth, eyes, nose, throat, and genitals. It can also involve the skin. The disease is characterized by blisters that rupture and heal with scarring (cicatrization), which can lead to significant functional impairment, particularly in the eyes, potentially causing blindness.
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by eating reef fish whose flesh is contaminated with toxins produced by
Gambierdiscus toxicus
and related species of dinoflagellates. These dinoflagellates are consumed by herbivorous fish, and the toxins accumulate up the food chain in larger, predatory reef fish. Ciguatera is not contagious, but it can cause a range of neurological, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular symptoms.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, inherited disorder that causes defects in the structure and function of cilia. Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways, sinuses, ears, and other organs. In PCD, the cilia don't beat properly, leading to impaired mucus clearance, chronic respiratory infections, and other health problems. It's a genetic condition typically manifesting in infancy or early childhood.
Citrullinemia is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood. Ammonia is a toxic substance that is produced when the body breaks down proteins. Normally, the body processes ammonia through the urea cycle, a series of chemical reactions that occur in the liver. Citrullinemia occurs when one of the enzymes in the urea cycle, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), is deficient. This deficiency prevents the urea cycle from functioning properly, leading to a buildup of ammonia. There are two main types: Type I (classic citrullinemia) and Type II. Type I is more common and usually presents in newborns. Type II is less common and typically presents later in life.
Claudication is pain caused by too little blood flow to your muscles, most often during exercise. This condition primarily affects the legs, but it can occur in other areas, like the arms. It's often a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), where arteries become narrowed due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
Bent toes (at all three joints)
Pain and discomfort, especially when walking or wearing shoes
Calluses or corns on the top of the toes (PIP joint) or the tip of the toes due to pressure from footwear
Metatarsalgia (pain in the ball of the foot)
Stiffness in the toes
Difficulty wiggling or moving the toes (in rigid cases)
Redness and swelling
Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when the lip or mouth do not form properly during pregnancy. A cleft lip is a split in the upper lip, while a cleft palate is an opening in the roof of the mouth. These conditions can occur separately or together. They are among the most common birth defects and can affect a child's appearance, speech, eating, and hearing. Treatment typically involves surgery, often requiring multiple procedures over time, as well as speech therapy and dental care.
Cleidocranial dysostosis (CCD), also known as cleidocranial dysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the development of bones and teeth. It is characterized by abnormalities in the skull, collarbones (clavicles), and teeth. The severity of symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals, even within the same family.
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), also known as
C. diff
infection, is an illness caused by the bacterium
Clostridioides difficile
(formerly known as
Clostridium difficile
). This bacterium can cause inflammation of the colon (colitis) and diarrhea. It typically occurs after the use of antibiotic medications, which can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the gut, allowing
C. diff
to thrive. CDI can range in severity from mild diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon.
Clubfoot, also known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital foot deformity where one or both feet are twisted inward and downward. It is relatively common and affects approximately 1 in 1,000 newborns. Early treatment, typically involving nonsurgical methods, is usually effective in correcting the deformity and allowing for normal function.
Cluster headaches are a series of relatively short but extremely painful headaches, occurring in cyclical patterns or clusters. They are one of the most painful types of headaches and are often described as a piercing, burning, or throbbing pain, usually located around one eye, temple, and sometimes other areas of the face. The pain is typically accompanied by other symptoms such as a drooping eyelid, constricted pupil, tearing, and nasal congestion or runny nose, all on the same side as the headache.
Coagulation disorders are conditions that affect the blood's ability to clot properly. This can lead to excessive bleeding (hemophilia) or excessive clotting (thrombophilia), both of which can have serious health consequences. The balance between clotting and bleeding is delicate, and disruptions can result in a variety of symptoms and complications.
Coccidioidomycosis, often called Valley Fever or cocci, is an infection caused by the fungus
Coccidioides immitis
or
Coccidioides posadasii
. The fungus lives in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central and South America. People can get infected by breathing in fungal spores that are stirred up into the air, often during construction, farming, or other activities that disrupt the soil. Most people who are exposed to the fungus don't get sick, but some develop symptoms.
Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare, inherited genetic disorder characterized by growth failure, premature aging, sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), neurological problems, and characteristic facial features. It is caused by mutations in genes involved in DNA repair. Individuals with CS typically have a shortened lifespan.
Symptoms vary depending on the specific cognitive domains affected and the severity of the impairment. Common symptoms include:
Memory loss, particularly of recent events
Difficulty concentrating or paying attention
Problems with language (finding the right words, understanding conversations)
Impaired judgment and decision-making
Difficulty with planning and organizing tasks
Visual-spatial problems (getting lost, misjudging distances)
Changes in personality or behavior (e.g., increased irritability, apathy, social withdrawal)
Colchicine poisoning is a toxic condition that occurs after ingesting excessive amounts of colchicine, a medication primarily used to treat gout, familial Mediterranean fever, and other inflammatory conditions. Colchicine interferes with cell division and function, especially in rapidly dividing cells of the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, and liver. The toxicity can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), also known as black lung disease, is a lung disease that results from long-term exposure to coal dust. The dust accumulates in the lungs and causes inflammation and scarring. It's a progressive disease, meaning it can worsen over time even after exposure to coal dust ceases. CWP primarily affects coal miners and other workers involved in coal processing. There are two forms: simple CWP and complicated CWP (also called progressive massive fibrosis or PMF).
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own red blood cells. This occurs at cold temperatures (usually below body temperature, but often above freezing) leading to red blood cell destruction (hemolysis). This hemolysis can cause anemia and related symptoms. CAD is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Colitis is a broad term referring to inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. This inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms and can be caused by a number of different conditions, including infections, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ischemic colitis (reduced blood flow), microscopic colitis, and allergic reactions. The severity of colitis can vary widely, from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause. Different types of colitis, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis, are considered subtypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
A cold sore, also known as a fever blister, is a common viral infection that causes small, painful blisters to form on or around the lips. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Cold sores are highly contagious and can recur periodically.
Collagen vascular diseases (CVDs), also known as connective tissue diseases, are a group of autoimmune disorders that affect the collagen and elastin, which are the major structural proteins in the body's connective tissues. These tissues provide support and structure to skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs. CVDs can cause inflammation, pain, and damage throughout the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications. Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, and polymyositis. The severity and specific symptoms vary greatly depending on the specific disease and individual.
Coloboma is a congenital (present at birth) condition where there is a missing piece of tissue in one or more structures of the eye. This can affect the iris, retina, choroid, optic nerve, or eyelid. The severity varies greatly, from a small notch in the iris that doesn't affect vision to a large defect that causes significant vision loss. Colobomas can be unilateral (one eye) or bilateral (both eyes). The term "coloboma" comes from the Greek word meaning "mutilated" or "truncated".
Colorectal cancer is a cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. These organs are located in the lower part of your digestive system. It often begins as small, benign clumps of cells called polyps that form on the inside of the colon. Over time, some of these polyps can become cancerous. Colorectal cancer is a significant health concern, but it is often treatable, especially when detected early.
Closed eyes
Depressed brainstem reflexes, such as pupils not responding to light
No response to painful stimuli (except for reflex movements)
Irregular breathing
Lack of speech
Lack of voluntary movement
The common cold is a mild, self-limiting viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nose and throat. It's characterized by symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, and cough. There is no cure for the common cold, and treatment focuses on symptom relief.
Compartment syndrome is a painful condition that occurs when pressure within the muscles builds to dangerous levels. This pressure can decrease blood flow, preventing nourishment and oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells. Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency, usually caused by injury. Chronic compartment syndrome, also known as exertional compartment syndrome, is typically brought on by exercise.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by persistent, excessive pain that is out of proportion to the initial injury. It typically affects one limb (arm, leg, hand, or foot), but can sometimes spread to other areas. CRPS is believed to be caused by damage to or malfunction of the peripheral and central nervous systems. There are two types: CRPS-I (formerly Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy or RSD) which occurs after an illness or injury that did not directly damage a nerve, and CRPS-II (formerly Causalgia) which occurs after a distinct nerve injury.
A compression fracture occurs when a vertebra in the spine collapses. This most commonly happens in the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (lower back) regions. Osteoporosis is the most common cause, but they can also be caused by trauma, tumors, or other conditions that weaken the spine.
Excessive Cleaning/Washing: Handwashing, showering, cleaning objects repetitively.
Ordering/Arranging: Needing items to be aligned or organized in a specific way.
Checking: Repeatedly checking locks, appliances, switches, body parts (e.g., breathing), or written work.
Mental Compulsions: Counting, repeating phrases silently, praying in a specific way, reviewing events to prevent harm
Seeking Reassurance: Constantly asking for validation or confirmation from others.
Hoarding: Accumulating items with little or no value, fearing disposal.
Touching/Tapping/Moving: Needing to touch, tap, or move in a specific way a certain number of times.
Symptoms of a concussion can vary widely and may include:
Headache
Confusion
Memory problems (amnesia)
Loss of consciousness (not always)
Dizziness
Blurred vision or double vision
Nausea or vomiting
Slurred speech
Delayed response to questions
Appearing dazed
Ringing in the ears
Sensitivity to light or noise
Balance problems
Condyloma acuminatum, commonly known as genital warts, are soft, fleshy growths on the genitals, perineum (area between the genitals and anus), or anus. They are caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection (STI). While not life-threatening, they can be uncomfortable, itchy, and may cause emotional distress.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands. These glands are responsible for producing essential hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. In CAH, the adrenal glands can't produce enough cortisol, and sometimes aldosterone, leading to an overproduction of androgens. The most common cause is a deficiency in the enzyme 21-hydroxylase. CAH can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the severity and type.
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs when a pregnant woman is infected with CMV and passes the virus to her developing baby. CMV is a common virus, and most adults have been infected at some point in their lives, often without knowing it. However, a primary CMV infection during pregnancy can be dangerous for the fetus, leading to a range of health problems. Congenital CMV is a leading cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect where there is an opening in the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen. This opening allows abdominal organs (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen) to move into the chest cavity, hindering lung development. CDH can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia (underdeveloped lungs) and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs), causing significant breathing difficulties in newborns.
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart that are present at birth. These defects can affect the heart's walls, valves, or blood vessels, disrupting the normal flow of blood through the heart and to the rest of the body. CHDs range in severity from mild defects that may not require treatment to severe defects that are life-threatening.
Congenital hip dysplasia (CHD), also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where the hip joint doesn't form normally. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint, where the head of the femur (thigh bone) fits into the acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis. In DDH, the socket may be shallow, or the ligaments holding the joint together may be loose. This can allow the femoral head to partially or completely dislocate. The severity can range from mild instability to complete dislocation.
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a condition present at birth in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone is crucial for normal brain development and body growth. If untreated, CH can lead to intellectual disability and developmental delays. It's typically detected through newborn screening programs and is treatable with medication.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a condition that occurs in a developing fetus when the mother is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) during pregnancy. It can cause a range of serious birth defects. The severity and type of defects depend on when the mother contracts the infection during her pregnancy, with the first trimester posing the greatest risk.
: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), often simply called heart failure, is a chronic progressive condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients. This doesn't mean the heart stops working entirely, but rather it can't pump with enough force or fill with enough blood. This leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body.
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pinkeye, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the eyeball. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, irritants, or, in newborns, a blocked tear duct. Conjunctivitis is characterized by redness, itching, and discharge from the eye.
Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders that affect the connective tissues of the body. Connective tissues provide support, structure, and elasticity to various organs and tissues, including skin, joints, muscles, and blood vessels. These diseases can be inherited or acquired, and they often involve inflammation and damage to the affected tissues. Some common CTDs include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and Sjögren's syndrome. These diseases can have a wide range of symptoms and can affect multiple organ systems.
Constipation is a condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficulty passing stools. Stools may be hard and dry. It's a common condition that can be caused by various factors, including diet, dehydration, lack of exercise, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions.
A contracture is a shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissues, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints. This limits the range of motion of the affected body part. Contractures can occur in various parts of the body, including fingers, wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, and hips. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including prolonged immobilization, neurological conditions, and genetic disorders.
Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition in which psychological stress manifests as neurological symptoms. These symptoms can affect voluntary motor or sensory function, suggesting a neurological or medical condition, but without any underlying organic cause. The symptoms are real and distressing to the individual, and not intentionally feigned.
Convulsions, also known as seizures, are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain. They can cause changes in your behavior, movements, feelings, and level of consciousness. There are many types of seizures, with varying symptoms and causes. Not all convulsions are caused by epilepsy. A single convulsion does not necessarily mean you have epilepsy.
Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
Chronic cough, which may produce mucus (sputum)
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Frequent respiratory infections
Fatigue
Swelling in ankles, feet or legs
Unintended weight loss (in later stages)
:
Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are crucial.
Cor pulmonale can lead to significant disability and reduced quality of life if not managed properly.
Regular monitoring by a cardiologist and pulmonologist is essential.
Lifestyle modifications (e.g., weight loss, smoking cessation) can significantly improve outcomes.
In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
Copper deficiency occurs when the body doesn't have enough copper to function properly. Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in many bodily processes, including iron metabolism, enzyme function, connective tissue formation, and nerve health. Deficiency can lead to a range of health problems.
A corneal abrasion is a scratch or scrape on the surface of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. It's a common eye injury that can cause significant pain and discomfort but usually heals relatively quickly.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked. This is usually due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) inside the arteries. This reduces blood flow to the heart, potentially leading to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, or other heart problems.
A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. It's often caused by infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), but can also result from severe dry eye, trauma, or inflammatory disorders. If left untreated, a corneal ulcer can lead to vision loss and even blindness.
Coronary artery spasm (also called Prinzmetal's angina, variant angina, or vasospastic angina) is a temporary tightening (spasm) of the muscles in the wall of a coronary artery. This spasm can severely restrict blood flow to the heart muscle, causing chest pain (angina). It often occurs at rest, frequently between midnight and early morning. While it can occur in people with significant coronary artery disease, it can also occur in those with relatively normal arteries.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a rare congenital disorder in which there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. This can occur as an isolated anomaly or in association with other brain malformations or genetic syndromes. The severity of symptoms varies widely, ranging from no noticeable effects to significant developmental delays and disabilities.
Cortical dysplasia refers to a group of developmental brain malformations where the cerebral cortex (the brain's outer layer responsible for higher-level functions) doesn't form correctly. This abnormal development can lead to a range of neurological problems, most commonly epilepsy. The severity and specific symptoms vary widely depending on the location and extent of the dysplasia.
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by gradual damage and loss of nerve cells in several areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex (the outer layer of the brain) and the basal ganglia (structures deep within the brain that control movement). This damage leads to increasingly severe problems with movement, balance, speech, thinking, and behavior. CBD is considered a Parkinson-plus syndrome because it shares some features with Parkinson's disease but has additional, distinctive characteristics and a generally faster progression.
Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone (sternum). It causes chest pain, often sharp and localized, that can be aggravated by movement or pressure. It is a relatively common condition and is usually harmless, resolving on its own with time.
Coryza, commonly known as the common cold, is a mild, self-limiting viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nose and throat. It is characterized by nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat. While generally harmless, it can cause discomfort and disrupt daily activities.
1. Summary about disease: Coxsackievirus infections are common viral illnesses, primarily affecting infants and children, but also occurring in adults. These infections are caused by viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus, specifically the Coxsackievirus group. They are often associated with mild, self-limiting illnesses but can sometimes lead to more severe complications. Common manifestations include hand, foot, and mouth disease, herpangina, and pleurodynia.
Cowden syndrome (CS), also known as PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by the development of multiple noncancerous, tumor-like growths called hamartomas. These hamartomas can occur in various parts of the body, most commonly affecting the skin, mucous membranes (lining of the mouth, nose, and digestive tract), breast, thyroid, and uterus. Individuals with Cowden syndrome have an increased risk of developing certain cancers, particularly breast, thyroid, endometrial (uterine lining), and skin cancer.
Craniopharyngiomas are rare, benign (non-cancerous) brain tumors that develop near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus at the base of the brain. They often contain both solid and cystic (fluid-filled) components. While not cancerous, their location can cause significant problems by pressing on critical brain structures, disrupting hormone function, and affecting vision. They occur most often in children but can also affect adults.
Craniosynostosis is a birth defect in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of a baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before the baby's brain is fully formed. This restricts brain growth in that area and forces the brain to grow in other directions, resulting in an abnormally shaped skull. It can affect the cosmetic appearance and, in some cases, may lead to increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure), impairing brain development.
Cretinism, also known as congenital hypothyroidism, is a condition caused by thyroid hormone deficiency at birth. This deficiency can severely impact growth and brain development if left untreated. It leads to physical and mental retardation. The term "cretinism" is outdated and considered offensive; congenital hypothyroidism is the preferred term.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly progressive, and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded prion proteins in the brain, leading to widespread neuronal damage and a decline in cognitive and motor function. CJD belongs to a group of diseases known as prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Cri du chat syndrome, also known as 5p- syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on the short arm (p arm) of chromosome 5. The name, "cri du chat," is French for "cry of the cat," referring to the distinctive, high-pitched cry of infants with the syndrome, which resembles that of a kitten. This cry is due to abnormalities in the larynx. The syndrome is characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, distinctive facial features, and other physical problems. There is no cure, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maximizing potential.
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (CNS) is a rare, inherited disorder that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. This leads to hyperbilirubinemia (high levels of bilirubin in the blood), causing jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and potential neurological damage if left untreated. There are two main types: Type I is more severe, characterized by a complete or near-complete absence of the enzyme needed to process bilirubin; Type II is less severe, with some enzyme activity present.
Croup is an infection of the upper airways, most commonly affecting young children. It's characterized by a distinctive "barking" cough, often accompanied by stridor (a harsh, high-pitched breathing sound). The swelling in the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe) makes breathing difficult. Croup is usually caused by a viral infection.
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain and cramping
Weight loss
Fatigue
Rectal bleeding
Feeling of incomplete emptying of bowels
Mouth sores
Reduced appetite
Perianal disease (pain around the anus, drainage)
Some people may also experience symptoms outside of the digestive tract, such as:
Skin rashes
Eye inflammation
Joint pain (arthritis)
Liver or bile duct inflammation
A popping sensation in the knee at the time of injury.
Immediate, severe pain.
Inability to continue the activity.
Rapid swelling.
Limited range of motion.
Feeling of instability or "giving way" when bearing weight.
Pain and tenderness along the joint line.
Cryoglobulinemia is a condition characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the blood. Cryoglobulins are abnormal proteins (immunoglobulins) that become insoluble at low temperatures. When blood containing cryoglobulins cools, these proteins clump together, forming precipitates that can block blood vessels and cause inflammation, tissue damage, and a variety of symptoms. Cryoglobulinemia can be primary (essential), meaning it occurs without an identifiable underlying cause, or secondary, associated with other conditions like infections (hepatitis C is a common cause), autoimmune diseases, or certain cancers.
Cryptococcosis is an infection caused by fungi of the
Cryptococcus
genus, most commonly
Cryptococcus neoformans
and
Cryptococcus gattii
. It primarily affects the lungs, brain (meningitis), and skin, but can disseminate to other organs. It is an opportunistic infection, meaning it often affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or those taking immunosuppressant medications.
Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testicles, is a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development. It is a common condition in newborn males, particularly premature infants. In many cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it doesn't, medical intervention may be necessary to prevent complications like infertility and increased risk of testicular cancer later in life.
Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It's relatively rare and can result from various factors, including the use of corticosteroid medications or the presence of tumors that produce or stimulate the production of cortisol.
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), also known as creeping eruption, is a skin infection caused by hookworm larvae that typically infest dogs and cats. Humans contract it when larvae penetrate the skin, usually on the feet, buttocks, or back, after contact with contaminated sand or soil. The larvae migrate within the epidermis (outer layer of skin), creating itchy, raised, winding tracks. The condition is self-limiting, meaning it eventually resolves on its own, but treatment can relieve symptoms and shorten the duration.
Cyanosis is a condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It is typically a sign of insufficient oxygen in the blood or poor circulation, causing deoxygenated hemoglobin to accumulate in small blood vessels near the skin surface. Cyanosis is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying medical condition. It can be classified as central cyanosis (affecting the core of the body) or peripheral cyanosis (affecting extremities like fingers and toes).
Severe nausea: An overwhelming feeling of sickness.
Intense vomiting: Episodes of forceful expulsion of stomach contents, often repetitive.
Abdominal pain: Stomach cramps or discomfort.
Lethargy: Extreme fatigue and lack of energy.
Pale skin: A noticeable loss of color in the skin.
Excessive salivation: Increased production of saliva.
Headache: Often migraine-like.
Dizziness: Feeling lightheaded or unsteady.
Sensitivity to light and sound: Discomfort in bright environments or noisy surroundings.
Cyclopia is a rare and severe congenital birth defect characterized by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon (forebrain) to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities. This results in the formation of a single eye, or partially fused eyes, located in the midline of the forehead. It is a form of holoprosencephaly (HPE), a brain malformation affecting forebrain development. Cyclopia is usually fatal, often resulting in stillbirth or death shortly after birth due to severe brain abnormalities and other associated malformations.
Kidney problems: Increased creatinine levels in the blood, high blood pressure, reduced urine output.
Neurological: Tremors, seizures, headache, confusion, visual disturbances.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain.
Other: High blood pressure, gum swelling (gingival hyperplasia), excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and rarely liver dysfunction.
Respiratory: Persistent cough with thick mucus (sputum), wheezing, shortness of breath, frequent lung infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis.
Digestive: Very salty-tasting skin, poor weight gain and growth, intestinal blockage (especially in newborns), chronic diarrhea or bulky, greasy stools, constipation, liver disease.
Other: Male infertility.
Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by the larval cysts of the tapeworm
Taenia solium
. These cysts can infect the brain, muscle, or other tissues and are often asymptomatic. However, when cysts develop in the brain, the condition is called neurocysticercosis, which can cause seizures and other neurological problems. It's preventable with proper hygiene and sanitation.
Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder, most often caused by a bacterial infection. It's a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women. Cystitis can cause pain and discomfort, and if left untreated, can lead to more serious kidney infections.
A cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, occurs when the supportive tissue between a woman's bladder and vaginal wall weakens and stretches. This allows the bladder to sag or bulge into the vagina. Cystoceles can range from mild to severe, depending on how far the bladder has dropped.
Cysts are closed sacs or pouches filled with fluid, semi-solid, or gaseous material. They can form in any part of the body, including the skin, organs, and bones. Most cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and do not cause significant problems. However, some cysts can cause pain, discomfort, or other complications depending on their size, location, and whether they become infected or press on nearby structures. There are many different types of cysts, each with its own specific cause and characteristics.
Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein (CDG) syndrome is a group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders that affect glycosylation. Glycosylation is a crucial process in which sugar molecules (glycans) attach to proteins, creating glycoproteins. These glycoproteins are essential for the proper function of various bodily systems. CDG syndromes are characterized by a wide range of symptoms, affecting multiple organs and systems. There are numerous types of CDG, each with its own specific genetic cause and clinical presentation.
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