H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, commonly known as bird flu. It primarily affects birds, but can, on rare occasions, infect humans. Human infections are typically the result of direct or close contact with infected birds. The virus poses a significant threat due to its potential for severe illness and high mortality rate in humans.
A hemangioma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor made up of blood vessels. They are common, especially in infants, and often appear as a raised, rubbery, bright red or purple mark on the skin. Most infantile hemangiomas are not present at birth but appear in the first few weeks of life. They typically grow rapidly, then slowly shrink over time. Hemangiomas can also occur internally, affecting organs such as the liver, but this is less common.
Haemarthrosis refers to bleeding into a joint space. This condition commonly occurs in individuals with bleeding disorders like hemophilia, but can also result from trauma, injury, or other underlying conditions. It leads to pain, swelling, and limited range of motion in the affected joint.
Haematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. The urine may appear pink, red, or cola-colored. In some cases, the blood is not visible to the naked eye (microscopic haematuria) and is only detected during a urine test. Haematuria can be a sign of various underlying conditions, ranging from relatively benign to serious, requiring medical evaluation to determine the cause.
H1N1 influenza, often referred to as "swine flu," is a respiratory illness caused by an influenza A virus. The H1N1 virus that caused a pandemic in 2009 was a novel strain, meaning it was different from previous seasonal H1N1 viruses and contained genes from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses. It spreads easily from person to person, similar to seasonal flu. While most people recover fully, H1N1 can lead to serious complications, especially in high-risk groups.
Haemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited blood disorders affecting the structure or production of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. These disorders can lead to anaemia, pain, organ damage, and other complications depending on the specific type and severity. Common examples include sickle cell disease and thalassaemia.
Haemochromatosis (also spelled hemochromatosis) is a genetic disorder in which the body absorbs too much iron from food and stores it in organs, particularly the liver, heart, and pancreas. This excess iron can lead to organ damage, resulting in a variety of complications and chronic diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent serious health problems. It's often referred to as iron overload disease.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. This leads to a shortage of red blood cells, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. Hemolytic anemia can be inherited (genetic) or acquired (developed later in life). The severity can range from mild to life-threatening.
Haemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder where the blood doesn't clot normally. This is due to a deficiency or absence of certain clotting factors, which are proteins needed for blood coagulation. The two main types are Haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency). The severity of haemophilia varies depending on the amount of clotting factor present in the blood.
Haemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or blood-stained sputum from the lungs or airways. The amount of blood coughed up can range from a streak to a large volume. It is important to distinguish haemoptysis from pseudohemoptysis (blood originating from the upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract) and hematemesis (vomiting of blood). The underlying causes of haemoptysis vary widely and can range from mild infections to serious conditions like lung cancer or pulmonary embolism.
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins. They can develop inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids). Hemorrhoids are a very common ailment and are usually not life-threatening.
Symptoms of hair loss can vary depending on the underlying cause and may include:
Gradual thinning on top of the head (most common type of hair loss)
Circular or patchy bald spots
Sudden loosening of hair (often after a physical or emotional shock)
Full-body hair loss (usually due to medical treatments like chemotherapy)
Scaling patches that spread over the scalp
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the blood in which your bone marrow makes too many abnormal B cells (lymphocytes). These abnormal B cells look "hairy" under a microscope because they have fine, hairlike projections on their surface. The excess of these cells leads to lower numbers of normal blood cells. This can cause serious infections, anemia, and excessive bleeding.
Halitosis, commonly known as bad breath, is a condition characterized by an unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth. It is a common concern affecting people of all ages and can be caused by various factors, including poor oral hygiene, underlying medical conditions, and certain lifestyle choices. While often a social nuisance, persistent halitosis can sometimes indicate a more serious health issue.
Hemorrhage refers to the excessive bleeding or loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel. This can occur internally, where blood accumulates inside the body, or externally, where blood flows out through a break in the skin. The severity can range from minor bruising to life-threatening blood loss. Hemorrhage is a symptom of an underlying condition, injury, or disorder, rather than a disease itself.
Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of your big toe. It occurs when some of the bones in the front part of your foot move out of place. This forces the big toe to pull toward the smaller toes and throws the joint at the base of the big toe out of alignment. The skin over the bunion might be red and sore.
Visual hallucinations: Seeing things that are not there (e.g., people, objects, patterns, lights).
Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices or sounds that are not there (e.g., music, whispers, commands).
Olfactory hallucinations: Smelling odors that are not present (e.g., burning rubber, flowers).
Gustatory hallucinations: Tasting flavors without eating anything (e.g., metallic taste, bitter taste).
Tactile hallucinations: Feeling sensations on the skin that are not real (e.g., insects crawling, being touched).
Other associated symptoms may include:
Confusion
Disorientation
Anxiety
Fear
Paranoia
Distorted perception of reality
A toe that is bent at the middle joint.
Difficulty wiggling the toe.
Pain or irritation when wearing shoes, especially in the bent joint area.
Corns or calluses on the top of the bent joint or on the tip of the toe due to friction against shoes.
Inflammation, redness, or burning sensation.
In severe cases, open sores (ulcers).
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection that primarily affects infants and children under 5 years old. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. While uncomfortable, HFMD is typically not serious and resolves on its own within a week to ten days.
A hangover is a collection of unpleasant signs and symptoms that can develop after drinking too much alcohol. Common signs and symptoms of a hangover include fatigue, headache, thirst, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. While hangovers are generally self-limiting and resolve on their own, they can significantly impair performance and well-being.
Hansen's disease, also known as leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium leprae
. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testes. It is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT). If left untreated, it can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. Leprosy is not highly contagious and is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contact with untreated cases.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily carried by rodents, especially deer mice, and humans contract the disease through exposure to infected rodent urine, droppings, or saliva. HPS can be fatal, with a high mortality rate, and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.
Harelip, more accurately known as cleft lip (with or without cleft palate), is a birth defect that occurs when the tissues of the lip and/or palate do not completely fuse during pregnancy. This results in an opening in the upper lip, which can range from a small notch to a large split extending to the nose. It can occur on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). Cleft lip can occur independently or alongside cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth).
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander. It causes inflammation of the nasal passages and leads to various symptoms. It is not a fever and is not caused by a virus. It is a common condition affecting millions of people.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This leads to chronic inflammation and often to hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
A headache is pain in your head that can range from a mild annoyance to a debilitating throbbing. It can occur on one or both sides of the head, be isolated to a certain location, or radiate across the head from one area. Headaches are a common ailment, and most people experience them occasionally. While most headaches are not a sign of a serious underlying medical condition, some can be indicative of a more severe problem that requires medical attention. Headaches are broadly classified as primary or secondary. Primary headaches are not caused by another underlying condition (e.g., tension headaches, migraines, cluster headaches). Secondary headaches are caused by another medical condition (e.g., sinus infection, dehydration, head injury).
A head injury, also known as a traumatic brain injury (TBI), is any injury to the head that disrupts normal brain function. It can range from a mild bump, bruise, or concussion to a severe injury that can result in permanent brain damage or death. The severity of a head injury depends on several factors, including the nature of the injury, the force of impact, and the presence of other medical conditions.
Hearing loss is a decrease in the ability to perceive sounds. It can range from mild, where a person has difficulty hearing faint sounds, to profound, where a person cannot hear any sound at all. Hearing loss can affect one or both ears and can develop suddenly or gradually over time. It can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and overall quality of life. There are different types of hearing loss, including conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss, each with distinct underlying causes.
A heart attack (myocardial infarction) occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for a prolonged period, causing damage to the heart muscle. This blockage is usually due to a blood clot forming on a plaque that has built up in a coronary artery (atherosclerosis). Heart attacks are a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
Heart block, also known as atrioventricular (AV) block, is a condition where the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm are partially or completely blocked from traveling from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles). This disruption can lead to a slow or irregular heartbeat. Heart block is classified into different degrees based on the severity of the blockage.
Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen. Essentially, the heart can't keep up with its workload. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the body and fatigue. It doesn't mean the heart has stopped working completely, but it does mean it needs support to function effectively.
A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat. It's caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart or near the heart. Murmurs can be harmless ("innocent") or indicative of an underlying heart problem. The severity of a heart murmur varies depending on the cause.
Heart palpitations are feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart. They can be noticeable changes in your heart rhythm or simply increased awareness of your heartbeat. While often harmless and triggered by lifestyle factors, they can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying heart condition.
Heart valve disease occurs when one or more of your heart valves don't work properly. Heart valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood flow through your heart. In heart valve disease, the flaps may not open or close properly. This can disrupt blood flow through your heart to your body. Common types include stenosis (valve doesn't open fully), regurgitation (valve leaks), and atresia (valve is absent).
Heat cramps are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that typically occur during or after intense exercise in hot environments. They are a mild form of heat-related illness, often affecting the legs, arms, or abdomen. While not life-threatening, they can be debilitating and signal the need for immediate cooling and rehydration.
Heat exhaustion is a condition caused by your body overheating, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures or strenuous physical activity in hot weather. It's a precursor to heatstroke, a much more serious condition. Without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke, which can damage the brain and other vital organs and even cause death.
Heat rash, also known as prickly heat or miliaria, is a common skin condition that develops when sweat ducts become blocked and sweat is trapped under the skin. This leads to small, itchy bumps or blisters, most often in areas where skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, and neck. It's especially common in hot, humid weather.
High body temperature (104°F or 40°C or higher), obtained with a rectal thermometer is the most important sign.
Altered mental state or behavior (confusion, agitation, slurred speech, irritability, delirium, seizures, or coma)
Hot, dry skin or profuse sweating
Nausea and vomiting
Rapid breathing
Racing heart rate
Headache
Muscle weakness or cramps
Heberden's nodes are bony growths or hard lumps that develop on the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP joints), which are the joints closest to the fingertips. They are a common sign of osteoarthritis and are more frequently seen in women than in men. These nodes can cause pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the affected fingers.
A heel spur is a bony outgrowth that protrudes from the underside of the heel bone (calcaneus). It's often associated with plantar fasciitis, a condition causing inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot from the heel to the toes. While some people with heel spurs experience no pain, others can suffer significant heel pain, especially when walking or standing.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection occurs when H. pylori bacteria infect the stomach. This bacterium can damage the lining of the stomach and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), leading to peptic ulcers and increasing the risk of stomach cancer. Many people with H. pylori infection never develop any symptoms.
Hemangioblastoma is a rare, slow-growing, typically benign (non-cancerous) tumor that most often occurs in the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination), brainstem, or spinal cord. It is characterized by a dense network of blood vessels. While usually benign, its location can cause significant neurological problems. It can occur sporadically or as part of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, a genetic disorder.
Hemangiomas are benign (noncancerous) tumors made up of blood vessels. They are common, especially in infants, and often appear as a raised, red or purple mark on the skin. Most hemangiomas are harmless and resolve on their own over time, but some may require treatment depending on their location and size.
1. Summary about disease: Hematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood. The blood can be bright red, dark red, or look like coffee grounds, depending on whether it has been partially digested. It indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It is a symptom of an underlying condition, not a disease in itself.
Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh, bright red blood from the anus, usually with or in stool. It indicates bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. While the color of the blood can sometimes offer clues about the bleeding location, upper GI bleeding can sometimes appear as hematochezia if transit time is rapid.
A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, usually in clotted form, within a tissue, organ, or space. It's essentially a bruise but can vary in size and severity. Hematomas can occur due to trauma, surgery, or underlying medical conditions affecting blood clotting.
Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. The urine may appear pink, red, or cola-colored (gross hematuria), or the blood may only be detectable under a microscope (microscopic hematuria). Hematuria is a sign of an underlying issue and warrants medical evaluation to determine the cause.
Hemiparesis is weakness on one side of the body. It can affect the arm, leg, and face on the same side. The weakness can range from mild to severe, even causing paralysis (complete loss of movement). It's often caused by brain damage due to stroke, brain injury, or other neurological conditions. It is often confused with hemiplegia, but hemiplegia is complete paralysis on one side, while hemiparesis is weakness.
Hemiplegia is paralysis affecting one side of the body. It's caused by damage to the brain, usually in the cerebral hemisphere opposite the affected side of the body. This damage disrupts the nerve pathways that control movement. Hemiplegia can result from a variety of conditions, including stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries. The severity can vary, ranging from mild weakness to complete loss of movement.
1. Summary about disease: Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disorder in which the body absorbs too much iron from food and stores it in the organs, particularly the liver, heart, and pancreas. This excess iron can lead to organ damage, resulting in various health problems.
Hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited blood disorders affecting the structure or production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. These disorders can lead to anemia, pain, and other complications depending on the specific type and severity. Common examples include sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. This leads to a shortage of red blood cells in the body, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. Hemolytic anemia can be inherited (genetic) or acquired (developed due to other factors).
Hemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder where the blood doesn't clot normally. This is due to a deficiency or absence of certain clotting factors, proteins needed for blood to clot. The two main types are hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency). This can lead to prolonged bleeding after injury, surgery, or even spontaneously.
Hemoptysis refers to the coughing up of blood or blood-tinged sputum from the respiratory tract (lungs or airways). The amount of blood can range from streaks mixed with sputum to large volumes of pure blood. It is important to determine the source and underlying cause of hemoptysis to provide appropriate treatment. It can be alarming but is not always indicative of a serious condition.
Visible blood (externally or in bodily fluids like urine or stool)
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Weakness
Shortness of breath
Changes in vision
Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Rapid heart rate
Low blood pressure
Swelling or bruising
Headache (in cases of brain hemorrhage)
Abdominal pain (in cases of internal abdominal bleeding)
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anus and rectum that can cause pain, itching, and bleeding. They are very common, affecting about half of adults by age 50. Hemorrhoids can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus).
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Abdominal pain and swelling
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue and weakness
Loss of appetite
Tendency to bruise or bleed easily
Swelling in the legs and ankles (edema)
Confusion, disorientation, or drowsiness (hepatic encephalopathy)
Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a decline in brain function that occurs as a result of severe liver disease. When the liver is damaged, it can no longer effectively remove toxins from the blood. These toxins, particularly ammonia, can then travel to the brain and interfere with its function, leading to a range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms. HE can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term). The severity can vary from mild confusion and personality changes to coma.
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Clay-colored stools
Joint pain
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It originates in the hepatocytes, the main cells of the liver. HCC often develops in individuals with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) caused by hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or hemochromatosis. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, but HCC is often diagnosed at later stages when treatment options are more limited.
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapidly developing renal failure in individuals with severe liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. It is a functional renal failure, meaning the kidneys are structurally normal but are not functioning properly due to alterations in blood flow and blood pressure regulation caused by the liver disease. There are two main types: HRS-AKI (acute kidney injury) and HRS-CKD (chronic kidney disease). HRS is typically triggered by an event that further impairs liver function, leading to intense vasoconstriction in the kidneys.
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of severe swelling (angioedema), particularly in the face, limbs, genitals, abdomen, and airway. It's caused by a deficiency or malfunction of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), a protein that helps control inflammation. This deficiency leads to an overproduction of bradykinin, a peptide that increases vascular permeability, causing fluid to leak into tissues, resulting in swelling.
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells (erythrocytes). It's characterized by abnormally shaped, spherical red blood cells (spherocytes) that are fragile and prone to premature destruction in the spleen (hemolysis). This chronic hemolysis leads to anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). The severity of HS varies widely, ranging from mild to severe.
1. Summary about disease: A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue (fascia). Hernias are most common in the abdomen, but can also occur in the upper thigh, groin, and chest area. Many hernias don't cause symptoms, but some can cause pain or discomfort. If left untreated, some hernias can lead to serious complications.
Herpes labialis, commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters, is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). It manifests as small, painful blisters, typically on or around the lips. While the initial infection may cause more pronounced symptoms, subsequent outbreaks are usually milder. The virus remains dormant in nerve cells and can reactivate periodically.
A herniated disc, also known as a slipped or ruptured disc, occurs when the soft, gel-like center (nucleus pulposus) of a spinal disc pushes through a tear in the tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus). This protruding disc material can then press on nearby nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness. Herniated discs most commonly occur in the lower back (lumbar spine) and neck (cervical spine).
Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main types: HSV-1, which typically causes oral herpes (cold sores or fever blisters), and HSV-2, which usually causes genital herpes. However, either type can affect either area. Herpes is characterized by painful blisters or sores. The virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate, causing recurrent outbreaks.
Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a painful skin rash caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, VZV remains dormant in the nerve tissues near the brain and spinal cord. Years later, the virus can reactivate and travel along nerve pathways to the skin, causing shingles. Shingles typically appears as a single stripe of blisters on one side of the body.
Herpangina is a common, typically mild, viral illness that primarily affects infants and children, but can also occur in adults. It is characterized by small, painful blisters or sores in the mouth, particularly on the soft palate (back of the roof of the mouth), tonsils, and throat. It's caused by enteroviruses, most commonly Coxsackievirus A.
Thick, dark hair on the face (chin, upper lip, cheeks)
Hair on the chest
Hair on the back
Hair on the abdomen
Sometimes, deepening of the voice
Acne
Enlarged clitoris
Decreased breast size
Increased muscle mass
Histiocytosis is a group of rare diseases characterized by an abnormal buildup of histiocytes (a type of immune cell) in various tissues and organs of the body. This accumulation can cause damage and dysfunction to the affected organs. There are several types of histiocytosis, including Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The severity and prognosis of histiocytosis vary depending on the type, extent of involvement, and age of the individual.
Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the fungus
Histoplasma capsulatum
. It's commonly found in soil that contains bird or bat droppings. Most people who breathe in the spores don't get sick, but some can develop symptoms that range from mild flu-like illness to severe, life-threatening disseminated disease.
Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital condition affecting the large intestine (colon) and causes difficulty passing stool. It occurs when nerve cells (ganglion cells) are missing in the muscles of the colon. This absence prevents the colon from relaxing and moving bowel contents forward, leading to a blockage. It's typically diagnosed in newborns or young infants.
Hip dysplasia is a condition where the hip joint doesn't form properly. In a normal hip, the head of the femur (thigh bone) fits snugly into the acetabulum (hip socket). In hip dysplasia, the socket may be shallow, or the femur head may be unstable and easily dislocated. This can lead to pain, instability, and eventually, arthritis. It can range from mild to severe and may be present at birth or develop later in life.
A hip fracture is a break in the upper quarter of the femur (thighbone). The exact location of the break can vary. Hip fractures almost always require surgical repair or replacement and can significantly impact mobility and independence, especially in older adults.
Hip impingement, also known as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), is a condition in which abnormal contact occurs between the bones of the hip joint. Specifically, the femur (thigh bone) and the acetabulum (hip socket) rub against each other during movement. This abnormal contact can damage the cartilage (labrum) and bone over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and potentially arthritis. There are three main types of FAI: cam, pincer, and combined. Cam impingement involves an abnormally shaped femoral head. Pincer impingement occurs when the acetabulum covers too much of the femoral head. Combined impingement is a mix of both cam and pincer.
Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the cartilage in the hip joint breaks down. This cartilage normally cushions the ends of the bones and allows nearly frictionless joint motion. As the cartilage wears away, the bones rub directly against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. It's a chronic condition that worsens over time.
Excessive hair growth in a male pattern: Face (chin, upper lip), chest, back, abdomen, thighs.
Deepening of the voice
Acne
Decreased breast size
Increased muscle mass
Enlarged clitoris
Irregular or absent menstrual periods
Histiocytosis is a group of rare diseases characterized by an abnormal buildup of histiocytes, which are immune cells. These cells normally help the body fight off infection and repair tissue damage. In histiocytosis, the histiocytes accumulate and can damage organs, tissues, and bones. The severity and symptoms vary greatly depending on the type of histiocytosis and the organs affected.
Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the fungus
Histoplasma capsulatum
. The fungus grows in soil that contains bird or bat droppings. People can get histoplasmosis by breathing in fungal spores. Most people who are exposed never have symptoms. However, those who do develop symptoms may experience fever, cough, and fatigue. In severe cases, histoplasmosis can spread to other organs.
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), now often called Hodgkin lymphoma, is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes. Primarily affecting the lymphatic system, HL is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is one of the most curable forms of cancer, especially when diagnosed and treated early. The disease can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in early adulthood (ages 20-40) and late adulthood (over 55).
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells). If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition where the immune system is severely damaged, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a cephalic disorder in which the brain doesn't properly divide into the distinct left and right hemispheres during early fetal development. This incomplete division results in structural abnormalities of the brain and face. The severity of HPE varies widely, ranging from mild brain malformations to severe cases where the brain is a single, undivided structure. HPE can be associated with significant developmental delays, intellectual disability, and physical disabilities. It's a rare condition, occurring in approximately 1 in 10,000 to 20,000 live births.
A hordeolum, commonly known as a stye, is a painful, red bump that forms near the edge of the eyelid. It is caused by a bacterial infection, usually Staphylococcus aureus, affecting oil glands or hair follicles in the eyelid. A hordeolum can be either external (on the outside of the eyelid) or internal (on the inside of the eyelid). While uncomfortable, hordeola are generally not serious and often resolve on their own.
Symptoms of hormonal imbalance vary widely depending on the specific hormone(s) affected. Some common symptoms include:
Women: Irregular menstrual cycles, heavy or painful periods, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, decreased libido, infertility, acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), weight gain, mood swings, headaches.
Men: Erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, infertility, gynecomastia (breast development), hair loss, loss of muscle mass, weight gain, fatigue, mood changes.
General: Fatigue, sleep disturbances, weight changes (gain or loss), changes in appetite, anxiety, depression, skin problems (acne, dry skin), digestive issues, changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
Horner's syndrome is a relatively rare condition resulting from damage to the sympathetic nerves that supply the face and eye on one side of the body. It's characterized by a specific set of symptoms affecting the eye and facial area on the affected side. It is not a disease in itself, but rather a clinical sign indicating an underlying medical problem.
Movement disorders (Chorea): Involuntary jerking or twitching movements.
Muscle rigidity and contractures: Stiffness and immobility of muscles.
Slow or abnormal eye movements: Difficulty with eye tracking.
Impaired gait, posture, and balance: Difficulty walking and maintaining balance.
Difficulty with speech (Dysarthria): Slurred or unclear speech.
Difficulty swallowing (Dysphagia): Difficulty eating and swallowing.
Cognitive decline: Problems with memory, concentration, planning, and decision-making.
Psychiatric disorders: Depression, anxiety, irritability, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and psychosis.
Personality changes: Changes in mood, behavior, and personality.
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles (cavities) of the brain. This excess fluid puts pressure on the brain, potentially damaging it. Hydrocephalus can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life).
Hydronephrosis is the swelling of one or both kidneys due to a buildup of urine. It happens when urine cannot drain properly from the kidney to the bladder. This can be caused by a blockage or obstruction in the urinary tract, or by a structural abnormality. Hydronephrosis is not a disease itself, but rather a condition that results from an underlying issue. Prolonged hydronephrosis can damage the kidneys.
Hydroureter refers to the distension (swelling) of the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. This swelling occurs due to a blockage or obstruction that prevents the normal flow of urine. Hydroureter often occurs alongside hydronephrosis, which is the swelling of the kidney itself due to urine backup.
Hyperaldosteronism, also known as primary aldosteronism or Conn's syndrome, is a condition in which the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance (sodium and potassium). This excess aldosterone can lead to high blood pressure and low potassium levels.
Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. When calcium levels are too high, it can disrupt these processes and lead to various health problems.
Hypercholesterolemia, also known as high cholesterol, is a condition characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is essential for building healthy cells. However, when cholesterol levels are too high, it can accumulate in the walls of your arteries, forming plaque. This plaque can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart and other organs. This can lead to serious health problems, including heart disease and stroke. There are typically no noticeable symptoms in the early stages.
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of morning sickness in pregnancy. It is characterized by persistent, excessive nausea and vomiting that can lead to dehydration, weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and nutritional deficiencies. HG is more severe than typical morning sickness and can require hospitalization.
Hyperglycemia, also known as high blood sugar, is a condition in which there is an excessive amount of glucose (sugar) circulating in the blood. This occurs when the body doesn't have enough insulin or can't use insulin properly. It's a hallmark of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) but can also occur in other conditions. Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to serious health complications.
Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by abnormally excessive sweating that is not necessarily related to heat or exercise. It can occur in specific areas of the body (focal hyperhidrosis) or all over the body (generalized hyperhidrosis). It can significantly impact quality of life, causing embarrassment, anxiety, and social difficulties.
Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by a higher-than-normal level of potassium in the blood. Potassium is a vital electrolyte that helps regulate nerve and muscle function, including the heart. Severe hyperkalemia can be life-threatening due to its potential to cause dangerous heart arrhythmias.
Hyperlipidemia, also known as high cholesterol or dyslipidemia, is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. These lipids include cholesterol (both LDL "bad" cholesterol and triglycerides. Elevated levels, especially of LDL cholesterol, can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
Hypermagnesemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of magnesium in the blood. While magnesium is essential for various bodily functions, excessive levels can disrupt normal cellular processes and lead to adverse health effects. It is relatively rare and typically occurs in individuals with impaired kidney function who are also taking magnesium-containing medications or supplements.
Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by a higher-than-normal concentration of sodium in the blood. This electrolyte imbalance can disrupt cellular function, particularly in the brain, leading to a range of symptoms. It's typically caused by a relative deficit of water in the body compared to sodium, rather than an excess of sodium itself.
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood. Excess PTH leads to high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), which can cause a variety of health problems. There are primarily three types: primary (due to a problem within the parathyroid glands themselves), secondary (usually caused by another condition like kidney disease), and tertiary (occurs after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism).
Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition where patches of skin become darker than the surrounding skin. This darkening occurs when melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, is overproduced in certain areas. It's not typically dangerous but can be a cosmetic concern.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory lung disease caused by an exaggerated immune response to inhaled organic dusts, molds, chemicals, or other antigens. This reaction leads to inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) and bronchioles of the lungs, potentially causing scarring and impaired lung function if exposure continues. HP can be acute, subacute, or chronic, depending on the frequency and intensity of exposure and the individual's immune response.
Hypersomnia is a condition characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep. People with hypersomnia struggle to stay awake during the day, even after what seems like adequate or even prolonged sleep. It can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of your blood against your artery walls is consistently too high. Over time, this high pressure can cause damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other organs. It is a significant risk factor for heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other health problems.
Symptoms vary but commonly include:
Unintentional weight loss
Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
Increased appetite
Nervousness, anxiety, and irritability
Tremor (usually in the hands)
Sweating
Changes in menstrual patterns
Increased sensitivity to heat
Changes in bowel habits, more frequent bowel movements
Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
Fatigue and muscle weakness
Difficulty sleeping
Skin thinning
Fine, brittle hair
Eye problems (Graves' ophthalmopathy), such as bulging eyes, double vision, or light sensitivity
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle (myocardium) becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). This thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood. In many cases, HCM is genetic, but it can also develop over time due to high blood pressure or aging. Many people with HCM have no symptoms and live normal lives. However, in some individuals, HCM can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and, in rare cases, sudden cardiac arrest.
Hyperventilation is a condition in which you breathe rapidly and deeply, exceeding the body's need to remove carbon dioxide. This imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide can lead to a variety of physical symptoms and anxiety. While often triggered by anxiety or panic, it can also be caused by underlying medical conditions.
Hyphema is the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, the space between the cornea and the iris. It is usually caused by trauma to the eye, but can also occur spontaneously due to other medical conditions. The blood can partially or completely obscure vision.
Hypoaldosteronism is a condition where the adrenal glands don't produce enough aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood, which in turn affects blood volume and blood pressure. The deficiency can lead to low sodium levels (hyponatremia), high potassium levels (hyperkalemia), and low blood volume.
Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is essential for numerous bodily functions, including nerve and muscle function, bone health, blood clotting, and enzyme activity. The severity of hypocalcemia can range from mild and asymptomatic to severe and life-threatening.
Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, occurs when the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood drops below normal. Glucose is the body's main source of energy. While it can occur in people with diabetes who are taking medications that lower blood sugar, it can also occur in people without diabetes due to a variety of reasons. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to serious complications, including seizures and loss of consciousness.
Hypogonadism is a condition in which the sex glands (gonads) – testes in men and ovaries in women – produce little or no sex hormones. Sex hormones affect sexual development and function, and other important processes like bone density and muscle mass. It can lead to a variety of symptoms depending on the age of onset and severity of hormone deficiency.
Hypokalemia is a condition in which the level of potassium in the blood is too low. Potassium is a vital electrolyte that helps regulate muscle function, nerve signals, and fluid balance. Severe hypokalemia can lead to life-threatening complications, particularly affecting the heart.
Hypomagnesemia refers to a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in numerous bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control, blood pressure regulation, and protein synthesis. A magnesium deficiency can result in a range of symptoms and health problems if left untreated.
Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the sodium concentration in the blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of water in and around cells. When sodium levels are too low, excess water moves into the cells, causing them to swell. This swelling can lead to various health problems, ranging from mild to life-threatening, depending on the severity and how quickly the sodium levels drop.
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition in which the parathyroid glands, located in the neck, don't produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. Insufficient PTH leads to abnormally low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and increased phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia). This imbalance can cause a variety of symptoms, affecting the nervous system, muscles, and other body systems.
Hypophosphatemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate in the blood. Phosphate is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in numerous bodily functions, including energy production, nerve and muscle function, and bone formation. Severe hypophosphatemia can lead to serious complications.
Hypopituitarism is a condition in which the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain, doesn't produce enough of one or more hormones. These hormones regulate vital functions such as growth, blood pressure, reproduction, and metabolism. The deficiency can affect a single hormone or several, leading to a range of symptoms depending on the hormones involved.
Hypotension, commonly known as low blood pressure, is a condition where blood pressure is lower than normal. This means the heart, brain, and other vital organs may not receive enough blood flow, potentially leading to various symptoms. Generally, blood pressure readings lower than 90/60 mmHg are considered indicative of hypotension. It can be chronic (long-term) or acute (sudden onset).
Hypothermia is a dangerous condition that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6°F (37°C). Hypothermia occurs as your body temperature falls below 95°F (35°C). It is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. This hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism, affecting everything from heart rate and body temperature to energy levels and weight. When the thyroid is underactive, the body's processes slow down, leading to a variety of symptoms.
Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or dehydration, is a condition where there is a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body. This can be due to loss of blood, loss of body fluids, or inadequate fluid intake. It leads to a reduction in blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion, potentially causing organ damage and shock if left untreated.
Hypoxemia is a condition in which the blood has a lower-than-normal level of oxygen. This can result in reduced oxygen delivery to the body's tissues and organs, leading to a variety of symptoms. It's important to identify and address hypoxemia to prevent potential complications.
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. It can be generalized, affecting the whole body, or localized, affecting a specific region. Hypoxia is a serious condition that can lead to cell damage, organ failure, and even death if left untreated. The severity and duration of hypoxia determine the extent of the damage.
Hysteria, as a formal medical diagnosis, is largely considered obsolete in modern medicine. Historically, it was a broad and vague diagnostic category applied primarily to women, encompassing a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms without a clear organic cause. The concept was rooted in the (discredited) belief that symptoms were caused by a "wandering uterus." Modern diagnostic manuals (like the DSM) no longer recognize "hysteria" as a valid medical condition. The symptoms previously attributed to hysteria are now understood and classified under various, more specific psychiatric and psychological disorders, such as conversion disorder, dissociative disorders, anxiety disorders, and somatoform disorders.
Hair folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles. It appears as small, itchy bumps or pimples around hair follicles. It can occur anywhere on the body where hair grows. The infection is usually caused by bacteria, but fungi, viruses, and even ingrown hairs can also be responsible. Mild cases often clear up on their own with good hygiene, but more severe or persistent cases may require medical treatment.
Hair loss, also known as alopecia, refers to the partial or complete loss of hair from the scalp or other parts of the body where hair normally grows. It can be temporary or permanent and can affect people of all ages and genders. The causes are varied, ranging from genetics and hormonal imbalances to medical conditions and medications. Different types of hair loss exist, including androgenetic alopecia (male/female pattern baldness), alopecia areata (autoimmune), and telogen effluvium (stress-related).
Hairy leukoplakia (HL) is a white, corrugated, or "hairy" lesion that typically occurs on the lateral (side) border of the tongue. It's almost always associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, most commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, particularly those with HIV/AIDS. HL itself is not cancerous, but it can be an indicator of underlying immunosuppression.
Halitosis, commonly known as bad breath, is a condition characterized by an unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth. It can be caused by various factors, ranging from poor oral hygiene to underlying medical conditions. While often a social nuisance, persistent halitosis can sometimes indicate a more serious health issue.
Hallucinations manifest differently depending on the affected sense:
Visual: Seeing things that aren't there, like objects, people, patterns, or lights.
Auditory: Hearing voices or other sounds that have no external source. The voices can be critical, neutral, or commanding.
Olfactory: Smelling odors that no one else can detect.
Gustatory: Tasting things that have no source in your mouth.
Tactile: Feeling sensations on your skin that aren't real, like crawling insects or a touch.
Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. It occurs when the big toe pushes against the next toe, forcing the joint of the big toe to get bigger and stick out. The skin over the bunion might be red and sore.
Hallux rigidus is a form of degenerative arthritis that affects the joint at the base of the big toe (the metatarsophalangeal or MTP joint). It causes pain and stiffness in the joint, making it difficult to bend the toe during walking, running, or even standing. Over time, bone spurs can develop, further limiting movement. "Hallux" refers to the big toe, and "rigidus" means rigid or stiff. It is a progressive condition, meaning it typically worsens over time if not addressed.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common, contagious viral illness that primarily affects infants and children younger than 5 years old. It is characterized by a distinctive rash that includes blisters on the hands, feet, and inside the mouth. While usually mild, it can be uncomfortable.
Hammer toe is a deformity of the toe where one or more joints of the toe bend abnormally, causing the toe to take on a claw-like or hammer-like appearance. It most commonly affects the second, third, or fourth toes. This bent position can put pressure on the toe when wearing shoes, leading to pain, discomfort, and other foot problems.
A hangnail is a small, torn piece of skin that separates from the cuticle near the fingernail or toenail. While seemingly minor, it can be painful, unsightly, and can sometimes become infected if not properly cared for. It is not a disease but rather a condition resulting from dry skin, trauma, or improper nail care.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This chronic inflammation gradually damages the thyroid, leading to an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and various bodily functions. As Hashimoto's progresses, the thyroid's ability to produce these hormones decreases, resulting in a range of symptoms.
Hansen's disease, also known as leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium leprae
. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testes. It is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT). Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent disability.
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to allergens like pollen, mold spores, dust mites, or pet dander. It causes inflammation and irritation of the nasal passages.
A headache is pain in your head that can range from mild to severe. It can occur on one or both sides of your head and may be accompanied by other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound. Headaches are very common and most people experience them occasionally. They can be classified as primary headaches (not caused by an underlying medical condition) or secondary headaches (caused by an underlying medical condition).
Head lice are tiny, wingless insects that live on the human scalp and feed on blood. They are a common nuisance, especially among school-aged children. Head lice are not a sign of poor hygiene and do not spread disease. Treatment is usually effective in eradicating the lice and their eggs (nits).
Head trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is an injury to the head that results in damage to the brain. The severity can range from mild (concussion) to severe, with potential for long-term or permanent neurological deficits. It can occur from a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or a penetrating head injury that disrupts normal brain function.
Hearing loss is a decrease in the ability to perceive sounds. It can range from mild, where a person has difficulty hearing soft sounds, to profound, where a person cannot hear even very loud sounds. Hearing loss can affect one or both ears and can be temporary or permanent. It can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and overall quality of life.
Heart arrhythmia refers to irregular heartbeats. The heart may beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly. These irregularities can affect how well the heart pumps blood and can range from harmless to life-threatening.
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, most often by a blood clot. This blockage deprives the heart muscle of oxygen, and if not treated quickly, the heart muscle can begin to die. Heart attacks are a leading cause of death worldwide.
Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen. It doesn't mean the heart has stopped working, but rather that it's not working as efficiently as it should. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Heart failure can result from a variety of underlying conditions, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and valve disease.
Feeling like your heart is fluttering, racing, pounding, or skipping beats.
Awareness of your heartbeat in your chest, neck, or throat.
A feeling of skipped beats.
A sensation of your heart stopping briefly.
Lightheadedness or dizziness (sometimes).
Shortness of breath (rarely).
Chest pain or discomfort (rarely).
Heart valve disease occurs when one or more of the heart's four valves don't work properly. These valves regulate blood flow through the heart's chambers and to the rest of the body. They can either not open fully (stenosis) or not close completely (regurgitation or insufficiency), disrupting blood flow and forcing the heart to work harder. Over time, this can lead to heart failure or other complications. The severity can range from mild, requiring only monitoring, to severe, requiring surgery.
Muscle pain or spasms, usually in the legs, arms, or abdomen.
Spasms can range from mild twitches to severe, debilitating cramps.
Heavy sweating
Fatigue
A heart murmur is an extra sound heard during a heartbeat. It's caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart or nearby blood vessels. Murmurs can be "innocent" (harmless) or indicative of an underlying heart problem.
Heat exhaustion is a condition that occurs when your body overheats, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures, physical exertion, or dehydration. It's a precursor to heatstroke and is characterized by heavy sweating and a rapid pulse.
Heat rash, also known as prickly heat or miliaria, is a common skin condition characterized by small, itchy bumps. It develops when sweat ducts become blocked and sweat is trapped under the skin. It's most common in hot, humid weather.
Heat stroke is a severe form of hyperthermia, an abnormally elevated body temperature, that occurs when the body's heat-regulating system is overwhelmed by excessive heat exposure or production. It is a medical emergency that can be fatal if not treated promptly. The body's core temperature rises to dangerous levels (typically above 104°F or 40°C), leading to organ damage and potentially death.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a common bacterial infection that affects the stomach lining. It can lead to peptic ulcers, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), and, in some cases, an increased risk of stomach cancer. Many people with H. pylori infection are asymptomatic, meaning they don't experience any noticeable symptoms. The bacteria is usually acquired during childhood and can persist for life if untreated.
A hemangioma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor made up of blood vessels. It appears as a raised, rubbery, bright red or deep purple birthmark. Most commonly they occur on the skin, but can also occur internally on organs. While present at birth or shortly after, they typically grow rapidly in the first year of life and then gradually shrink over several years. Most hemangiomas are harmless and don't require treatment.
A heel spur is a bony growth that protrudes from the underside of the heel bone (calcaneus). It's often associated with plantar fasciitis, an inflammation of the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot. While heel spurs themselves aren't always painful, they can contribute to heel pain and discomfort. Many people have heel spurs without experiencing any symptoms.
Hematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood. The blood can appear bright red, dark red, or have a coffee-grounds appearance (resulting from blood that has been partially digested). It indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Hematemesis is a symptom of an underlying condition, not a disease itself. The severity can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the amount of blood loss and the underlying cause.
Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh, bright red blood per anus (through the anus). It usually indicates bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. However, it can occasionally result from rapid bleeding in the upper GI tract where the blood hasn't been significantly digested. It is a symptom, not a disease itself, and requires identification of the underlying cause.
Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. The urine may appear pink, red, or cola-colored. In some cases, the blood is not visible to the naked eye and is only detected during a microscopic examination of the urine. It is a sign of an underlying problem and not a disease itself. Causes range from benign conditions to serious illnesses.
Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from food and stores it in the organs, particularly the liver, heart, and pancreas. This excess iron can lead to organ damage and various health problems. If left untreated, hemochromatosis can cause serious complications, including liver disease, heart problems, diabetes, and arthritis.
A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, usually in a clot, within a tissue or organ. It is most often caused by injury to a blood vessel, leading to blood leaking into surrounding tissues. Hematomas can vary in size and location and can occur anywhere in the body. While most hematomas are relatively harmless and resolve on their own, larger hematomas or those in certain locations can cause significant pain, pressure, and even complications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. This leads to a shortage of red blood cells in the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body, so when their numbers are low, it can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired.
Hemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder where blood doesn't clot normally. This is due to a deficiency or absence of certain clotting factors, proteins needed for blood to clot. The two main types are Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency). Hemophilia can lead to prolonged bleeding after injury, surgery, or even spontaneously, particularly into joints and muscles.
Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or blood-tinged sputum from the lower respiratory tract (lungs and airways). It can range from mild streaking of blood in the mucus to a significant amount of blood. The amount of blood, its frequency, and any associated symptoms help determine the underlying cause and severity. Hemoptysis requires medical evaluation to rule out serious conditions.
Visible bleeding (external hemorrhage)
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Weakness
Shortness of breath
Rapid heart rate
Low blood pressure
Pale or clammy skin
Swelling or bruising (internal hemorrhage)
Abdominal pain (internal hemorrhage)
Blood in vomit, stool, or urine (internal hemorrhage)
Headache (if in the brain)
Neurological deficits (if in the brain or spinal cord)
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anus and rectum that can cause pain, itching, and bleeding. They are very common, affecting millions of people. They can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus).
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a decline in brain function that occurs as a result of severe liver disease. When the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood effectively, these toxins, especially ammonia, can build up and affect the brain, leading to a range of neurological and cognitive symptoms. HE can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (develops over time). Severity can range from subtle changes in mental status to coma.
Hepatic failure, also known as liver failure, is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the liver loses its ability to perform its vital functions. These functions include detoxification of harmful substances, production of essential proteins, and regulation of blood clotting. Hepatic failure can be acute, developing rapidly over days or weeks, or chronic, developing gradually over months or years. The severity of hepatic failure can range from mild impairment to complete loss of liver function, requiring urgent medical intervention, including liver transplantation in severe cases.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by viral infections, but also by other factors such as autoimmune diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, medications, and toxins. There are different types of viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, each with its own mode of transmission and severity. Hepatitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Chronic hepatitis can lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
Hepatomegaly refers to the abnormal enlargement of the liver. It is not a disease in itself but rather a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as liver disease, heart failure, or infection. The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and nutrient storage. An enlarged liver can indicate that the organ is struggling to perform its functions effectively.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It originates in the hepatocytes, the main cells of the liver. HCC often develops in people with chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol abuse, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapidly developing renal failure occurring in individuals with advanced liver disease (cirrhosis, fulminant hepatic failure) and/or portal hypertension. It is characterized by intense renal vasoconstriction and reduced kidney blood flow, leading to impaired kidney function. HRS is typically triggered by complications of liver disease, such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), gastrointestinal bleeding, or large-volume paracentesis without adequate albumin replacement. There are two main types: HRS-AKI (acute kidney injury) and HRS-CKD (chronic kidney disease). HRS is a functional renal impairment, meaning the kidneys themselves are structurally normal but not functioning properly due to abnormal blood flow.
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder that causes episodes of severe swelling (angioedema), particularly in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, larynx (airway), and genitals. It is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of C1-inhibitor (C1-INH), a protein that helps regulate the body's inflammatory response. HAE is characterized by recurrent attacks that can be debilitating and potentially life-threatening if the airway is involved.
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron from food. The excess iron is stored in organs, particularly the liver, heart, and pancreas. Over time, this iron overload can damage these organs and lead to serious health problems, including cirrhosis, heart failure, diabetes, arthritis, and certain types of cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent or delay these complications.
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the production of red blood cells that are sphere-shaped (spherocytes) instead of the normal biconcave disc shape. This abnormal shape makes the red blood cells more fragile and susceptible to premature destruction by the spleen, leading to hemolytic anemia. The severity of HS varies widely, ranging from mild to severe.
A noticeable bulge in the affected area, which may disappear when lying down.
Pain or discomfort in the area of the bulge, especially when bending over, lifting, or coughing.
A heavy or dragging sensation in the groin.
Weakness or pressure in the groin.
In some cases, nausea, vomiting, or constipation if the hernia is obstructing the bowel.
A herniated disc (also called a slipped disc or ruptured disc) occurs when one of the soft cushions (discs) between the bones (vertebrae) in your spine pushes out. This can happen when the outer part of the disc weakens or tears. The protruding disc can then press on nearby nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness. It most commonly occurs in the lower back (lumbar spine), but can also affect the neck (cervical spine).
Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types: HSV-1, which typically causes oral herpes (cold sores), and HSV-2, which typically causes genital herpes. However, either type can affect either location. The virus is characterized by painful blisters or sores, and while outbreaks can be managed with medication, the virus remains in the body and can reactivate.
Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a painful skin rash caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in nerve tissue near the brain and spinal cord. Years later, the virus can reactivate as shingles. Shingles typically appears as a single stripe of blisters that wraps around either the left or right side of the torso.
Herpangina is a common, usually mild, viral illness that primarily affects infants and children, but can occur in adults as well. It is characterized by small, painful blisters or ulcers in the mouth, particularly on the soft palate, tonsils, and back of the throat. It is often accompanied by fever and sore throat.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS), also known as acne inversa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that causes painful lumps, abscesses, and scarring, primarily in areas where skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks, and under the breasts. It is not contagious and is thought to be related to a problem with the hair follicles and the immune system. HS can significantly impact a person's quality of life due to pain, discomfort, and potential limitations in movement. There is currently no cure for HS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common condition in which the force of your blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. Blood pressure is determined by both the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure.
Hip bursitis is inflammation of the bursae (fluid-filled sacs) that cushion the hip joint. This inflammation causes pain and stiffness in the hip, often radiating to the outer thigh. Greater trochanteric bursitis (affecting the bursa over the bony prominence on the outside of the hip) is the most common type. Ischial bursitis affects the bursa near the sit bone and can cause pain in the buttock.
Hip dysplasia is a condition where the hip joint doesn't form properly. The ball and socket of the hip don't fit together snugly, which can lead to instability, pain, and eventual arthritis. It can range from mild instability to complete dislocation of the hip. It is more common in babies, but can also develop later in life.
Hip impingement, also known as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), is a condition where there is abnormal contact between the bones in the hip joint. Specifically, the femoral head (the ball at the top of the thighbone) and the acetabulum (the socket in the pelvis) rub against each other, leading to damage to the cartilage (labrum) and the bone over time. This friction can cause pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the hip. There are three types: pincer, cam, and combined. Pincer impingement occurs when the acetabulum has too much coverage. Cam impingement occurs when the femoral head is not round.
Face (upper lip, chin, sideburns)
Chest
Back
Lower abdomen
Inner thighs
Other symptoms that
may
be present, depending on the underlying cause, include:
Acne
Deepening of the voice
Increased muscle mass
Decreased breast size
Enlargement of the clitoris (less common)
Irregular or absent menstrual periods
Weight gain
Histiocytosis X, now more accurately termed Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH), is a rare group of disorders characterized by the abnormal proliferation and accumulation of Langerhans cells (specialized dendritic cells) in various parts of the body. These cells typically function as immune cells, but in LCH, they become clonal and can infiltrate organs, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. LCH can affect a single organ or multiple organs, leading to a wide range of clinical presentations. It is not a cancer, but shares some similar characteristics, namely uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The severity and prognosis of LCH vary greatly depending on the extent of organ involvement.
Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the fungus
Histoplasma capsulatum
. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Most people who inhale the spores of the fungus don't get sick, or only have mild symptoms. However, in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems, the infection can become severe and even life-threatening.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells). AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. If left untreated, HIV can destroy so many CD4 cells that the body can't fight off infections and diseases. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood or when certain opportunistic infections occur.
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin.
Persistent fatigue.
Fever and chills.
Night sweats.
Unexplained weight loss.
Itching.
Loss of appetite.
Coughing, trouble breathing, or chest pain (if lymphoma affects lymph nodes in the chest).
Pain in the lymph nodes after drinking alcohol (less common).
1. Summary about disease: Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a cephalic disorder in which the brain does not properly divide into the distinct left and right hemispheres during early development. This results in abnormalities in brain structure and facial features. The severity of HPE varies widely, with some individuals having mild symptoms while others have severe and life-threatening complications. There are different classifications of HPE based on the degree of separation of the brain hemispheres.
A hordeolum, commonly known as a stye, is a painful, red bump that develops on the eyelid. It's typically caused by a bacterial infection of the oil glands in the eyelid. Styes are usually harmless and resolve on their own with conservative treatment. There are two types: external hordeola (affecting the glands on the outer edge of the eyelid) and internal hordeola (affecting the glands deeper within the eyelid).
Horner syndrome is a relatively rare neurological disorder that affects the nerves of the face and eye on one side of the body. It is characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: ptosis (drooping eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (decreased sweating) on the affected side of the face. It is not a disease in itself, but rather a sign of an underlying condition that disrupts the nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common viral infection that is primarily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, most often during sexual activity. There are over 200 types of HPV, some of which can cause warts on the genitals, anus, mouth, or throat. Other types can lead to cancer, most notably cervical cancer, but also cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and oropharynx (back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils). Many HPV infections are asymptomatic and clear up on their own without causing any health problems.
Movement Disorders:
Involuntary jerking or writhing movements (chorea)
Muscle rigidity, contractures (dystonia)
Slow or abnormal eye movements
Impaired gait, posture and balance
Difficulty with speech (dysarthria) and swallowing (dysphagia)
Cognitive Disorders:
Difficulty organizing, prioritizing and focusing on tasks
Lack of impulse control
Lack of awareness of one's own behaviors and abilities
Slowness in processing thoughts or finding words
Difficulty learning new information
Psychiatric Disorders:
Depression
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Mania
Bipolar disorder
Social withdrawal
Insomnia
Fatigue
Irritability, sadness or apathy
A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle that causes swelling in the scrotum. It's common in newborns and usually disappears without treatment within the first year. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum. It is generally painless and often harmless but should be evaluated to rule out other causes of scrotal swelling.
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles (cavities) of the brain. This excess fluid increases pressure on the brain, which can lead to brain damage and a range of neurological impairments.
Hydronephrosis is the swelling of one or both kidneys due to a buildup of urine. This occurs when urine cannot drain properly from the kidney to the bladder due to a blockage or obstruction. The swelling can damage the kidneys. It can occur in one kidney (unilateral hydronephrosis) or both kidneys (bilateral hydronephrosis). It is not a disease itself, but rather a condition resulting from an underlying problem.
Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is crucial for various bodily functions, including bone health, nerve and muscle function, and blood clotting. When calcium levels are too high, it can disrupt these functions and lead to a range of health problems.
Hypercholesterolemia, also known as high cholesterol, is a condition characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. Specifically, it often refers to high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often called "bad" cholesterol. This can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of morning sickness in pregnancy. It's characterized by persistent, excessive nausea and vomiting that can lead to dehydration, weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and nutritional deficiencies. Unlike typical morning sickness, HG often requires medical intervention.
Hyperglycemia, also known as high blood sugar, occurs when there's too much glucose in the blood. This happens when the body doesn't have enough insulin or when the insulin it has isn't working properly to move glucose from the blood into cells for energy. It is a hallmark of diabetes.
Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by abnormally excessive sweating that is not necessarily related to heat or exercise. People with hyperhidrosis may sweat even when the temperature is cool or when they are at rest. The sweating is usually localized to specific areas of the body.
Hyperlipidemia, also known as high cholesterol or high blood lipids, is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. These lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. Elevated levels, particularly of LDL cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol), can increase the risk of atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries), leading to heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by a higher-than-normal level of potassium in the blood. Potassium is a crucial electrolyte for nerve and muscle function, including the heart. Severely high potassium levels can be life-threatening, leading to cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. The normal potassium range is generally 3.5 to 5.0 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyperkalemia is usually defined as a potassium level greater than 5.5 mEq/L.
Hypermagnesemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in numerous bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control, and blood pressure regulation. While some magnesium is beneficial, too much can disrupt these processes and lead to health problems.
: Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by an elevated concentration of sodium in the blood. It occurs when there is too little water in relation to sodium in the body. This imbalance can disrupt cell function, especially in the brain. It's typically caused by dehydration, kidney disease, or certain medications. Severity can range from mild, causing no noticeable symptoms, to severe, potentially leading to confusion, seizures, coma, and even death.
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood. Excess PTH leads to high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), which can cause a variety of health problems. There are different types of hyperparathyroidism, including primary, secondary, and tertiary, each with different underlying causes.
Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition characterized by the darkening of an area of skin. This darkening occurs when melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color, is overproduced in certain areas. It can affect patches of skin, large areas, or the entire body. It is generally harmless but can be a cosmetic concern.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an inflammatory lung disease caused by an exaggerated immune response to inhaled organic dusts, molds, fungi, bacteria, animal proteins, or chemicals. Repeated exposure to these substances triggers inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) and bronchioles of the lungs, leading to a variety of respiratory symptoms. HP can present in acute, subacute, or chronic forms, depending on the frequency and intensity of exposure and individual susceptibility.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of your blood against your artery walls is consistently too high. Over time, this high pressure can damage your heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other organs. Often, hypertension develops over time and can be linked to unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a lack of regular physical activity.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones (thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)). These hormones regulate metabolism, so when they are overproduced, it can lead to a wide range of symptoms and health problems. Hyperthyroidism is also known as overactive thyroid.
Hypertrichosis is a condition characterized by excessive hair growth on any part of the body. This growth can be localized to a specific area or generalized, covering a large portion of the body. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. There are several types of hypertrichosis, including generalized hypertrichosis, localized hypertrichosis, lanugo hypertrichosis, congenital generalized hypertrichosis (Ambras syndrome), and acquired hypertrichosis.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition in which the heart muscle (myocardium) becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). This thickening can make it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively. In some cases, it can obstruct blood flow out of the heart. HCM can lead to a range of symptoms or, in some cases, no symptoms at all. It is a common cause of sudden cardiac arrest, particularly in young athletes.
Hyperventilation is a condition in which you breathe faster and deeper than normal. This rapid breathing can cause you to exhale too much carbon dioxide (CO2), leading to a low CO2 level in your blood. This imbalance can cause a range of symptoms, both physical and psychological. Hyperventilation is often triggered by anxiety or panic attacks but can also be caused by underlying medical conditions.
Hyphema is the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, the space between the cornea (the clear front surface of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It usually results from trauma to the eye, but can also be caused by medical conditions or occur after eye surgery. The severity of a hyphema can range from a small amount of blood visible only with magnification to a complete filling of the anterior chamber.
Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of albumin in the blood. Albumin is a protein made by the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, transporting hormones, vitamins, and enzymes, and contributing to tissue growth and repair. Low albumin levels can indicate a variety of underlying health issues, ranging from malnutrition to liver or kidney disease.
Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is crucial for various bodily functions, including bone health, nerve function, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and enzyme activity. Severe or chronic hypocalcemia can lead to serious health problems.
Hypogonadism is a condition in which the body doesn't produce enough of the hormones that direct sexual development and function. In men, it can result in decreased testosterone production. In women, it can involve decreased estrogen and progesterone production. This hormonal deficiency can lead to various symptoms affecting sexual function, reproduction, and overall health.
Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, occurs when the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood drops below normal. Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body, particularly the brain. When glucose levels are too low, the body and brain may not function properly, leading to various symptoms. It's often associated with diabetes treatment, but can occur in non-diabetics as well.
Hypokalemia refers to a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium is a crucial electrolyte that helps regulate various bodily functions, including muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and maintaining fluid balance. Significantly low potassium levels can lead to a range of health problems.
Hypomagnesemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in numerous bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control, and blood pressure regulation. Severe or prolonged hypomagnesemia can lead to various health problems.
Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the sodium level in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. When sodium levels drop too low, excess water enters the cells, causing them to swell. This swelling can lead to various health problems, especially in the brain.
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition in which the parathyroid glands, located in the neck near the thyroid gland, don't produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. Insufficient PTH leads to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and high phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia). This imbalance can cause a range of symptoms affecting the nerves, muscles, and other organs.
Hypophosphatemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate in the blood. Phosphate is an essential mineral involved in numerous bodily functions, including bone formation, energy production, and nerve and muscle function. Severe or prolonged hypophosphatemia can lead to serious health problems.
Hypopituitarism is a rare condition in which the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough of one or more hormones. The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that regulate many important bodily functions, including growth, blood pressure, and reproduction. Hormone deficiency may affect one or multiple pituitary hormones.
Hypotension, commonly known as low blood pressure, is a condition in which blood pressure is lower than normal, typically defined as less than 90/60 mmHg. It can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, and, in severe cases, can indicate a serious underlying medical condition. Not everyone with low blood pressure experiences symptoms, and for some, it's normal and doesn't require treatment.
Hypothermia is a dangerous drop in body temperature, usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. When your body loses heat faster than it can produce it, it leads to a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6°F (37°C). Hypothermia occurs when your body temperature drops below 95°F (35°C).
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, energy levels, growth, and development. When the thyroid is underactive, these processes slow down. It's a common condition, particularly among women over 60.
Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or dehydration, is a state of decreased blood volume, specifically a decrease in the intravascular fluid volume. This means there is not enough fluid circulating in the body to maintain normal function. It's different from dehydration, although dehydration is often a cause of hypovolemia. Hypovolemia can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.
Hypoxemia is a condition in which the oxygen level in the blood is lower than normal. Blood carries oxygen to cells throughout the body. Hypoxemia can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, headache, and confusion. Severe hypoxemia can lead to complications such as heart or brain damage.
Hysteria, as a medical diagnosis, is largely considered obsolete and rooted in outdated understandings of mental health. Historically, it was a broad and vaguely defined diagnosis primarily applied to women, encompassing a wide range of physical and emotional symptoms thought to be caused by disturbances in the uterus. Modern medicine recognizes that the symptoms attributed to "hysteria" are now understood as manifestations of various specific mental and physical health conditions.
Muscle weakness
Bone pain
Fatigue
Confusion
Seizures
Respiratory failure
Rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown)
Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
Numbness
Irritability
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