1. Summary about disease Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare type of cancer that starts in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat behind the nose. It is more common in certain regions of the world, particularly Southeast Asia, Southern China, and North Africa. NPC is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. People with narcolepsy experience excessive daytime sleepiness and may have sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. These "sleep attacks" can occur at any time and in any place.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the kidneys excreting too much protein in the urine. This can lead to a variety of problems, including swelling (edema), particularly in your feet and ankles, and an increased risk of infections. It’s usually caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from the blood.
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. These cells are involved in the development of the sympathetic nervous system, which controls many bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating. Neuroblastoma most often begins in the adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys. However, it can also start in nerve tissue in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis. It primarily affects children, most often those under the age of 5.
1. Summary about disease: Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS), also known as hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia (HOOD), is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of nails, kneecaps (patellae), bones, and kidneys. The severity of the symptoms varies greatly from person to person, even within the same family.
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of genetic disorders that cause tumors to form on nerves throughout the body. These tumors are usually benign (non-cancerous), but in some cases can become malignant. The three main types of NF are Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), and Schwannomatosis. Each type has distinct genetic causes and symptoms. NF1 is the most common type.
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in these areas, leading to inflammation and damage. This damage can cause vision loss, muscle weakness, paralysis, and other neurological problems. NMO is considered a distinct disease from multiple sclerosis (MS), although it was once thought to be a variant of MS. The hallmark antibody associated with NMO is aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody, which targets a water channel protein found predominantly in the brain and spinal cord.
Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is a group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders. In NPD, harmful amounts of lipids (fatty substances) accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain. This accumulation is caused by defects in genes that control the metabolism of lipids, specifically sphingomyelin and cholesterol. There are different types of NPD, including types A, B, C1, and C2, each with varying severity and onset.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In NHL, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control and form tumors. NHL is a broad term for many different types of lymphoma, each with different characteristics, treatment approaches, and prognoses. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, which has specific abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells, NHL includes all other types of lymphomas.
Nosocomial pneumonia, also known as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), is a lung infection that develops in a patient 48 hours or more after admission to a hospital or other healthcare facility. It's a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). It differs from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) because the causative pathogens are often more resistant to antibiotics, making treatment more challenging.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat is stored in the liver. This buildup of fat is not caused by heavy alcohol use. NAFLD can range from simple fatty liver (steatosis), which is generally harmless, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more aggressive form that can lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Nail fungus, also known as onychomycosis, is a common fungal infection that affects the nails. It typically starts as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the infection progresses, it can cause the nail to discolor, thicken, and crumble at the edge. It can affect one or several nails.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a group of problems that occur in a newborn who was exposed to addictive substances (primarily opioids) while in the mother's womb. The baby is essentially going through withdrawal after birth because they are no longer receiving the drug they were dependent on. NAS can affect multiple systems in the baby's body.
Nephritis, also known as glomerulonephritis, is an inflammation of the nephrons, the filtering units in the kidneys. This inflammation can impair the kidneys' ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood, potentially leading to kidney failure if left untreated. Several different types of nephritis exist, with causes ranging from infections to autoimmune disorders.
Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses. They result from chronic inflammation and are associated with conditions like asthma, recurrent infection, allergies, drug sensitivity, or certain immune disorders. Small polyps may not cause symptoms, but larger ones or clusters can block nasal passages, leading to breathing problems, a lost sense of smell, and frequent infections.
Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking, and often debilitating pain that follows the path of a nerve. It's not a disease in itself but rather a symptom of an underlying condition or nerve damage. Different types of neuralgia exist, named after the affected nerve (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia). The pain can be chronic and significantly impact quality of life.
Neurodegeneration encompasses a range of conditions primarily affecting neurons in the brain. These diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, ultimately leading to cell death. This neuronal damage can result in problems with movement (ataxias), speech (aphasias), memory (dementias), and many other functions, depending on the specific areas of the brain affected. Common examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The rate of progression varies greatly depending on the specific disease and individual factors.
Neuropathy, also known as peripheral neuropathy, is a condition resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. Damage can disrupt this communication, causing a variety of symptoms like pain, numbness, weakness, and impaired coordination. Neuropathy can affect a single nerve (mononeuropathy), multiple nerves in one area (multiple mononeuropathy), or many nerves throughout the body (polyneuropathy).
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, isn't a disease itself but rather a symptom of an underlying problem. It refers to the difficulty or inability to see well in low light conditions, such as at dusk or in dark rooms. It can range from mild difficulty adapting to darkness to complete blindness in low light. The underlying cause varies and can include vitamin deficiencies, genetic conditions, or other eye disorders.
Nodular melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer that is characterized by its rapid growth and raised, dome-shaped appearance. It is a subtype of melanoma, arising from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin. Nodular melanomas are often thicker at the time of diagnosis compared to other melanoma subtypes, increasing the risk of metastasis (spread to other parts of the body).
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 80-85% of all lung cancers. It begins in the cells lining the lungs. NSCLC is a broad term encompassing several subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Treatment and prognosis vary based on the specific type and stage of the cancer.
Nystagmus is a condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive eye movements. These movements can be side-to-side (horizontal), up and down (vertical), or rotary. It can affect vision, depth perception, balance, and coordination. Nystagmus can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life.
Naegleria Meningoencephalitis (also known as Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis or PAM) is a rare and devastating infection of the brain caused by the amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
. This amoeba is commonly found in warm freshwater environments like lakes, rivers, and hot springs. The infection occurs when contaminated water enters the nose, allowing the amoeba to travel to the brain and destroy brain tissue. PAM is almost always fatal.
Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS), also known as hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia (HOOD), is a rare genetic disorder affecting multiple systems in the body. Its primary characteristics involve abnormalities of the fingernails, toenails, kneecaps (patellae), elbows, and kidneys. The severity of symptoms can vary widely from person to person.
Fatigue
Abdominal pain or discomfort (usually in the upper right abdomen)
Weakness
Enlarged liver
Elevated liver enzymes detected in blood tests
In advanced stages (cirrhosis): Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen), edema (swelling in the legs and feet), internal bleeding.
Nance-Horan Syndrome (NHS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized primarily by congenital cataracts, dental anomalies, and dysmorphic facial features. It predominantly affects males, with females typically being carriers showing milder or no symptoms. NHS impacts development and can lead to visual impairment and other health issues.
1. Summary about disease: Nanophthalmos is a rare congenital eye disorder characterized by abnormally small eyeballs. Despite the small size, the eye structures are typically normal in proportion. It is often associated with hyperopia (farsightedness) and a high risk of angle-closure glaucoma due to the crowded anterior chamber.
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. This dysregulation leads to excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM sleep manifestations.
Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths that line the nasal passages or sinuses. They result from chronic inflammation and are often associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity, or certain immune disorders. Small polyps may not cause problems, but larger ones can block nasal passages, leading to breathing difficulties, a loss of smell, and frequent infections.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare cancer that starts in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. Because the nasopharynx is difficult to examine and symptoms are similar to other, more common conditions, NPC is often diagnosed at a later stage. Different types of NPC exist, including keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, non-keratinizing differentiated carcinoma, and non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma. The last is most common.
Loose or firmly attached.
Normally shaped or conical/peg-shaped.
Fully erupted or only partially visible.
May cause discomfort to the infant during breastfeeding.
May cause ulceration on the infant's tongue (Riga-Fede disease) or the mother's nipple during breastfeeding.
Necatoriasis, also known as hookworm infection caused by
Necator americanus
, is a parasitic disease affecting primarily the small intestine. Humans become infected when larvae in contaminated soil penetrate the skin, typically through the feet. The larvae then migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs, are coughed up and swallowed, and eventually mature into adult worms in the small intestine. These worms attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood, leading to anemia and other health issues.
Near drowning, also known as non-fatal drowning, refers to survival after an incident involving submersion in a liquid that causes respiratory impairment. It's an event where someone experiences breathing difficulties and potential organ damage due to being underwater or submerged in a liquid. The person is rescued and survives, but may have a range of complications depending on the severity and duration of the submersion. It's considered a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
Neck pain is a common ailment that can arise from a variety of factors, ranging from muscle strain to more serious underlying conditions. It can be localized to the neck or radiate to the shoulders, arms, or head. The severity and duration of neck pain can vary greatly, affecting an individual's daily activities and overall quality of life.
Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a rare, chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the skin, most commonly on the shins. It's characterized by well-defined, waxy, reddish-brown or yellowish plaques. While often associated with diabetes, it can occur in people without diabetes as well. The condition is typically asymptomatic but can sometimes be painful or itchy. The exact cause is unknown.
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema (NME) is a rare skin condition characterized by a distinctive, migratory, and often painful rash. It is strongly associated with glucagonoma, a rare tumor of the alpha cells of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of the hormone glucagon. However, NME can also occur in the absence of a glucagonoma, referred to as non-glucagonoma NME or nutritional NME.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal disease that primarily affects premature infants. It involves inflammation and damage to the intestinal wall, potentially leading to tissue death (necrosis) and perforation. NEC can result in sepsis and other life-threatening complications.
Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe, rapidly progressing bacterial infection that destroys skin, muscle, and underlying tissue. It is often referred to as a "flesh-eating" disease. It is a rare but serious condition requiring prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment to prevent life-threatening complications.
Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are accidental percutaneous (through the skin) penetrating wounds caused by a needle or other sharp object that is contaminated with another person's blood or body fluids. NSIs are a significant occupational hazard for healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and other individuals who handle needles or sharp instruments. The primary concern is the risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Neglect syndrome, also known as unilateral neglect, hemispatial neglect, or hemineglect, is a neuropsychological condition that occurs after brain damage, typically to the right parietal lobe. It is characterized by a lack of awareness of stimuli or information presented to the side of the body opposite the brain damage (contralateral side), despite intact sensory function. This means that the person may ignore objects, people, and even parts of their own body on the neglected side. Neglect is not simply a visual problem but a complex disorder affecting attention, perception, and spatial awareness.
Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is a group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation of lipids (fats) in cells. This accumulation occurs because of defects in specific genes that control the production of enzymes needed to metabolize lipids. The buildup of these lipids primarily affects the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain. Different types of NPD exist, each caused by a different genetic defect and impacting individuals with varying degrees of severity. There is no cure for Niemann-Pick disease.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a group of withdrawal symptoms experienced by a newborn infant after birth, resulting from in-utero exposure to certain substances, primarily opioids, but also other drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates. The baby is essentially going through drug withdrawal.
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a condition where a mother's immune system attacks the platelets of her fetus. This happens when the fetus inherits a platelet antigen from the father that the mother lacks. The mother develops antibodies against this antigen, and these antibodies cross the placenta, attacking the fetal platelets and leading to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) in the newborn. NAIT can range from mild to severe, with the most serious complication being intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain).
: Neonatal lupus is a rare autoimmune condition that affects infants. It occurs when maternal antibodies, specifically anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies, cross the placenta and affect the fetus. It's important to note that mothers who have these antibodies may or may not have diagnosed lupus themselves. Most infants with neonatal lupus do not have permanent damage, and symptoms usually resolve within the first six to eight months as the maternal antibodies are cleared from the baby's system. However, cardiac involvement, specifically congenital heart block, can be permanent and requires ongoing medical management.
: Neonatal sepsis is a bloodstream infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. It is a serious condition because the infection can spread rapidly and be life-threatening. Neonatal sepsis is broadly categorized as early-onset sepsis (EOS), occurring within the first 7 days of life, or late-onset sepsis (LOS), occurring after 7 days of life.
Neonatal tetanus is a severe and often fatal form of tetanus that affects newborns. It is caused by the bacterium
Clostridium tetani
, which produces a potent neurotoxin that interferes with muscle control. Neonatal tetanus typically occurs in newborns who have not acquired passive immunity from their mothers (either because the mother is not immune or because of poor maternal hygiene practices). Infection usually occurs through the umbilical stump, particularly when non-sterile instruments are used to cut the umbilical cord or when the stump is treated with contaminated substances.
Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is a rare type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children, typically between the ages of 3 and 4. It's a malignant tumor that develops from immature kidney cells (nephroblasts) that fail to develop properly during fetal development. While often only affecting one kidney, it can sometimes occur in both. The prognosis for nephroblastoma is generally good, especially when diagnosed early and treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Nephritis is a general term for inflammation of the kidneys. This inflammation can damage the kidneys' filtering units (glomeruli) and/or other parts of the kidney, impairing their ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the body. Nephritis can have various causes and can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-lasting).
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) is a rare condition where the kidneys are unable to respond properly to vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). Vasopressin helps the kidneys reabsorb water back into the body. In NDI, the kidneys don't reabsorb water effectively, leading to the production of large amounts of dilute urine. This results in excessive thirst and frequent urination.
Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a condition characterized by the formation of hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. These stones can cause significant pain when they pass through the urinary tract.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the kidneys excreting too much protein in the urine (proteinuria). This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including swelling (edema), particularly in the ankles and feet, and an increased risk of infections and blood clots. It's not a disease itself, but rather a cluster of symptoms indicating kidney damage.
Nerve Compression Syndrome, also known as nerve entrapment, occurs when a nerve is subjected to pressure from surrounding tissues, such as bone, cartilage, muscles, or tendons. This pressure disrupts the nerve's function, leading to pain, numbness, tingling, and/or weakness. It can occur in various parts of the body, with common sites including the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome), elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome), and spine (spinal stenosis).
Nerve entrapment, also known as a pinched nerve or nerve compression syndrome, occurs when a nerve is squeezed or compressed by surrounding tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscles, or tendons. This compression disrupts the nerve's function, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area. It can occur in various parts of the body, with common sites including the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome), elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome), and spine.
Spina Bifida: This can range from no visible symptoms (spina bifida occulta) to a visible sac of fluid on the back (myelomeningocele). Symptoms may include leg weakness or paralysis, bowel and bladder control problems, hydrocephalus (fluid on the brain), and learning disabilities.
Anencephaly: This is a severe defect where the brain and skull do not develop properly. Babies with anencephaly are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth.
Encephalocele: A sac-like protrusion of the brain through an opening in the skull. The symptoms vary based on the location and size of the encephalocele, but may include intellectual disability, vision problems, developmental delay, and seizures.
Pain (sharp, burning, aching) along the nerve's path
Tenderness to touch along the nerve
Numbness or tingling ("pins and needles") in the area served by the nerve
Muscle weakness or paralysis in the affected area
Loss of reflexes
Difficulty controlling movements
Sensitivity to temperature
In severe cases, muscle atrophy (wasting)
Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking, and often debilitating pain that follows the path of a nerve. It results from nerve damage, irritation, or inflammation. It can affect various parts of the body depending on the affected nerve. Several types exist, including trigeminal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia, and occipital neuralgia, each with distinct characteristics and causes.
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. These cells are primarily found in the adrenal glands (which sit atop the kidneys) and in nerve tissue along the spine in the neck, chest, or abdomen. Neuroblastoma most often affects children under the age of 5, but it can occur in older children and, rarely, in adults. It's a relatively rare cancer, but it accounts for a significant percentage of childhood cancers.
Neurobrucellosis is a neurological complication of brucellosis, a systemic infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus
Brucella
. It occurs when
Brucella
bacteria infect the central nervous system, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms and potentially long-term complications. The manifestations are highly variable, making diagnosis challenging.
Cutaneous (Skin):
Large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) - typically >20 cm projected adult diameter
Multiple satellite nevi (smaller moles around the larger one)
Neurological:
Seizures
Hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain)
Developmental delays
Cognitive impairment
Spasticity or weakness
Headaches
Vomiting
Visual disturbances
Neurofibromas are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that grow on nerves throughout the body. They are a hallmark of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder. However, localized neurofibromas can also occur in people without NF1. These tumors develop from Schwann cells, which support and insulate nerve fibers. While usually not life-threatening, they can cause pain, disfigurement, and neurological problems depending on their location and size.
Neurodermatitis, also known as lichen simplex chronicus, is a skin condition characterized by chronic itching and scratching. The scratching leads to thick, leathery, and often darkened patches of skin. The itch-scratch cycle becomes self-perpetuating, making it difficult to break.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the development and growth of nerve cell tissues. This leads to the growth of tumors (neurofibromas) along nerves throughout the body. NF1 is a progressive condition, meaning that its signs and symptoms may change over time. Severity varies significantly from person to person; some individuals may have only mild symptoms, while others experience more serious complications.
Neurogenic bladder refers to bladder dysfunction (problems with storing or emptying urine) caused by neurological damage. This damage can occur to the brain, spinal cord, or the nerves that control the bladder and urinary tract. The severity and type of dysfunction vary depending on the location and extent of the neurological damage. This can lead to urinary incontinence (leakage), urinary retention (inability to empty the bladder), or a combination of both.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare, life-threatening reaction to certain medications, most commonly antipsychotics (neuroleptics). It is characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. It requires immediate medical attention.
Neurological disorders encompass a vast range of conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. These disorders can manifest in various ways, impacting movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. The severity and progression of neurological disorders are highly variable, depending on the specific condition, its underlying cause, and individual factors. They can be congenital or acquired, and some are progressive, while others may be stable or even reversible.
Neuromyotonia, also known as Isaacs' syndrome or acquired neuromyotonia, is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by continuous muscle fiber activity (CMFA). This hyperactivity originates in the peripheral nerves, causing muscles to twitch, cramp, and stiffen even at rest. It's an autoimmune condition in many cases.
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in these areas, leading to inflammation and damage. This damage disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body, causing a range of neurological problems. NMO is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS), although the two were once thought to be related. NMO is characterized by severe attacks, often followed by periods of remission.
Neuronopathy refers to a group of diseases characterized by the primary dysfunction or degeneration of neurons, the fundamental cells of the nervous system. These conditions can affect sensory, motor, or autonomic neurons, leading to a wide range of neurological deficits. The specific symptoms and severity depend on the type of neurons affected and the extent of the damage. Neuronopathies are often progressive and can significantly impact a person's quality of life.
Neuropathy refers to a condition resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. This damage disrupts the nerves' ability to communicate with the brain and spinal cord, leading to various symptoms, most often involving pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness, usually in the hands and feet. Neuropathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, infections, injuries, and exposure to toxins.
Neuropsychiatric disorders are a broad category of illnesses that involve both neurological and psychiatric symptoms. They result from complex interactions between the brain, mind, and body, impacting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. These disorders can manifest in various ways and significantly affect a person's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. Examples include depression due to brain injury, psychosis associated with neurological conditions like Huntington's disease, and cognitive impairments stemming from stroke.
Neurosarcoidosis is a rare condition where sarcoidosis, an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (clumps of inflammatory cells), affects the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and/or muscles. Sarcoidosis typically affects the lungs and lymph nodes, but in neurosarcoidosis, it impacts the nervous system. This can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms depending on the area of the nervous system involved.
Neurosyphilis is a severe complication of syphilis infection where the bacteria
Treponema pallidum
invades the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). It can occur at any stage of syphilis, but is more common in the late stages if the initial infection is left untreated. Neurosyphilis can cause a wide range of neurological problems, potentially leading to significant disability and even death if not treated promptly.
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) is an illness caused by consuming shellfish contaminated with brevetoxins. Brevetoxins are potent neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate
Karenia brevis
, which causes harmful algal blooms (HABs) also known as red tides. NSP primarily affects the gastrointestinal and neurological systems. It's not typically life-threatening, but the symptoms can be quite unpleasant.
Nevi, commonly known as moles, are skin growths made up of melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. They are very common, with most people having between 10 and 40 moles. Most moles are harmless, but some can develop into melanoma, a type of skin cancer.
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a variety of abnormalities, most notably the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), often starting in adolescence or early adulthood. Individuals with NBCCS are also prone to other tumors, including medulloblastomas (a type of brain tumor), odontogenic keratocysts (cysts in the jaw), and ovarian fibromas. Other common features include skeletal abnormalities, such as bifid ribs and fused vertebrae, and neurological problems.
Newborn jaundice is a common condition in newborns, characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes. It occurs because the baby's blood contains an excess of bilirubin, a yellow pigment of red blood cells. It is usually harmless and resolves on its own or with mild treatment.
Niacin deficiency, also known as pellagra, is a condition caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3) in the diet or the body's inability to absorb or utilize niacin. Niacin is essential for various bodily functions, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cell signaling. Prolonged deficiency can lead to serious health problems.
Nicotine dependence, also known as tobacco use disorder, is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by compulsive nicotine seeking and use, despite knowing the harmful effects. It is a brain disorder that affects the reward pathways, leading to addiction. Nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco products like cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and chewing tobacco, is highly addictive.
Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is a group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders. In these disorders, harmful amounts of lipids (fatty substances like cholesterol and other fats) accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and sometimes, the brain. This accumulation damages these organs and affects their function. There are several forms of NPD, each with varying severity and age of onset. The main types are Niemann-Pick disease type A, type B, Niemann-Pick disease type C1, and Niemann-Pick disease type C2.
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, isn't a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition. It refers to the difficulty or inability to see well in relatively low light conditions or at night. While some individuals may have slight trouble adjusting to darkness, true night blindness signifies a significant impairment in vision under dim lighting.
Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, are episodes of excessive sweating that occur during sleep, soaking your clothes and bedding. They are distinct from feeling hot in bed due to room temperature or bedding. While occasional night sweats are common and usually harmless, frequent or severe night sweats can indicate an underlying medical condition.
Night terrors, also known as sleep terrors, are episodes of intense fear, screaming, and agitation during sleep. They are a type of parasomnia, a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal behavior during sleep. The individual experiencing a night terror is often inconsolable and unresponsive during the episode and typically has no memory of it afterward. They are most common in children but can also occur in adults.
Nocturia is the medical term for excessive urination at night. It disrupts sleep, as individuals wake up more than once during the night to urinate. It differs from enuresis (bedwetting), which is involuntary urination during sleep. Nocturia becomes more common with age, and while it can be a nuisance, it can also be a symptom of underlying medical conditions.
Nocardiosis is a rare, opportunistic infection caused by bacteria of the
Nocardia
genus, primarily
Nocardia asteroides
complex. These bacteria are found worldwide in soil, decaying vegetation, and water. Infection typically occurs through inhalation of the bacteria or through direct inoculation into the skin. Nocardiosis can affect the lungs (pulmonary nocardiosis), skin (cutaneous nocardiosis), or spread throughout the body (disseminated nocardiosis), affecting the brain, kidneys, and other organs. It's not considered contagious from person to person or from animals to people.
Nodular fasciitis is a benign (non-cancerous), rapidly growing, reactive proliferation of fibrous tissue that typically presents as a solitary nodule in the subcutaneous tissue. It is relatively rare and most commonly occurs in young adults, although it can affect people of all ages. It is often mistaken for a sarcoma (cancerous tumor), due to its rapid growth and histological features. The condition is self-limiting in many cases, and treatment often involves observation or simple excision.
Nodular prurigo (NP) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by intensely itchy nodules that appear on the skin. The intense itching leads to scratching, which further exacerbates the condition, creating a vicious itch-scratch cycle. This can significantly impact quality of life. It's considered a rare condition, but diagnosis is increasing.
Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (N24HSWD), also known as free-running sleep disorder, is a chronic circadian rhythm disorder primarily affecting individuals who are totally blind. It occurs when a person's internal body clock fails to synchronize to the 24-hour day, leading to a sleep-wake cycle that drifts later each day. This results in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness as the misalignment between the internal clock and the external environment worsens. While most commonly seen in totally blind individuals, it can rarely occur in sighted people as well.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's immune system. In NHL, tumors develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. NHL is different from Hodgkin lymphoma in the types of lymphocytes involved. There are many subtypes of NHL, some slow-growing (indolent) and others aggressive.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat is stored in the liver. This buildup of fat is not caused by heavy alcohol use. NAFLD can range from simple fatty liver (steatosis), where you have fat in your liver but little or no inflammation or liver damage, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more aggressive form of NAFLD that includes liver inflammation and may lead to scarring (fibrosis), cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 80-85% of all lung cancer cases. It is a group of lung cancers that behave similarly and are treated similarly. Major subtypes of NSCLC include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. NSCLC is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, which can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).
Non-specific urethritis (NSU) is an inflammation of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body) that is
not
caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia. It involves symptoms of urethritis but without a confirmed bacterial infection of gonorrhea or chlamydia.
Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder that prevents normal development in various parts of the body. A person can be affected by Noonan syndrome in a wide variety of ways. These include unusual facial characteristics, short stature, a broad or webbed neck, heart defects, bleeding problems, developmental delays, and malformations of the chest. The features and severity of the condition can vary significantly among affected individuals.
Norovirus infection, often mistakenly called "stomach flu" (though it is not related to influenza), is a highly contagious viral illness that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It leads to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. While unpleasant, norovirus infection usually resolves within a few days.
Nosebleeds, also known as epistaxis, are common occurrences involving bleeding from the nose. They can be anterior (originating from the front of the nose) or posterior (originating from deeper in the nose). Most nosebleeds are not serious and can be managed at home.
Nutritional deficiencies occur when the body doesn't get enough of the nutrients it needs, which can lead to a variety of health problems. These deficiencies can involve vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and their impact depends on the specific nutrient lacking and the severity of the deficiency. They can impact growth, development, immune function, and overall health.
Nutritional Optic Neuropathy (NON) is a form of optic nerve damage caused by a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients. This leads to impaired function of the optic nerve, resulting in vision loss, typically affecting both eyes. It's generally a slow, progressive condition, and the severity of vision loss can vary depending on the specific nutrient deficiencies and the duration of the condition. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent damage.
Nyctalopia, commonly known as night blindness, is a condition that makes it difficult or impossible to see well in relatively low light. It is not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition. It is characterized by poor vision in dim environments, such as at night or in a dimly lit room.
Nystagmus is a condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive eye movements. These movements can be side-to-side (horizontal), up and down (vertical), or rotary (circular). It can affect one or both eyes and can result in reduced vision, depth perception problems, and balance issues. Nystagmus can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various underlying conditions.
Nail fungus, also known as onychomycosis, is a common fungal infection affecting the nails (typically toenails more often than fingernails). It causes the nail to thicken, discolor, and become brittle. Left untreated, it can cause pain and difficulty walking.
Nasal congestion, also known as a stuffy nose, is the blockage of the nasal passages usually due to swollen membranes lining the nose. This swelling is often caused by inflamed blood vessels. It can be caused by infections, allergies, or other irritants. Nasal congestion can be uncomfortable and interfere with breathing, sleeping, and eating.
Symptoms of nerve damage vary depending on the type of nerves affected (sensory, motor, or autonomic). Common symptoms include:
Numbness and tingling, often in the hands and feet.
Burning or sharp, stabbing pain.
Extreme sensitivity to touch.
Muscle weakness or paralysis.
Loss of coordination.
Balance problems.
Heat intolerance.
Changes in blood pressure.
Digestive problems (e.g., constipation, diarrhea).
Problems with urination.
Excessive sweating or decreased sweating.
Sexual dysfunction.
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS), also known as Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD), is a breathing disorder most commonly affecting premature newborns. It is caused by a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs, which leads to alveolar collapse and difficulty breathing. NRDS can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in newborns if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
Non-communicating hydrocephalus, also known as obstructive hydrocephalus, occurs when the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain's ventricular system is blocked. This blockage causes CSF to accumulate, leading to increased pressure within the skull. This increased pressure can damage brain tissue.
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions in which the development of the brain is disturbed, affecting emotion, learning ability, self-control, and memory. These disorders typically begin in infancy or early childhood and can impact functioning throughout life. They encompass a wide range of conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability, communication disorders, and motor disorders.
Non-ketotic hyperglycemia refers to a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) without the presence of significant ketones in the blood or urine. This distinguishes it from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a severe complication of diabetes characterized by both high blood sugar and high levels of ketones. Non-ketotic hyperglycemia can occur in type 2 diabetes or other conditions affecting glucose metabolism. It may lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Non-invasive breast cancer, also known as breast cancer in situ, refers to abnormal cells that have developed in the breast but have not spread beyond their original location. The two main types are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), where abnormal cells are found in the milk ducts, and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), where abnormal cells are found in the lobules (milk-producing glands). While not considered life-threatening in this stage, it requires treatment to prevent it from becoming invasive breast cancer, which can spread to other parts of the body.
Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) is the early stage of diabetic retinopathy, a common eye disease affecting people with diabetes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels from diabetes damage the small blood vessels in the retina. In NPDR, these blood vessels may weaken, leak fluid or blood, or develop small bulges called microaneurysms. At this stage, vision may not be affected, but it's a sign that the disease is progressing.
Nasal vestibulitis is an infection of the nasal vestibule, the area just inside the nostrils. It is usually a bacterial infection, most commonly caused by
Staphylococcus aureus
(staph). It can manifest as small pimples, boils, or more diffuse inflammation within the nasal vestibule. It can range from a mild annoyance to a more painful and potentially serious condition, particularly if it spreads.
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive dysfunction and death of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. These diseases lead to a decline in cognitive, motor, and sensory functions. Common examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The exact cause is often unknown, and there is currently no cure for most neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of tumors that arise from specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. These cells are found throughout the body and have characteristics of both nerve cells and hormone-producing cells. NETs can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They often grow slowly and may not cause symptoms until they have reached a significant size or spread to other parts of the body. NETs can occur in various locations, most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract (especially the small intestine, stomach, and rectum), pancreas, and lungs.
Neuroepithelioma, also known as peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that belongs to the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. It primarily affects children and young adults. These tumors develop from primitive nerve cells and can occur in various locations throughout the body, but are most commonly found in bone and soft tissues. Neuroepitheliomas are characterized by their rapid growth and tendency to metastasize.
Neuroacanthocytosis (NA) refers to a group of rare, inherited neurological disorders characterized by the presence of acanthocytes (spiky, abnormally shaped red blood cells) in the blood and progressive neurological dysfunction. Different NA syndromes have varying clinical presentations, but they commonly involve movement disorders, psychiatric abnormalities, and cognitive decline. The underlying cause is typically a genetic mutation affecting proteins involved in cell membrane structure and function.
Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (NTOS) is a condition where the nerves in the thoracic outlet (the space between your collarbone and your first rib) are compressed, irritated, or injured. This compression most commonly affects the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that controls movement and sensation in your shoulder, arm, and hand. NTOS is often associated with pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling in the affected areas. Unlike vascular TOS (which involves blood vessel compression), NTOS primarily impacts the nerves.
Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific disorder but commonly include:
Double vision (diplopia)
Blurred vision
Vision loss (partial or complete, temporary or permanent)
Eye pain
Headaches
Drooping eyelid (ptosis)
Unequal pupil size (anisocoria)
Abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
Visual field defects (e.g., blind spots)
Difficulty with color vision
Muscle weakness
Muscle cramps, aches, and pains
Muscle twitching (fasciculations)
Numbness or tingling
Balance problems
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
Drooping eyelids (ptosis)
Double vision (diplopia)
Fatigue
Neurotoxicity refers to damage to the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves) caused by exposure to toxic substances. These substances can be natural or man-made and include heavy metals, pesticides, industrial solvents, certain drugs, and even some naturally occurring compounds. Neurotoxicity can manifest in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, depending on the specific toxin, the dose, duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility. It is not a single disease but rather a consequence of exposure to a neurotoxic agent.
Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur when someone who is addicted to nicotine suddenly stops or reduces their use. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products such as cigarettes, e-cigarettes (vaping devices), and chewing tobacco. The withdrawal symptoms are the body's reaction to the absence of nicotine and can be both physical and psychological, making it difficult for some individuals to quit using tobacco.
Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake. It is marked by excessive eating during the night, often after dinner and into the night or early morning. Individuals with NES are often aware and recall their nocturnal eating episodes, differentiating it from sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). NES is often associated with mood disorders, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. It can lead to weight gain, metabolic complications, and psychological distress.
Nocturnal enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is the involuntary urination during sleep in children who are old enough to control their bladder. It's considered normal for young children, but becomes a concern as they get older. It's often categorized as primary (never having been consistently dry) or secondary (bedwetting after a period of dryness). It's a common childhood issue and often resolves on its own.
Nodular melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer. It is a subtype of melanoma, characterized by its rapid growth and typically presents as a raised, dome-shaped nodule. It often lacks the characteristic features of other melanomas, such as an irregular border and varied coloration. Early detection and treatment are crucial due to its rapid growth and potential for metastasis.
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a sudden loss of vision due to a lack of blood flow to the optic nerve. This damages the optic nerve and causes vision loss, usually in one eye. It is the most common acute optic neuropathy in older adults. The vision loss is usually permanent, though some improvement can occur in some cases.
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), also known as marantic endocarditis, is a condition characterized by the development of sterile (non-infected) vegetations on the heart valves. These vegetations are composed of fibrin, platelets, and other blood components, but lack bacteria or other infectious agents. It is often associated with underlying medical conditions, such as advanced cancer, autoimmune disorders, or hypercoagulable states. NBTE can lead to serious complications, including embolic events (stroke, pulmonary embolism, or organ infarction) if the vegetations dislodge and travel through the bloodstream.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs due to factors other than heart problems. It disrupts gas exchange, leading to breathing difficulties. This type of pulmonary edema is caused by damage to the lung's capillary walls, making them leaky.
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is a condition where the heart muscle doesn't develop properly. Specifically, the left ventricle (the main pumping chamber) fails to compact fully during fetal development. This leaves the heart muscle with a spongy appearance due to prominent trabeculations (muscle strands) and deep recesses. This can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and thromboembolic events (blood clots).
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. Specifically, they arise from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection. In NHL, these lymphocytes become abnormal and grow uncontrollably. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL includes a wide variety of subtypes with varying prognoses and treatment approaches. The behavior of NHL can range from slow-growing (indolent) to rapidly aggressive.
1. Summary about disease: Non-organic erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as psychogenic ED, is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for satisfactory sexual intercourse due to psychological or emotional factors rather than physical causes. It's a common condition that can significantly impact a man's self-esteem, relationships, and overall quality of life.
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a male infertility condition characterized by the absence of sperm in the ejaculate due to impaired sperm production within the testicles. It indicates a problem with the spermatogenesis process itself, rather than a blockage preventing sperm from exiting. NOA is often associated with genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, or other underlying medical conditions affecting testicular function.
Non-paralytic strabismus, also known as concomitant strabismus, is a type of eye misalignment (strabismus or "crossed eyes") where the angle of deviation between the eyes remains relatively constant in all directions of gaze. This means the misalignment is consistent regardless of which direction the eyes are looking. Unlike paralytic strabismus (which involves weakness or paralysis of one or more eye muscles), non-paralytic strabismus is usually due to problems with eye muscle control or focusing, not a specific muscle palsy. It often develops in childhood and can affect depth perception and vision if left untreated.
Non-penetrating trauma, also known as blunt force trauma, refers to injuries resulting from impact to the body without a break in the skin. The force of the impact can damage underlying tissues, organs, and bones. This type of trauma can range from minor bruises to life-threatening internal injuries.
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep arousal disorders are a group of parasomnias characterized by incomplete awakenings from NREM sleep, typically occurring during the deepest stages of sleep (stages N3). These disorders manifest as abnormal behaviors, experiences, or physiological events that disrupt sleep and can pose risks to the individual and others. The primary types of NREM sleep arousal disorders include sleepwalking (somnambulism), sleep terrors (night terrors), and confusional arousals. While generally benign, they can cause significant distress and disruption.
Non-REM parasomnias are a group of sleep disorders characterized by undesirable physical events, experiences, or behaviors that occur during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, particularly during the deeper stages of sleep (stage 3 and 4). These behaviors can range from relatively benign events like sleepwalking to more complex and potentially dangerous activities. They often involve a dissociation between sleep and wakefulness, where the individual is partially aroused but not fully conscious.
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) are a type of cancer that arises from germ cells, the cells that develop into sperm or eggs. These tumors typically occur in the testicles (testicular NSGCTs) but can also develop in other parts of the body, such as the retroperitoneum (area behind the abdominal cavity), mediastinum (chest cavity), or brain. NSGCTs are more aggressive than seminomas (another type of germ cell tumor) and tend to occur in younger men, typically between the ages of 20 and 40. The main types of NSGCTs include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. Mixed germ cell tumors, containing more than one type, are common.
Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP) is a type of interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue. It is called "non-specific" because the pattern of lung injury doesn't fit neatly into other, more well-defined categories of ILD, like usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), which is commonly associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). NSIP is considered an idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) when no cause is found. It is important to differentiate NSIP from other ILDs as it generally has a better prognosis than UIP/IPF, especially when treated.
Non-surgical rhinoplasty, also known as a liquid rhinoplasty, involves injecting dermal fillers (usually hyaluronic acid) into the nose to reshape it. While generally considered less invasive than surgical rhinoplasty, it's not without potential complications. These complications range from mild and temporary to severe and permanent. The risk stems from the injection process itself, the properties of the filler used, and the complex vascular anatomy of the nose. Understanding these risks is crucial before undergoing the procedure.
Non-toxic goiter, also known as simple goiter, is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not caused by inflammation or cancer and does not involve over- or underproduction of thyroid hormone. It's a relatively common condition that can range from a small, barely noticeable swelling to a large, prominent mass in the neck. The term "non-toxic" indicates that the thyroid gland is functioning normally, producing appropriate levels of thyroid hormones (euthyroid state).
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are diseases caused by mycobacteria species other than
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(which causes tuberculosis) and
Mycobacterium leprae
(which causes leprosy). NTM are commonly found in the environment (soil, water) and are generally opportunistic, meaning they primarily affect individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. Infections can range from mild skin or lung problems to severe, disseminated disease.
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection is a common bacterial illness that affects the intestinal tract. It's caused by Salmonella bacteria other than
Salmonella Typhi
and
Paratyphi
(which cause typhoid fever). NTS infections are usually less severe than typhoid fever, causing gastroenteritis symptoms.
Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of birth defects characterized by abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain. During normal brain development, neurons are born in specific areas and then migrate to their final destinations. In NMDs, this process is disrupted, leading to misplacement of neurons, abnormal brain structure, and a variety of neurological problems. The severity and specific symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific type of NMD and the extent of the brain malformation.
Anxiety: Excessive worry, nervousness, restlessness, feeling on edge.
Fear: Intense and irrational fear of specific objects, situations, or activities (phobias).
Obsessions: Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and unwanted, causing marked anxiety or distress.
Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
Depression: Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
Irritability: Increased sensitivity to irritation, frustration, or anger.
Sleep disturbances: Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or restless sleep.
Physical symptoms: Muscle tension, headaches, stomach problems, sweating, rapid heartbeat.
Avoidance: Avoiding situations or objects that trigger anxiety or fear.
Difficulty concentrating: Trouble focusing or making decisions.
Low self-esteem: Negative self-perception and feelings of inadequacy.
Nevus Sebaceous (also known as Nevus Sebaceous of Jadassohn) is a benign congenital skin hamartoma characterized by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands, epidermis, hair follicles, and apocrine glands. It typically presents as a raised, hairless, yellowish-orange plaque, most commonly found on the scalp but can also occur on the face, neck, or forehead. While usually harmless, there is a small risk of developing secondary tumors within the nevus, most commonly benign but rarely malignant.
Symptoms vary greatly depending on the specific nutrient deficiency. Common symptoms include:
Fatigue
Weakness
Hair loss
Skin problems (rashes, dryness)
Mouth sores
Brittle nails
Diarrhea or constipation
Bone pain
Neurological problems (tingling, numbness, cognitive difficulties)
Impaired growth (in children)
Muscle weakness
Bleeding gums
Neuralgic Amyotrophy (NA), also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by sudden onset of severe pain, usually in the shoulder and arm, followed by muscle weakness and atrophy. It is not a progressive disease, but recovery can be slow and incomplete in some cases. The condition involves damage to the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that controls movement and sensation in the arm and hand. Both hereditary and sporadic (non-inherited) forms exist.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder characterized primarily by the development of noncancerous tumors called vestibular schwannomas on the nerves responsible for hearing and balance (eighth cranial nerve). These tumors often lead to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and balance problems. Other types of tumors, such as meningiomas (tumors of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and ependymomas (tumors of the spinal cord), may also develop in individuals with NF2. NF2 is a progressive condition, meaning that the tumors tend to grow over time, leading to increasing symptoms and potential neurological complications.
1. Summary about disease Notalgia paresthetica (NP) is a nerve condition characterized by chronic itching, pain, tingling, numbness, or burning sensations, typically located in the upper to middle back, most often between the shoulder blades. It's not contagious and is usually harmless, although the intense itching can be extremely bothersome and disruptive.
Neurocognitive disorder (NCD), formerly known as dementia, encompasses a range of conditions characterized by a significant decline in cognitive function from a previous level of performance. This decline affects one or more cognitive domains, such as memory, language, executive function, attention, perceptual-motor skills, or social cognition. The severity of the cognitive impairment varies, ranging from mild NCD, where individuals may require some support to maintain independence, to major NCD, where individuals are significantly impaired and require substantial care. NCD can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease, Lewy body disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and traumatic brain injury.
Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is an inflammation of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) that is
not
caused by gonorrhea. It's a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect both men and women, though it is more commonly diagnosed in men.
A non-union fracture is a broken bone that has failed to heal after a prolonged period of time. While most fractures heal within a few weeks or months, a non-union occurs when the healing process stops or slows down significantly. This can result in persistent pain, instability, and limited function.
Nephrocalcinosis refers to the deposition of calcium salts within the renal parenchyma (the functional tissue of the kidneys). This can affect the renal tubules, interstitium (the space between tubules), or both. It's not a disease itself but rather a finding that indicates an underlying metabolic or anatomical abnormality causing calcium to deposit in the kidneys. Nephrocalcinosis can lead to kidney damage and impaired kidney function.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC) is a rare, progressive genetic disorder characterized by the body's inability to properly transport cholesterol and other lipids (fats) inside cells. This leads to an accumulation of these substances in various organs, including the brain, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The disease affects both neurological and visceral (organ-related) functions and has a variable age of onset, ranging from infancy to adulthood. NPC is classified as a lysosomal storage disorder because the buildup of cholesterol and lipids occurs within lysosomes, which are compartments within cells responsible for breaking down waste materials.
Symptoms are varied and can affect different parts of the body. Common symptoms include:
Gastrointestinal issues: Bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, nausea.
Neurological symptoms: "Brain fog," headache, fatigue, anxiety, depression.
Dermatological issues: Skin rashes, eczema.
Other symptoms: Joint pain, muscle pain, numbness in extremities.
1. Summary about disease: Non-proliferative retinopathy (NPR), also known as background retinopathy, is the early stage of diabetic retinopathy. It occurs when high blood sugar levels from diabetes damage the tiny blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These damaged vessels can leak fluid and blood, or they can become blocked, leading to changes in the retina. There are different stages of NPR, ranging from mild to severe, based on the extent of blood vessel damage.
Swelling in affected areas (legs, arms, face, or other body parts)
Skin feels tight, firm, or hard
Skin may appear shiny or stretched
Discomfort or pain in the swollen area
Limited range of motion in affected joints
In some cases, skin discoloration (e.g., reddish or brownish)
Heaviness or fullness sensation
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy refers to damage to the stomach lining caused by the use of NSAIDs. This damage can range from mild inflammation (gastritis) to more severe complications like ulcers, bleeding, and perforation. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins that protect the gastric mucosa.
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is an irregular and often rapid heart rhythm originating in the atria (upper chambers of the heart). Unlike valvular atrial fibrillation, NVAF is not caused by problems with the heart valves. It increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and other complications. The term "non-valvular" is important because treatment strategies may differ depending on whether valve disease is present.
Nose deformities encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the size, shape, or structure of the nose. These deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired due to injury, infection, surgery, or disease. They can impact appearance, breathing, and overall nasal function. Some deformities are primarily cosmetic concerns, while others have significant medical implications.
Nosocomial infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facility. These infections were not present or incubating at the time of admission. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens. HAIs pose a significant threat to patient safety, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Common types of HAIs include bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and surgical site infections.
A nuclear cataract is a type of cataract that affects the central part of the lens of the eye (the nucleus). It's characterized by a gradual yellowing or browning of the lens, leading to a progressive decline in vision. This type of cataract can also cause a temporary improvement in near vision (second sight) early on, before overall vision deteriorates.
Nummular dermatitis (also known as nummular eczema or discoid eczema) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by coin-shaped (nummular) itchy, inflamed patches on the skin. The patches can be dry, scaly, or weepy, and they often appear on the arms, legs, and torso. It is not contagious.
Nursemaid's elbow, also known as radial head subluxation, is a common injury in young children where the radial head (a bone in the forearm) slips out of the annular ligament (a band of tissue that holds the radial head in place). It typically happens when a child's arm is pulled straight and the forearm is twisted.
Nut allergies are among the most common food allergies, triggered by the immune system's overreaction to proteins found in tree nuts (like almonds, walnuts, cashews, pecans, etc.) and peanuts (which are legumes, but often grouped with nuts). This reaction can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Nut allergies often develop in childhood and can persist throughout life, although some children may outgrow them. Strict avoidance of nuts and prompt treatment for reactions are critical for managing this allergy.
Nutritional myelopathy is a non-inflammatory condition affecting the spinal cord due to nutritional deficiencies, most commonly vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency, but also can be caused by vitamin E deficiency, and copper deficiency. It leads to progressive neurological dysfunction, particularly affecting the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord. The condition is potentially reversible with prompt diagnosis and appropriate nutritional supplementation, but irreversible damage can occur if left untreated.
Nail psoriasis is a form of psoriasis that specifically affects the nails, causing changes in their appearance and texture. It can affect fingernails, toenails, or both. It is often associated with psoriasis on other parts of the body but can also occur independently.
A neck sprain, also known as a cervical sprain, is an injury to the ligaments in the neck. Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect bones to each other. A sprain occurs when these ligaments are stretched or torn, usually due to a sudden force or impact. Neck sprains can range from mild to severe, with symptoms that can include pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion.
Neurogenic claudication, also known as pseudoclaudication, is a syndrome characterized by pain, numbness, and/or weakness in the legs due to compression of the spinal nerves in the lower back. This compression is often caused by spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal). Unlike vascular claudication (caused by poor blood flow), neurogenic claudication is typically relieved by sitting or bending forward, which opens up the spinal canal and reduces pressure on the nerves.
Symptoms of neuromuscular scoliosis are similar to other types of scoliosis, but often more pronounced due to the underlying neurological or muscular condition. They include:
Visible curvature of the spine
Uneven shoulders or hips
Prominent shoulder blade
Leaning to one side
Asymmetrical waist
Trunk imbalance
Possible pain (depending on severity and underlying condition)
Breathing difficulties (in severe cases due to compression of the lungs)
Difficulty sitting upright or maintaining posture
Nickel allergy is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis, an itchy rash that appears where your skin touches an object containing nickel. Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in many everyday items. The allergy is often triggered by jewelry, especially earrings, body piercings, watchbands, belt buckles, and metal zippers or buttons on clothing. It's a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, meaning it's a delayed allergic reaction involving T-cells. Once you develop a nickel allergy, you will likely be sensitive to the metal for life.
Nicotinamide deficiency, also known as a form of vitamin B3 deficiency (the other form being niacin deficiency leading to pellagra), occurs when the body doesn't get enough nicotinamide. While often considered together with niacin deficiency, isolated nicotinamide deficiency, without the classic pellagra symptoms, can also occur. This deficiency can affect various bodily functions, leading to a range of symptoms, particularly affecting the skin, digestive system, and nervous system. It can arise from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption issues, or certain medical conditions.
Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPA) is a severe, inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). This deficiency leads to the buildup of sphingomyelin, a fatty substance, within cells, particularly in the spleen, liver, lungs, and brain. This accumulation causes progressive damage to these organs, leading to significant health problems, particularly in infancy. NPA is characterized by early onset and rapid progression, typically resulting in death during early childhood.
Nighttime leg cramps are sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that occur in the legs, often in the calf muscles, during sleep or rest. These cramps can be very painful and disruptive to sleep.
Non-Acute Renal Failure, more commonly known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), is a gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, which are then excreted in the urine. When kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes, and wastes build up in the body. CKD can be caused by a variety of conditions and is often progressive, meaning it worsens over time. Early detection and treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and manage its complications.
Non-articular rheumatism, also known as soft tissue rheumatism, encompasses a variety of painful conditions affecting the muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and bursae, rather than the joints themselves. Common examples include fibromyalgia, bursitis, tendonitis, and myofascial pain syndrome. These conditions often cause widespread pain, stiffness, and tenderness in specific areas of the body.
Non-bacterial prostatitis (also called chronic pelvic pain syndrome or CPPS) is a condition characterized by chronic pain and discomfort in the pelvic area, particularly the prostate. Unlike bacterial prostatitis, it is not caused by a bacterial infection. The cause is unknown, and the condition can be difficult to treat. It significantly impacts a man's quality of life.
Non-Candida Albicans (NCA) infections are fungal infections caused by Candida species other than Candida albicans. While Candida albicans is the most common cause of candidiasis (yeast infections), other species like Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida auris are increasingly responsible for infections, particularly in healthcare settings. These NCA species can exhibit different drug resistance patterns compared to Candida albicans, making treatment more challenging. Infections can range from superficial mucosal infections (like oral thrush or vaginal yeast infections) to invasive bloodstream infections (candidemia).
Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH), also known as late-onset or attenuated CAH, is a milder form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). It's a genetic disorder affecting the adrenal glands, leading to a partial deficiency of an enzyme needed to produce certain hormones, primarily cortisol. The most common cause is a deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. This deficiency results in an overproduction of androgens (male sex hormones). Unlike classic CAH, individuals with NCCAH often don't show symptoms until later in childhood or even adulthood.
Diseases stemming from non-coding RNA mutations are a diverse group of disorders arising from alterations in the genetic material that does
not
code for proteins. These non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in gene expression, development, and cellular function. Mutations in these RNAs can disrupt these regulatory processes, leading to a wide range of diseases, including cancers, neurological disorders, and developmental abnormalities. Because ncRNAs have diverse functions, diseases related to mutations in these RNAs are diverse in their manifestations and severity. Understanding the specific ncRNA affected and its downstream effects is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
Non-compliance, also referred to as medication non-adherence or treatment non-adherence, is the failure to follow a prescribed treatment plan or health advice provided by a healthcare professional. This can involve not taking medications as prescribed (incorrect dosage, timing, or frequency), discontinuing medication prematurely, not attending scheduled appointments, or failing to adopt recommended lifestyle changes. It's a complex issue influenced by a variety of factors and has significant consequences for individual health outcomes and healthcare costs.
Neurological: Agitation, confusion, delirium, hallucinations (visual and auditory), dizziness, ataxia (loss of coordination), muscle rigidity or spasms, seizures, coma.
Cardiovascular: Increased heart rate (tachycardia), increased blood pressure (hypertension), or in severe cases, decreased heart rate (bradycardia) and hypotension.
Respiratory: Respiratory depression, difficulty breathing, apnea (cessation of breathing).
Psychiatric: Disorientation, paranoia, anxiety, panic attacks, detachment from reality, catatonia.
Other: Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, hyperthermia (high body temperature).
Non-Consumptive Coagulopathy refers to a group of conditions where the blood's ability to clot is impaired without excessive consumption of clotting factors. This is in contrast to Consumptive Coagulopathies like Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) where clotting factors are depleted due to widespread activation of the coagulation system. Non-consumptive coagulopathies often involve abnormalities in specific clotting factors, inhibitors of coagulation, or platelet function, leading to an increased risk of bleeding.
Non-Coronary Artery Disease (NCAD) encompasses a range of heart and blood vessel conditions that affect the heart but are
not
directly related to blockages or narrowing of the coronary arteries. These conditions can impact the heart muscle, valves, rhythm, or the aorta. NCAD includes diseases like valve disorders, heart failure, congenital heart defects, and arrhythmias, among others. It's a broad category and requires specific diagnosis to understand the exact nature and management of the condition.
Non-cyclic mastalgia refers to breast pain that is not related to the menstrual cycle. Unlike cyclic mastalgia, which fluctuates with hormonal changes, non-cyclic breast pain is often more constant or intermittent and may be localized to a specific area of the breast. It can originate from the breast tissue itself or stem from other areas, such as the chest wall, muscles, or ribs, and radiate to the breast.
Non-dominant hemisphere lesions refer to damage or dysfunction in the hemisphere of the brain that is typically
not
dominant for language. In most individuals, this is the right hemisphere. Lesions in this area can lead to a variety of cognitive, perceptual, and behavioral deficits, affecting functions such as spatial awareness, attention, emotional processing, and pragmatic communication. The specific deficits depend on the location and size of the lesion.
Heartburn (a burning sensation in the chest)
Regurgitation (the backflow of stomach contents into the mouth or esophagus)
Dyspepsia (indigestion, upper abdominal discomfort)
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Nausea
Bloating
Excessive belching
Chronic cough
Sore throat
Hoarseness
Non-exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), also known as dry AMD, is a common eye condition and a leading cause of vision loss among older adults. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. In dry AMD, the macula thins and small yellow deposits called drusen accumulate, gradually blurring central vision. It progresses more slowly than wet AMD.
Non-gonococcal conjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. Unlike gonococcal conjunctivitis, which is caused by the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, non-gonococcal conjunctivitis is typically caused by viruses, bacteria, allergies, or irritants. It's a common condition, particularly among children, and is usually self-limiting or easily treated.
Wound that shows no signs of healing after several weeks.
Persistent pain or discomfort around the wound.
Redness, swelling, or warmth around the wound.
Drainage from the wound (may be clear, cloudy, or pus-like).
Foul odor emanating from the wound.
Increased wound size.
Presence of dead tissue (necrosis) in or around the wound.
Skin discoloration around the wound.
Non-hereditary angioedema (NHA) is a type of angioedema (swelling in the deeper layers of the skin, often around the face, lips, tongue, throat, hands, or feet) that is not caused by a genetic defect. It is usually acquired later in life and is often related to other underlying medical conditions or medication use. Unlike hereditary angioedema (HAE), NHA does not involve a deficiency or dysfunction of the C1 inhibitor protein due to inherited genetic mutations.
Non-IgE mediated food allergy (also called food intolerance or food sensitivity) is a type of adverse food reaction that does not involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody, a key player in classic, immediate-onset food allergies. Instead, it involves other parts of the immune system or non-immune mechanisms. It often results in delayed symptoms, making diagnosis more challenging. Common examples include food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), and celiac disease.
Non-infectious arthritis encompasses a group of conditions characterized by joint inflammation and pain that are
not
caused by an infection. Unlike infectious arthritis (caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi), non-infectious arthritis arises from various underlying factors, including autoimmune disorders, genetic predispositions, and metabolic imbalances. Common examples include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout. These conditions lead to joint damage, pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion, impacting quality of life.
Non-infectious meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) that is not caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. It's a serious condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. The causes are varied and can include underlying medical conditions, certain medications, and inflammatory diseases.
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), now commonly referred to as Type 2 Diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) due to insulin resistance and/or insufficient insulin production. The body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and the pancreas may eventually be unable to produce enough insulin to compensate, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
Symptoms vary depending on the specific complication but can include:
Skin breakdown: Redness, irritation, or sores around the mask site (nose, face).
Nasal congestion or dryness: Stuffy nose, nosebleeds.
Eye irritation: Dry eyes, conjunctivitis.
Gastric distension: Bloating, abdominal discomfort.
Aspiration: Coughing or choking, potential for pneumonia.
Sinus pain or congestion: Pressure or pain in the sinuses.
Air leaks: Noisy breathing, reduced effectiveness of the ventilator.
Claustrophobia or anxiety: Feeling trapped or panicked while wearing the mask.
Pneumothorax (rare): Sudden chest pain, shortness of breath.
Non-ionic contrast media reactions are adverse reactions that can occur following the administration of non-ionic contrast agents used in medical imaging procedures like CT scans and X-rays. These reactions can range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening. Non-ionic contrast agents are generally considered safer than ionic contrast agents, but reactions can still occur due to various mechanisms, including hypersensitivity or direct chemotoxic effects.
Non-malignant ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (the space between the abdominal wall and the internal organs) that is not caused by cancer. While ascites itself is a symptom, not a disease, non-malignant ascites refers to fluid buildup due to various underlying conditions, most commonly liver disease (cirrhosis). Other causes include heart failure, kidney disease, infection, and pancreatitis.
Non-malignant (benign) bone tumors are abnormal growths of cells within the bone that are not cancerous. They do not spread to other parts of the body and are generally not life-threatening. However, they can cause pain, swelling, and functional limitations depending on their size and location. Some benign bone tumors may weaken the bone, increasing the risk of fracture. Examples include osteochondromas, enchondromas, and giant cell tumors.
Non-malignant liver tumors are growths in the liver that are not cancerous. They are relatively common and often discovered incidentally during imaging tests performed for other reasons. Some non-malignant liver tumors remain stable and do not require treatment, while others may cause symptoms or require intervention. Common types include hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), and hepatic adenomas.
Cognitive Impairment: Memory problems, difficulty with attention and concentration, slowed thinking, executive dysfunction (planning, decision-making).
Mood Disorders: Depression, anxiety, apathy (lack of motivation), irritability.
Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), excessive daytime sleepiness.
Autonomic Dysfunction: Constipation, bladder problems (urgency, frequency, incontinence), sexual dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension (lightheadedness upon standing).
Sensory Problems: Loss of smell (anosmia), pain, numbness, tingling.
Fatigue: Persistent and overwhelming tiredness.
Visual Problems: Blurred vision, dry eyes, difficulty with depth perception.
Other: Weight loss or gain, excessive sweating, drooling, skin problems.
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is cancer that is found only in the inner lining of the bladder and has not spread to the muscle layer. It's generally treatable, but there's a high chance of recurrence, requiring ongoing monitoring and treatment. NMIBC is staged as either Ta, T1, or carcinoma in situ (CIS), depending on the extent of the cancer within the bladder lining. Treatment options vary based on the stage and risk of recurrence/progression.
Non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation is a type of inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) without evidence of cell death (necrosis) within the granulomas. It's a reaction pattern seen in various diseases, indicating the body's attempt to wall off a substance it perceives as foreign or harmful. The presence of non-necrotizing granulomas suggests a specific type of immune response rather than a particular disease itself.
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) is a serious condition where blood flow to the intestines is reduced due to spasms or narrowing of the mesenteric arteries, without a physical blockage (occlusion) like a blood clot. This lack of blood flow can damage the intestines and lead to severe complications. It's often related to other underlying health issues.
Non-Organic Hearing Loss (NOHL), also known as functional hearing loss, pseudohypacusis, or exaggerated hearing loss, is a condition where a person presents with hearing loss that is inconsistent with objective audiological testing results. In simpler terms, individuals with NOHL either consciously or unconsciously exaggerate or feign hearing loss. It's important to distinguish NOHL from genuine organic hearing loss caused by physical damage to the ear or auditory system.
Non-pathological tremor refers to involuntary shaking movements that occur in the absence of an underlying neurological disease or medical condition. It is considered a normal physiological phenomenon that can be temporarily exacerbated by certain factors.
Non-paraneoplastic neurological disorders encompass a wide range of neurological conditions that are
not
caused by cancer or the immune system's response to cancer (paraneoplastic syndrome). These disorders arise from various other etiologies, including infections, autoimmune diseases directly targeting the nervous system, genetic factors, structural abnormalities, metabolic imbalances, toxins, and idiopathic (unknown) causes. The specific symptoms, severity, and prognosis vary greatly depending on the underlying cause and affected areas of the nervous system.
I need the name of the disease to provide a summary. Please provide the disease name.
:
The NASG is a temporary measure to stabilize the patient. It
does not treat the underlying cause
of the bleeding.
Timely transport to a facility capable of providing definitive treatment is crucial.
The NASG should be part of a comprehensive approach to managing obstetric hemorrhage, including medications, fluid resuscitation, and surgical intervention when necessary.
Training and availability of the NASG are essential for improving maternal outcomes in resource-limited settings.
Ethical considerations: it should be used by trained staff to protect the dignity of patients.
There is no disease called "Non-Protein Respiratory Quotient." The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is a ratio used in physiology and nutrition. It is calculated as the volume of carbon dioxide produced divided by the volume of oxygen consumed. RQ helps determine which macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, or proteins) are being used for energy. The RQ varies depending on the metabolic state and the fuel being utilized.
1. Summary about disease: Non-proliferative glomerulonephritis refers to a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli (the filtering units of the kidneys)
without
a significant increase in the number of cells within the glomeruli. This contrasts with proliferative glomerulonephritis, where cellular proliferation is a prominent feature. Non-proliferative glomerulonephritis often leads to proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), and potentially decreased kidney function. Minimal change disease and Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are the most common types of Non-Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.
Oxygen Toxicity: Symptoms can include coughing, sore throat, substernal chest pain, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, lung damage.
Skin Breakdown: Redness, irritation, or sores around the mask's contact points (nose, cheeks).
Aspiration: Coughing, choking, wheezing, or difficulty breathing, particularly if the patient vomits.
Claustrophobia/Anxiety: Feelings of panic, breathlessness, or being trapped while wearing the mask.
Improper Fit: Air leaks around the mask, reduced oxygen saturation despite mask use, increased respiratory effort.
Shortness of breath, especially with exertion or when lying down
Fatigue
Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
Dizziness or fainting
Swelling in the ankles, feet, or abdomen (edema)
Heart murmur (an abnormal sound heard through a stethoscope)
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Rapid weight gain
Non-Responsive Depression, also known as Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), refers to a major depressive disorder that has not responded adequately to at least two different antidepressant medications, each tried for a sufficient duration and at an adequate dosage. It is a complex condition that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life and requires a multifaceted approach to diagnosis and treatment.
Sneezing
Runny nose (rhinorrhea)
Nasal congestion
Itchy nose, eyes, throat, and ears
Watery eyes
Postnasal drip
Cough
Fatigue
Headache (less common)
Common side effects of non-selective beta-blockers include:
Fatigue
Dizziness
Cold hands and feet
Nausea
Diarrhea or constipation
Weakness
Depression
Insomnia
Shortness of breath (especially in individuals with asthma or COPD)
Bronchospasm (wheezing)
Masking of hypoglycemia symptoms (in diabetic patients)
Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Non-scarring alopecia refers to hair loss that occurs without damaging or destroying the hair follicles. This means that the potential for hair regrowth remains, unlike scarring alopecias where the follicles are permanently damaged. It encompasses various conditions, including alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, androgenetic alopecia (in some cases), and traction alopecia (when caught early).
Non-segmental vitiligo, also known as generalized vitiligo, is a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by the loss of pigment (melanin) in patches on different parts of the body. The patches tend to appear symmetrically. The condition affects people of all skin types, but it is more noticeable in people with darker skin. It's a long-term condition with no known cure, but treatments are available to help manage it and improve skin appearance.
Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) refers to lower back pain that is not attributable to a specific, identifiable pathology such as a fracture, infection, tumor, or nerve compression (e.g., sciatica). It is the most common type of low back pain, often related to musculoskeletal issues like muscle strain, ligament sprain, or poor posture. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical assessment, as imaging often doesn't reveal a clear cause.
Non-specific Reactive Arthritis (ReA) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that develops as a reaction to an infection in another part of the body. Often, the infection is in the genitourinary tract or the gastrointestinal tract. It's characterized by joint pain and swelling, often accompanied by inflammation of the eyes (conjunctivitis or uveitis) and urinary tract (urethritis). The term "non-specific" indicates that the specific causative agent might not be identifiable, even though the arthritis follows an infection.
Complications of the NST are usually not directly symptomatic. Instead, the "symptoms" relate to the potential
consequences
of a false positive or negative result.
False Positive: Can lead to anxiety, further unnecessary testing (like a biophysical profile or contraction stress test), or, in rare instances, unnecessary intervention like induction or Cesarean section. The "symptom" is maternal anxiety and stress, and potentially physical symptoms related to unnecessary interventions.
False Negative: Can lead to a delay in recognizing and addressing fetal distress, potentially resulting in adverse outcomes for the baby. This scenario doesn't produce immediate symptoms for the mother, but it can have significant consequences if true fetal compromise is missed.
Prolonged test or repeated testing can result in the mother feeling anxious or stressed
Many diseases can be managed effectively without surgery. Non-surgical management focuses on alleviating symptoms, addressing the underlying cause if possible, preventing complications, and improving the patient's quality of life. This approach often involves medication, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, and other therapies. The specific disease dictates the exact management strategy. The success of non-surgical management depends on the disease, its severity, and the patient's overall health and adherence to the treatment plan.
Non-thrombotic vascular occlusion refers to the blockage of a blood vessel (artery or vein) by something other than a blood clot (thrombus). This blockage can disrupt blood flow, leading to tissue damage or death (ischemia) in the affected area. These occlusions can be caused by a variety of factors and can affect various parts of the body.
Symptoms of nTBI are diverse and depend heavily on the affected area of the brain and the severity of the injury. Common symptoms include:
Cognitive impairments: Memory problems, difficulty concentrating, impaired judgment, slowed processing speed.
Motor deficits: Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with balance or coordination, tremors.
Speech and language problems: Difficulty finding words (aphasia), slurred speech (dysarthria), difficulty understanding language.
Sensory changes: Vision problems, hearing loss, numbness or tingling, changes in taste or smell.
Emotional and behavioral changes: Depression, anxiety, irritability, impulsivity, personality changes.
Seizures: Involuntary muscle contractions or loss of consciousness.
Headaches: Persistent or severe headaches.
Fatigue: Persistent and overwhelming tiredness.
A non-union fracture occurs when a broken bone fails to heal completely. While most fractures heal naturally within a few weeks or months, a non-union persists for an extended period, showing no signs of mending. This can lead to chronic pain, instability, and impaired function.
Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) refers to bleeding in the upper digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) that is
not
caused by varices (enlarged veins, usually in the esophagus). It is a common medical emergency that can range from mild to life-threatening. The source of bleeding can be diverse, including ulcers, erosions, Mallory-Weiss tears, and tumors. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to stop the bleeding and prevent complications.
Symptoms of NVLD vary in severity and presentation but often include:
Visual-Spatial Difficulties: Trouble with puzzles, maps, drawing, and understanding spatial relationships.
Motor Coordination Problems: Clumsiness, difficulty with handwriting, and challenges in physical activities.
Social Skills Deficits: Difficulty interpreting body language, facial expressions, and understanding social situations. May appear socially awkward or have difficulty making and keeping friends.
Mathematics Difficulties: Problems with math concepts, especially geometry and visual problem-solving.
Executive Function Challenges: Difficulties with organization, planning, and problem-solving.
Sensory Sensitivities: Some individuals may experience heightened sensitivity to sounds, textures, or visual stimuli.
Literal Interpretation: Tendency to interpret language literally, missing nuances and implied meanings.
Difficulty Adapting: Challenges with transitions and changes in routine.
Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), also known as functional dyspepsia, is a chronic (long-term) condition characterized by persistent or recurrent symptoms of indigestion (dyspepsia) in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities (such as ulcers or inflammation) in the upper digestive tract. It's a functional gastrointestinal disorder, meaning there's a problem with how the digestive system works, not a visible problem with the organs themselves.
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