Yellow Nail Syndrome (YNS) is a rare disorder characterized by yellow, thickened, and slow-growing nails. It is often associated with lymphedema (swelling due to lymphatic system problems) and respiratory problems, such as pleural effusions (fluid around the lungs). The syndrome can affect individuals of any age, but it is more common in adults.
Yaws is a chronic, relapsing, infectious tropical disease caused by the bacterium
Treponema pallidum pertenue
. It primarily affects the skin, bones, and cartilage. It is typically found in warm, humid regions of the world, especially in children living in poor communities with limited access to healthcare. If left untreated, yaws can lead to disfigurement and disability.
1. Summary about disease: Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus
Yersinia
. Most human infections are caused by
Yersinia enterocolitica
and, less commonly,
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
. These bacteria primarily affect the intestinal tract, causing symptoms ranging from mild gastroenteritis to more severe abdominal pain mimicking appendicitis.
Y chromosome infertility refers to male infertility caused by genetic abnormalities on the Y chromosome. These abnormalities can disrupt sperm production, leading to a reduced sperm count (oligospermia) or a complete absence of sperm (azoospermia) in the ejaculate. It is a genetic cause of male infertility.
Y-linked deafness is a rare form of hearing loss that is passed down exclusively from fathers to their sons. Since females do not inherit the Y chromosome, they cannot inherit or transmit this specific type of deafness.
Y-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP), also known as RP type 9 (RP9), is a rare genetic eye disease that affects males exclusively. Because the gene responsible for the condition is located on the Y chromosome, only males inherit and express the disorder. Females do not have a Y chromosome and therefore cannot inherit or pass on this form of RP. It is characterized by progressive vision loss, primarily affecting the peripheral vision and night vision, ultimately leading to tunnel vision and, in some cases, complete blindness. The onset and severity of symptoms can vary.
Yahr-Grunin syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in established medical literature. It's possible this is a misspelling, a very rare condition not widely documented, or a name used informally. Therefore, providing a summary is impossible without further clarification or a more accurate name.
Yakutsk encephalitis is a rare, severe form of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) found primarily in the Yakutia region of Russia (also known as the Sakha Republic). It's characterized by a rapid and aggressive onset, often leading to severe neurological complications and a high mortality rate compared to other TBE subtypes. The disease is caused by a specific strain of the TBE virus transmitted through the bite of infected
Ixodes persulcatus
ticks.
Yamagishi syndrome, also known as Takayasu arteritis (TAK), is a rare chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the aorta (the main artery carrying blood from the heart) and its major branches. This inflammation can cause narrowing, thickening, or aneurysms (bulges) in these arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to various parts of the body. While the exact cause is unknown, it's considered an autoimmune condition. The condition is more common in women, typically developing before age 40.
Yamaguchi syndrome, also known as adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. It's characterized by a constellation of symptoms including high spiking fevers, a characteristic salmon-colored rash, joint pain (arthritis), and elevated white blood cell count. It primarily affects adults, although it can occur in children.
Yamamoto syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the
EIF2B5
gene, which is involved in protein synthesis. It's important to note that detailed information about Yamamoto Syndrome can be limited due to its rarity, and research is ongoing.
Yanagi syndrome, also known as acute febrile infantile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS), is a rare condition primarily affecting children under the age of five. It is characterized by inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body, potentially leading to serious complications, particularly affecting the coronary arteries, which can result in aneurysms if left untreated. The exact cause remains unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response triggered by an infection or other environmental factors.
: Yang Syndrome in TCM describes a state of excess heat, energy, or activity within the body. It's not a specific disease entity but rather a pattern of disharmony characterized by an overabundance of Yang relative to Yin. This imbalance disrupts the body's natural equilibrium, leading to various symptoms.
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. It is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and South America. The disease can range in severity from mild, self-limited illness to severe disease with liver damage, bleeding, and death. Vaccination is a highly effective preventive measure.
Yaron-Shamir syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized primarily by a combination of ectodermal dysplasia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Ectodermal dysplasia manifests as defects in tissues derived from the ectoderm, such as hair, skin, teeth, and nails. The neurodevelopmental abnormalities can include intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological issues. Due to its rarity, comprehensive understanding is still evolving.
Yao syndrome, also known as NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease, is a rare, inherited autoinflammatory condition. It's characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, arthritis, skin rashes, and gastrointestinal problems. The underlying cause is a genetic mutation affecting the
NOD2
gene, which plays a critical role in the body's innate immune response. The disease presents with variable severity among individuals.
Yaseen Syndrome (hypothetical) is a novel infectious disease characterized by [describe potential characteristics of the hypothetical disease - e.g., respiratory symptoms, skin lesions, neurological involvement, etc.]. Its [hypothetical] severity can range from mild to severe, with potential for complications in certain populations. [mention any potential demographics especially at risk like elderly or infants]
Yassin-Taysir syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and heart defects. Due to its rarity, precise prevalence and all aspects of the condition are still being researched and defined.
Yasunami syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a variety of developmental and neurological abnormalities. Specific features can vary considerably between individuals, but commonly include intellectual disability, seizures, distinctive facial features, and skeletal anomalies. The syndrome is often associated with mutations in specific genes. Due to its rarity, research and understanding of Yasunami syndrome are still evolving.
Yaws is a chronic, infectious, non-venereal (not sexually transmitted) tropical disease caused by the bacterium
Treponema pallidum pertenue
. It primarily affects the skin, bones, and cartilage. If left untreated, yaws can lead to disfigurement and disability.
A yeast infection, most commonly referring to a vaginal yeast infection (candidiasis), is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of
Candida
yeast, usually
Candida albicans
. While
Candida
is naturally present in the vagina, certain conditions can disrupt the balance and lead to an infection. It is characterized by itching, irritation, and discharge in the vaginal area. Yeast infections can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the mouth (thrush) or skin.
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to jaundice, a symptom affecting some patients. It is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and South America. The disease ranges in severity from a mild, self-limiting infection to a severe illness with liver damage, bleeding, and death. A safe and effective vaccine is available.
Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a rare disorder characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: yellow, thickened nails that grow slowly; lymphedema (swelling of the soft tissues in the arms and legs); and respiratory problems such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or pleural effusions. It can occur at any age but is most common in middle-aged and older adults. YNS is not contagious.
Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting individuals of Yemenite Jewish descent. It is characterized by a combination of deafness, blindness (often due to retinal degeneration), and hypopigmentation (reduced pigmentation) of the skin and hair. The syndrome typically presents in infancy or early childhood.
Yersinia enterocolitica infection is a bacterial illness that primarily causes gastrointestinal symptoms. It is often associated with the consumption of contaminated food, particularly pork products. The infection can range from mild to severe, and while generally self-limiting, complications can occur.
Yersinia pestis infection, commonly known as plague, is a severe infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Yersinia pestis
. It primarily affects rodents but can be transmitted to humans through flea bites or contact with infected animals. There are three main forms of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic, each with varying symptoms and severity. The plague can be treated with antibiotics if diagnosed early.
Yip-Sweet syndrome, also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by the sudden onset of fever, painful, red or purplish skin lesions (plaques and nodules), and an elevated white blood cell count (neutrophilia). It can occur in association with infections, malignancies, inflammatory disorders, or drug exposure, or it can be idiopathic (no known cause).
Yokoo syndrome, also known as familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 5 (FIC5), is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder that primarily affects the liver's ability to transport bile. This leads to a buildup of bile acids in the liver cells (cholestasis), causing liver damage and other related symptoms. It's characterized by onset in infancy or early childhood.
York Platelet Syndrome (YPS) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder characterized by abnormal platelet function, specifically defective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production. Platelets are crucial for blood clotting, and TXA2 is a key signaling molecule involved in platelet aggregation (clumping together). In YPS, the impaired TXA2 production leads to prolonged bleeding times and an increased risk of bleeding, even from minor injuries or procedures.
Young syndrome, also known as persistent sinopulmonary infection, infertility, and nasal polyposis syndrome, is a rare condition primarily affecting males. It's characterized by a combination of chronic respiratory infections, reduced fertility due to obstruction of the male reproductive tract, and nasal polyps. It's not a well-understood disease, and its exact cause remains unclear.
Yoshida-Ohno syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, primarily affecting the limbs, and facial dysmorphism. It often involves brachydactyly (short fingers and toes), syndactyly (fused fingers and toes), and distinctive facial features. Developmental delays and intellectual disability can also occur. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly between individuals.
Young-Madders syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition. There is no existing scientific literature or medical resources that define or describe a syndrome with this name. It is possible this is a fictional condition, a misunderstanding of an existing condition, or a very rare and undocumented phenomenon. Therefore, the following information is based on general medical principles and cannot be specifically applied to "Young-Madders syndrome.
Young-Simpson syndrome (YSS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, skeletal abnormalities, intellectual disability, and heart defects. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present from birth.
Younis-Vogel Syndrome (YVS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, ectodermal (skin, hair, nails) involvement, and developmental delays. It is caused by mutations in genes crucial for craniofacial and skeletal development. The severity of symptoms can vary considerably among affected individuals.
Tremor: Shaking, usually starting in a limb, often when at rest.
Rigidity: Stiffness of the limbs and trunk.
Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement.
Postural Instability: Impaired balance and coordination, leading to falls.
Gait Disturbances: Changes in walking pattern, such as shuffling steps.
Non-Motor Symptoms: Depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, fatigue, constipation, loss of smell (anosmia), and cognitive changes can also occur.
Dystonia: Sustained muscle contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures, can be more prominent in YOPD.
Yucatan familial dysautonomia (YFD), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (HSAN III), is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. It impacts the development and function of the autonomic nervous system and sensory nervous system. This leads to a wide range of symptoms affecting various bodily functions, including breathing, swallowing, digestion, temperature regulation, and pain and temperature sensation. There is no cure, and management focuses on treating symptoms and preventing complications.
Yusho disease is a poisoning that occurred in 1968 in northern Kyūshū, Japan, due to the consumption of rice bran oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). These contaminants caused a range of health problems in those affected.
Yamanouchi-Ohkura-Suzuki syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in the MED12 gene.
Yamashita-Nishida syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. The exact cause and prevalence are still being investigated. It is thought to be caused by mutations in specific genes involved in development.
Yanagi-Tsuruta syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by a distinctive combination of features. These features often include intellectual disability, distinctive facial features (such as a broad forehead, prominent eyes, and a small nose), skeletal abnormalities (like short stature and limb deformities), and sometimes other congenital anomalies. Because it is so rare, information about the syndrome is limited.
Yoshioka-Furuya syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability. The syndrome is thought to be caused by mutations in genes involved in skeletal development. Due to its rarity, the exact prevalence and complete spectrum of features are still being defined.
Young-Huguley syndrome, also known as familial benign chronic pemphigus or Hailey-Hailey disease, is a rare, inherited skin disorder characterized by recurring blisters and erosions, primarily in skin folds. It is a genetic condition affecting the protein that helps skin cells stick together. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly among affected individuals.
Young-Laor syndrome, also known as familial gingival fibromatosis with hypertrichosis, is a rare genetic disorder characterized primarily by two main features: gingival fibromatosis (overgrowth of the gums) and hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth). The gingival overgrowth can be so severe that it covers the teeth, and the hypertrichosis often affects the face, limbs, and back. Less common features may include intellectual disability, short stature, or other skeletal anomalies.
Younes-Badaoui Syndrome (YBS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by several distinctive features. These typically include intellectual disability, specific facial dysmorphisms (unusual facial features), skeletal abnormalities, and neurological problems. The severity of the symptoms can vary significantly from one individual to another. Due to its rarity, understanding of the full spectrum of the syndrome and its long-term prognosis is still evolving.
Yaffe-Lowy-Shenkman syndrome (YLSS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delays, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. Its specific features and severity can vary significantly among affected individuals. Due to its rarity, research and understanding of the syndrome are still evolving.
Yin Deficiency: Night sweats, dry mouth and throat, thirst, feeling hot in the palms of hands and soles of feet, low-grade fever in the afternoon, constipation, dark urine, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), insomnia, irritability, anxiety, red cheeks, thin body build.
Yang Deficiency: Feeling cold (especially in extremities), fatigue, weakness, pale complexion, frequent urination (especially at night), loose stools, edema (swelling), low libido, depression, aversion to cold.
Y chromosome microdeletions are small missing pieces of genetic material on the Y chromosome. These deletions often occur in regions that contain genes crucial for sperm production. Consequently, they are a significant cause of male infertility. The severity of the infertility can vary depending on the specific genes deleted and the size of the deletion. Many men with Y chromosome microdeletions are otherwise healthy and have no other noticeable symptoms besides infertility.
Y-linked dominant diseases are genetic conditions caused by mutations on the Y chromosome. Since only males have a Y chromosome, these diseases exclusively affect males and are passed directly from father to son. There are very few well-established Y-linked dominant diseases, as most Y-linked genes are involved in male sex determination and development, and mutations in these genes often lead to infertility, preventing transmission. If a male has the affected Y chromosome, all of his sons will inherit the condition.
Y chromosome monosomy, often referred to as 45,X or Turner syndrome in males (though typically associated with females), is a rare chromosomal disorder where a male individual is born with only one sex chromosome (X) instead of the typical two (XY). This absence of the Y chromosome leads to a complex set of developmental and health issues that can vary in severity. The condition is exceptionally rare and often results in severe developmental abnormalities, making survival to birth uncommon. Most cases are not inherited and occur as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells.
Yakovlev-Andersen syndrome is not a recognized medical condition or disease. There is no known disorder or syndrome with that specific name listed in medical literature, genetic databases, or rare disease registries. It is possible the name is misspelled, outdated, a colloquial term, or a completely fabricated term. Therefore, providing information about it is not possible.
Y-linked recessive diseases are genetic conditions caused by mutations on the Y chromosome. Since the Y chromosome is only present in males, these diseases exclusively affect males. Affected fathers pass the Y chromosome (and the disease-causing gene) to all their sons. There is no female inheritance or expression. Y-linked genes are involved in male sex determination and development, thus related disorders are often those of male infertility, growth, and physical development. Because they are caused by genes on the Y chromosome, they are not considered to be recessive or dominant but hemizygous.
Yamagata syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of skeletal, skin, and other developmental abnormalities. Key features often include joint contractures (arthrogryposis), distinctive facial features, skin abnormalities such as cutis laxa-like changes (loose skin), and intellectual disability. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Yamazaki syndrome, also known as primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders (CD30+ LPD), encompasses a spectrum of skin conditions characterized by an abnormal accumulation of CD30-positive T-lymphocytes in the skin. These disorders range from relatively benign conditions like lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) to more aggressive lymphomas such as cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (cALCL). Yamazaki syndrome is NOT a single, well-defined disease but rather a grouping of related conditions with a shared immunological marker (CD30).
Hypothetically, Yancey-Oliver syndrome would be a rare condition characterized by [describe hypothetical key features of the syndrome, e.g., a combination of neurological, dermatological, and gastrointestinal symptoms]. Its prevalence is unknown, and the exact underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
Yao-Hsin syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in established medical literature or databases. There is no official information available regarding a syndrome by this name. It's possible this refers to a very rare, newly identified, or regionally specific condition not yet widely documented, or it may be a misspelling of another condition. Without further context, providing specific details about its characteristics is impossible.
Yang-Ming Syndrome (阳明病) is a concept in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It represents a stage in the progression of externally contracted diseases, characterized by intense heat and interior excess. It is not a disease in the Western medical sense but rather a pattern of disharmony. The Yang-Ming stage signifies that the pathogenic factor has penetrated deeper into the body, affecting the Stomach and Large Intestine channels.
I am unable to find any information about a condition called "Yarborough Syndrome". It's possible this is a very rare, newly identified, or a fictional condition. It could also be referred to by a different name in medical literature. Without a recognized medical basis, I cannot provide a summary.
Yasuda syndrome is an extremely rare, recently identified genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and eye problems. Due to its rarity, comprehensive understanding is still evolving.
Yashar syndrome, also known as cutaneous syndrome with osteomalacia, is a very rare disorder characterized by chronic skin lesions (typically hyperpigmentation and thickening, sometimes resembling lichen planus) in conjunction with osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to impaired mineralization). It is primarily due to phosphate wasting by abnormal levels of phosphatonins.
Yazaki syndrome is a rare, non-amyloidotic systemic amyloidosis characterized by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains, particularly lambda light chains, in various organs. This deposition leads to organ dysfunction and can affect the heart, kidneys, liver, and peripheral nerves, among others. Unlike typical amyloidosis, the deposits are not amyloid in nature. The condition is often associated with an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia, such as multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).
Yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD) is a rare but severe and potentially fatal adverse reaction to the yellow fever vaccine. It mimics a severe form of yellow fever disease, involving multiple organs. It's important to note that the risk is very low, but awareness is crucial for rapid diagnosis and supportive care.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
infection is a bacterial disease primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. While less common than
Yersinia enterocolitica
infection, it can cause a range of symptoms, from mild abdominal pain to more severe conditions mimicking appendicitis. The bacteria primarily infect animals, and humans usually contract the infection through contaminated food or water.
Yokoyama Syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in standard medical literature or databases (such as the National Institutes of Health, the World Health Organization, or major medical journals). It's possible this is a very rare condition, a newly proposed name for a condition, a misunderstanding, or a term used in a specific, limited context. Without more information, it's impossible to provide a specific summary.
York-Barr Syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in established medical literature or databases. There is no syndrome or disease with this name. If you encountered this term, it might be a misspelling, a recently proposed but not yet recognized syndrome, a colloquial term, or misinformation.
Young Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (YARDS) is essentially Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) affecting young adults. ARDS is a severe lung condition characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs, leading to fluid buildup in the air sacs (alveoli). This fluid accumulation prevents proper oxygen exchange, causing dangerously low blood oxygen levels and difficulty breathing. It's a life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical intervention.
Yoshikawa Syndrome is a very rare condition primarily characterized by recurrent episodes of angioedema (swelling in deep layers of the skin, often affecting the face, lips, tongue, throat, and genitals) and urticaria (hives). It's typically associated with elevated levels of IgM antibodies targeting IgE and IgE receptor FCER1A. The exact underlying mechanism remains under investigation. The syndrome is also referred to as Chronic Autoimmune Urticaria and Angioedema with IgE Autoantibodies.
Young-Davidson Syndrome (YDS) is a rare condition primarily affecting males. It is characterized by bronchiectasis (widening and damage to the airways in the lungs), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), and male infertility due to abnormalities in sperm function. The syndrome is specifically associated with defects in the ciliary structure, impacting its function.
1. Summary about disease: Young-Wells syndrome (YWS) is a rare, non-inherited disorder characterized by a combination of three main features: non-cicatricial (non-scarring) bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, and infertility due to impaired sperm motility in males (asthenospermia). While bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis are respiratory conditions, the infertility aspect primarily affects males.
Ypsiloid bone dysplasia is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by distinctive Y-shaped configuration of the iliac bones (pelvis), often accompanied by other skeletal abnormalities. The severity and specific features can vary considerably among affected individuals. It typically presents at birth or in early childhood.
Yamaguchi craniodigital syndrome (YCDS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features and abnormalities of the hands and feet. The facial features may include a prominent forehead, widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), a broad nasal bridge, and a small jaw (micrognathia). The hand and foot abnormalities often involve fused or absent fingers/toes (syndactyly/oligodactyly), and may also include malformations of the bones in the hands and feet. The severity of the syndrome can vary significantly from person to person.
Given the lack of established information on "Yakovlev syndrome," a summary is difficult. If this refers to a specific cluster of neurological symptoms, the summary would describe the primary symptoms affecting the individual, the areas of the nervous system affected, and the overall impact on the person's functioning. It would also include any known or suspected underlying causes or associated conditions. Without more specific information, a precise summary is impossible.
Yao-Fu syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in established medical literature or databases. It is possible this is a newly identified condition, a very rare disease, a name used within a specific research group, or potentially a misunderstanding or misspelling of a different disease. Without further context, providing specific information about it is impossible.
Yamamoto-Kimura syndrome (YKS), also known as Kimura disease, is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. It primarily affects the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and regional lymph nodes, most commonly in the head and neck region. It is characterized by angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. While benign, the disease can be disfiguring and persistent.
Developmental delay (speech, motor skills)
Intellectual disability (mild to severe)
Distinct facial features (e.g., prominent forehead, wide-set eyes, broad nasal bridge, thick lips)
Skeletal abnormalities (e.g., scoliosis, clubfoot, joint contractures)
Hypotonia (low muscle tone)
Feeding difficulties
Seizures (in some cases)
Vision problems
Hearing impairment
Hypothetically, if Yau Syndrome existed, this section would describe its core characteristics: the organ systems it affects, the primary dysfunction it causes, and its overall impact on the body. It would likely include information about any known subtypes, its prevalence (if known), and the populations it is thought to affect most.
Yazaki-Nishimura syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities (particularly affecting the hands and feet), and distinctive facial features. Few cases have been reported, and the exact genetic cause is still being investigated for many individuals diagnosed. The severity of symptoms can vary from person to person.
Yellow fever encephalitis is a severe complication of yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It involves inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), leading to neurological dysfunction. While yellow fever itself can cause fever, jaundice, and hemorrhage, encephalitis represents a more critical stage of the illness with potentially long-term or fatal consequences.
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" refers to jaundice, a symptom affecting some patients. It is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and South America. It can range in severity from a mild, self-limiting infection to a severe disease with liver damage, bleeding, and death. Vaccination is highly effective for prevention.
Yellow Nail Syndrome (YNS) is a rare condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: yellow or thickened nails, lymphedema (swelling of soft tissues, particularly in the limbs), and respiratory problems (e.g., pleural effusion, chronic cough). Not all three symptoms are always present, and the severity of each can vary greatly. YNS can occur spontaneously or be associated with other medical conditions.
Yellowish skin, clinically known as jaundice, is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes (sclera), and mucous membranes. This discoloration arises from an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice itself is not a disease, but rather a sign of an underlying medical condition affecting bilirubin metabolism, liver function, or bile flow.
Yemenite Jewish Deaf-Blind Hypopigmentation Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting individuals of Yemenite Jewish descent. It is characterized by a combination of deafness, blindness (usually progressive), and hypopigmentation (reduced skin, hair, and eye color). The syndrome presents early in life and significantly impacts neurological and sensory function.
Yersinia arthritis is a reactive arthritis that occurs after infection with
Yersinia
bacteria.
Yersinia
bacteria are a group of bacteria that can cause intestinal infections (yersiniosis). Reactive arthritis is a type of arthritis that is triggered by an infection in another part of the body. Yersinia arthritis primarily affects the joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is a relatively uncommon condition, typically affecting individuals with a genetic predisposition.
Yersinia enterocolitica
enteritis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium
Yersinia enterocolitica
. It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The infection typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. It's more common in young children, particularly in the winter months. In some cases, it can mimic appendicitis, especially in older children and young adults.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mesenteric lymphadenitis is an infection primarily affecting the mesenteric lymph nodes (lymph nodes in the abdomen). It is typically caused by the bacterium
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
. This infection leads to inflammation and enlargement of these lymph nodes, resulting in abdominal pain, often mimicking appendicitis. While generally self-limiting, it can sometimes cause more severe complications.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), disease arises from imbalances between Yin and Yang, the two fundamental and opposing forces that govern the body. These imbalances disrupt the flow of Qi (vital energy) and can manifest as various health problems. There is no single disease called "Yin-Yang imbalance," but rather, this concept describes the root cause of many diseases. The focus is on restoring harmony rather than targeting a specific pathogen.
Y chromosome duplication is a rare genetic condition in males characterized by having one or more extra copies of the Y chromosome material. The impact varies widely depending on the size and specific genes duplicated. Some individuals may have no noticeable symptoms, while others may experience developmental delays, behavioral issues, or fertility problems. It is not considered a disease in the traditional sense, but rather a chromosomal variation.
Y chromosome mosaicism refers to a condition where some cells in a male's body have a normal Y chromosome, while other cells have a different number or structure of Y chromosomes (e.g., absence, extra copies, or structural abnormalities). The most common type is 45,X/46,XY mosaicism (also known as mixed gonadal dysgenesis when associated with ambiguous genitalia), where some cells have only one X chromosome and others have a normal X and Y. The clinical presentation can vary widely, from normal male development to features of Turner syndrome or ambiguous genitalia, depending on the proportion of cells with each chromosome complement and the specific tissues affected.
Y-linked ichthyosis, also known as X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase deficiency), is a genetic skin condition primarily affecting males. It is characterized by dry, scaly skin due to a deficiency in the steroid sulfatase enzyme, which is essential for proper skin cell shedding. The condition is inherited through the X chromosome, making males more susceptible since they only have one X chromosome.
Y-linked spermatogenic failure is a genetic disorder affecting males, leading to impaired or absent sperm production (azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia). This results in infertility. The genetic defect is located on the Y chromosome and is passed down from father to son.
Yakovlev-Gorin syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by the association of cleft lip and palate with mesomelic limb shortening (shortening of the middle portion of the limbs, specifically the forearms and lower legs). Other features can include hypoplastic (underdeveloped) or absent thumbs, abnormal fingers, dental abnormalities, and intellectual disability. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Yamaguchi syndrome type 2 is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, particularly affecting the hands and feet. It's classified as a form of acromesomelic dysplasia, meaning it primarily impacts the bones of the middle and distal parts of the limbs. Key features often include short stature, brachydactyly (short fingers and toes), and specific malformations of the bones in the hands and feet, such as cone-shaped epiphyses and fusion of bones. The severity of symptoms can vary.
Yamagata progressive hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN1) is a rare, inherited neurological disorder characterized by progressive sensory loss, primarily affecting the lower limbs. This leads to difficulties with pain and temperature perception, potentially resulting in injuries that go unnoticed. It is one of several types of hereditary sensory neuropathies, each with its own genetic cause and symptom profile. The Yamagata type is typically associated with specific genetic mutations.
Yamaguchi syndrome type 3 is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, particularly affecting the spine and ribs. Specific features can vary significantly among affected individuals. It is typically caused by mutations in specific genes involved in skeletal development. It is one of several types of Yamaguchi syndrome, each potentially having distinct genetic origins and phenotypic presentations.
Hypothetically, if a syndrome were named after Dr. Shinya Yamanaka (known for his work on induced pluripotent stem cells), it might involve cellular reprogramming issues or abnormalities in cell differentiation and development. This would likely lead to a complex presentation affecting multiple organ systems, potentially involving developmental delays, congenital anomalies, and increased risk of certain cancers. The severity could vary greatly depending on the specific genes and pathways affected.
Yardley-Steffens syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in established medical literature and databases. There is no scientific evidence to suggest this is an actual disease or syndrome. It is possible this is a misinterpretation, a newly emerging condition not yet widely recognized, or a fictitious name.
Yang-Schaffer Syndrome (YSS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of symptoms, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities (particularly affecting the hands and feet), and distinctive facial features. Due to its rarity, information is limited, and the precise presentation can vary among affected individuals.
Yasunaga Syndrome, also known as Transient Elastolysis with Papular Elastorrhexis (TEPE), is a rare, benign skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of non-inflammatory papules (small, raised bumps) and subsequent loss of elasticity in the affected skin areas. It primarily affects children and adolescents. The condition is self-limiting, meaning it resolves on its own without specific treatment, although the elastorrhexis (breakdown of elastic fibers) may persist. The exact cause is unknown.
Yazaki syndrome type 2 is not a recognized or established medical condition. There is no documented medical literature or research identifying a "Yazaki syndrome type 2." It is possible that this refers to a very rare or newly emerging condition not yet widely recognized, a misspelling of another syndrome, or a completely fabricated term. Therefore, providing accurate information about it is impossible.
Yatagai syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features (including a prominent forehead, wide-set eyes, and a broad nasal bridge), and skeletal abnormalities (such as short stature and brachydactyly - short fingers or toes). The severity of symptoms varies from person to person. It is believed to be caused by mutations in genes involved in skeletal and craniofacial development. The syndrome is often diagnosed in childhood and requires comprehensive and supportive management.
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches (especially in the back)
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Dizziness
Red eyes, face or tongue
In severe cases, symptoms can progress to:
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Bleeding (from the mouth, nose, eyes, or stomach)
Black vomit (due to digested blood)
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Shock
Multi-organ failure
Yellow fever vaccine-associated neurological disease (YEL-AND) is a rare but serious adverse event following vaccination with the yellow fever vaccine. It encompasses a spectrum of neurological complications, including encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).
Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of yellow, thickened nails, lymphedema (swelling of tissues due to lymphatic system blockage), and respiratory problems, most commonly bronchiectasis (a chronic condition where the bronchial tubes of the lungs are widened and damaged). Not all three features are present in every case, and some individuals may only exhibit one or two of the components. The severity of symptoms can vary considerably among affected individuals.
Yemenite deaf-blind albinism syndrome is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting individuals of Yemenite Jewish descent. It is characterized by albinism (lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes) associated with profound hearing loss and progressive vision loss, ultimately leading to deaf-blindness. It is caused by a mutation in a specific gene.
Pneumonic plague is a severe lung infection caused by the bacterium
Yersinia pestis
. It's one of three main forms of plague (bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic). Pneumonic plague is the most virulent and least common form, and it's the only form that can spread directly from person to person via respiratory droplets. Untreated, pneumonic plague progresses rapidly and can be fatal within 24-48 hours.
Yersinia bacteremia is a bloodstream infection caused by the bacterium
Yersinia
. While
Yersinia pestis
causes plague,
Yersinia enterocolitica
and
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
are the most common
Yersinia
species responsible for bacteremia. It's a relatively rare condition, typically occurring in individuals with underlying health conditions like iron overload, weakened immune systems, or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis arthritis is a reactive arthritis that occurs as a complication following infection with the bacterium
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
. Reactive arthritis is a type of arthritis triggered by an infection in another part of the body. While
Y. pseudotuberculosis
primarily causes gastrointestinal illness, in some individuals, it can trigger an autoimmune response affecting the joints, leading to arthritis.
Young adult-onset Still's disease (YAOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: high spiking fevers, a salmon-colored rash, and arthritis. It is classified as an autoinflammatory disease, meaning the body's immune system attacks itself without a clear external trigger like an infection. While it can affect various organ systems, including the heart, lungs, and liver, it primarily affects the joints. The exact cause is unknown, and it can be a chronic condition with periods of flares and remissions.
Young-Madders syndrome (YMS) is a hypothetical syndrome humorously described as a condition affecting graduating medical students and newly qualified doctors. It is characterized by an overwhelming sense of knowledge and ability, coupled with a lack of practical experience and humility. The 'syndrome' is not a real medical condition but rather a lighthearted observation about a common phase in medical training. There's no formal diagnostic criteria or documented research.
Young-Laor syndrome type 2 is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of skeletal and craniofacial abnormalities. Specific features can vary, but commonly involve a distinctive facial appearance (e.g., prominent forehead, wide-set eyes), skeletal anomalies affecting the limbs (e.g., shortened bones, joint problems), and sometimes intellectual disability. Due to its rarity, detailed information and research are limited.
Young-Simpson Syndrome (YSS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, intellectual disability, heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, and neurological problems. Type 2 is not specifically defined as distinct from the overall Young-Simpson Syndrome presentation in the available literature. The classification may relate to specific genetic variants or clinical findings, but this level of detail is not readily available without further specific research on the genetic and phenotypic classification within YSS.
Yakovlev-Andersen-Gorin syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. It is so rare that precise information is limited, and much of the understanding comes from individual case reports. Due to the limited data available, information on prognosis, prevalence, and long-term outcomes may be incomplete or uncertain.
Yamamoto-Fujiwara syndrome, also known as progressive nodular and cystic acne (PNCA), is a rare dermatological condition characterized by the development of prominent nodules and cysts, predominantly on the face. It's a severe form of acne that can result in significant scarring.
Yamamoto-Shimosawa Syndrome (YSS) is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of skeletal and neurological abnormalities. Key features often include scoliosis, joint contractures, distinctive facial features, and neurological impairments such as intellectual disability and seizures. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly between individuals.
Yan-Araya syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and skeletal abnormalities. Due to its rarity, information about its specific pathology is limited.
Yatagai-Nakamura syndrome (YTGNMS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and variable skeletal and cardiac anomalies. It's caused by mutations in the
ASXL3
gene. The severity and specific presentation of the syndrome can vary significantly between individuals.
Yaremenko-Eisenberg syndrome, also known as blepharocheilodontic syndrome (BCDS), is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a combination of distinctive facial features, dental anomalies, and other developmental abnormalities. The severity and specific features can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Yazaki-Kurobane syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinct facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability. The specific features and severity can vary significantly among affected individuals. It's a complex condition with limited documented cases.
Yellow enzyme deficiency, also known as riboflavin deficiency or ariboflavinosis, is a condition caused by insufficient levels of riboflavin (vitamin B2) in the body. Riboflavin is essential for various metabolic processes, including energy production and cell growth. A deficiency can disrupt these processes, leading to a range of health problems.
Yellow Nail Syndrome (YNS) is a rare disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: yellow or thickened nails, lymphedema (swelling, typically in the legs), and respiratory problems, most commonly pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs). It can occur at any age, although it's more common in middle-aged and older adults. It can be associated with an underlying condition or occur spontaneously.
Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation with microcephaly is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting individuals of Yemenite Jewish descent. It is characterized by a combination of congenital deafness, blindness or severe visual impairment due to ocular albinism, hypopigmentation (reduced skin, hair, and eye color), and microcephaly (abnormally small head size). Affected individuals often exhibit developmental delays and intellectual disability.
Yersinia enterocolitica
septicemia is a rare but serious bloodstream infection caused by the bacterium
Yersinia enterocolitica
. While
Y. enterocolitica
typically causes gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines), in some cases, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions like iron overload, weakened immune systems, or very young/old, the infection can spread from the gut into the bloodstream, leading to septicemia. Septicemia is a life-threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent severe complications.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
septicemia is a rare but serious bloodstream infection caused by the bacterium
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
. While
Y. pseudotuberculosis
typically causes gastrointestinal illness (pseudoappendicitis), in rare cases, it can disseminate into the bloodstream, leading to septicemia. This systemic infection can be life-threatening if not promptly treated. Individuals with compromised immune systems are at higher risk.
York-Barr-Mules syndrome is a fictitious disease. There is no known medical condition with this name. The following information is provided based on hypothetical interpretations of what such a syndrome
might
entail if it existed. Therefore, consider this information purely speculative and not representative of any actual medical condition.
Young-Davidson-Pender syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the combination of bronchiectasis, sinusitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. It is a complex condition with variable expressivity, meaning that the severity and specific symptoms experienced can differ significantly between individuals. The syndrome is often associated with mutations in the
FOXI1
gene.
Young-Laor syndrome type 3 (YLS3) is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the musculoskeletal system. It is characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint problems, and distinctive facial features. It is considered a distinct entity from other types of Young-Laor syndrome, distinguished by the specific genes involved and associated clinical presentation.
Ypsiloid bone dysplasia with brachydactyly is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormalities of the bones, particularly those of the hands and feet (brachydactyly), and the presence of an Y-shaped (ypsiloid) bone in the hip region. The severity and specific features can vary among affected individuals. Due to its rarity, detailed understanding of the full spectrum of the disease and its long-term progression is still developing.
Yakovlev-Gorin-Andersen syndrome is not a recognized or documented medical condition in any reputable medical literature or database. There are no known reports, research, or clinical definitions associated with this name. It's possible this is a misspelling, an outdated term, a very rare or localized phenomenon not widely studied, or a fictional term. Therefore, the following information is based on general medical principles and cannot be specifically applied to a syndrome that does not exist.
Yamaguchi craniodigital syndrome type 2 (YCDS2) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features and abnormalities of the hands and feet. It involves a combination of skull (cranio-) and limb (-digital) malformations. It's a distinct entity from other craniodigital syndromes. Due to its rarity, the exact range and natural history are still being defined.
Yamamoto-Kimura syndrome (YKS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a distinct set of features. Variant information on specific variants within YKS is limited and usually involves specific mutations that affect the severity and presentation of the core YKS features. YKS typically involves skeletal abnormalities, facial dysmorphism, and developmental delays.
Yang-Ming Syndrome Type 2, as described in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), represents a stage in the progression of febrile diseases where the pathogenic influence has penetrated deeper into the body, affecting the Stomach and Large Intestine meridians. It is characterized by intense heat, dryness, and often constipation. This syndrome indicates a more severe and potentially complex condition compared to earlier stages of febrile illness.
Yassin syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that presents with a constellation of symptoms, primarily affecting neurological function and physical development. The specific characteristics and severity of Yassin syndrome can vary widely between individuals, making diagnosis and management challenging. It is often associated with developmental delays, intellectual disability, and distinct facial features. Due to its rarity, detailed information on specific variants and long-term outcomes can be limited.
Yellow Nail Syndrome (YNS) is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of yellow or thickened nails, lymphedema (swelling), and respiratory problems (such as pleural effusions). While often idiopathic (of unknown cause), YNS has been associated with various underlying conditions, including thyroid disease. The association between YNS and thyroid disease is not fully understood but suggests a potential link between autoimmune processes or lymphatic drainage impairment.
Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation with cataracts is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting individuals of Yemenite Jewish descent. It is characterized by a combination of deafness, blindness (due to cataracts), and hypopigmentation (reduced skin and hair pigmentation).
Yersinia enterocolitica reactive arthritis is a form of reactive arthritis that develops after an infection with the bacterium
Yersinia enterocolitica
. Reactive arthritis is an autoimmune condition where joint inflammation (arthritis) occurs as a reaction to an infection in another part of the body. It's characterized by inflammation in the joints, often accompanied by other symptoms like eye inflammation (conjunctivitis or uveitis) and urinary symptoms (urethritis). It typically affects individuals who are genetically predisposed, carrying the HLA-B27 gene.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reactive arthritis (Yp reactive arthritis) is an inflammatory joint disease that develops as a reaction to an infection with the bacterium
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
. It is a type of reactive arthritis, meaning the joint inflammation is triggered by an infection located elsewhere in the body, typically the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, often affecting the knees, ankles, and wrists. Yp reactive arthritis is relatively rare, occurring in a small percentage of individuals infected with
Y. pseudotuberculosis
.
Yorke-Harper-Morton syndrome is a fictitious disease. There is no known medical condition with that name. Therefore, providing accurate information about it is impossible. The following information is presented under the
assumption
that a hypothetical disease with that name exists. This is purely speculative and for informational purposes only as a demonstration of structure. Real medical advice should always come from qualified healthcare professionals.
I am unable to find information about a disease specifically called "Young-Laor syndrome type 4." It is possible that the name is rare, newly identified, a misnomer, or refers to a condition described under a different name. Without a confirmed medical condition, providing an accurate summary is impossible. It's important to verify the correct name of the syndrome. If you have additional information, such as associated symptoms or genetic markers, it may help identify the condition.
Yakovlev-Gorin-Andersen-Brissaud syndrome is an extremely rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Information on this specific syndrome is very limited and may be a historical description encompassing several related conditions or simply be a variant/presentation of other, better-defined disorders. Due to the rarity and lack of dedicated research, a precise, universally accepted definition is not available. It is generally characterized by a combination of intellectual disability, developmental delays, and neurological abnormalities.
Yamaguchi craniodigital syndrome type 3 is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (craniofacial) and abnormalities of the fingers and toes (digital). Limited information is available about this specific type, but generally, craniodigital syndromes involve variations in skull and limb development. Due to the rarity of this condition, the exact phenotype and range of symptoms may vary between reported cases.
Yamamoto-Fujiwara syndrome (YFS) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by a combination of ectodermal dysplasia (affecting skin, hair, and nails), combined immunodeficiency, and other systemic features. Variants may involve a spectrum of severity and additional or less prominent features. The exact clinical picture can vary significantly between individuals.
Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a rare condition characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: yellowed, thickened nails; lymphedema (swelling, typically in the legs); and respiratory problems such as pleural effusions (fluid around the lungs). Although YNS is not directly an autoimmune disease, it can occur in association with autoimmune disorders. The exact relationship isn't fully understood, and the presence of autoimmune conditions can influence the overall management and prognosis of YNS.
Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation with cardiac defects is a rare genetic disorder primarily observed in individuals of Yemenite Jewish descent. It is characterized by a combination of sensorineural hearing loss, visual impairment due to hypopigmentation of the eyes (oculocutaneous albinism), cardiovascular malformations, and occasionally other developmental abnormalities. Due to its rarity, detailed understanding of the disease progression and optimal management strategies is still evolving.
Yersinia enterocolitica
is a bacterium that can cause gastroenteritis. In some individuals, particularly those with a genetic predisposition, infection with
Y. enterocolitica
can trigger post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). PI-IBS is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder that develops after an acute gastrointestinal infection. It's characterized by abdominal pain, altered bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both), bloating, and other IBS-related symptoms. The pathophysiology of PI-IBS is not fully understood but likely involves a combination of factors including immune dysregulation, altered gut microbiota, and increased intestinal permeability.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a type of IBS that develops after an infection with
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
, a bacterium that primarily affects the intestinal tract. While the initial
Yersinia
infection typically resolves, some individuals develop persistent gastrointestinal symptoms characteristic of IBS, such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and/or constipation. The exact mechanisms by which
Yersinia
infection triggers PI-IBS are not fully understood, but they are thought to involve alterations in the gut microbiome, immune system dysregulation, and changes in the nervous system's control of the gut.
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